2. 中国医科大学公共卫生学院环境与慢性病研究中心
同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)是一种含硫非必需氨基酸,其在体内的代谢途径主要包括复甲基化途径和转硫途径。血浆Hcy水平与遗传和环境营养因素有关。在遗传因素中,5,10-亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase,MTHFR)、胱硫醚β合成酶(cystathionine β synthase,CBS)、甲硫氨酸合成酶(methionine synthase,MS)等酶的基因发生突变,致使酶活性降低,是引发高同型半胱氨酸血症 (hyperhomocysteinaemia,HHcy)的重要原因之一。近年来研究发现,HHcy可能增加心脑血管系统疾病[1]、高血压[2]、糖尿病[3]、神经系统疾病[4]等疾病发生的风险。为有效预防和控制HHcy,本文就能够引发HHcy的一些危险因素的作用机制以及如何预防的研究进展进行综述如下。
1 遗传因素 1.1 MTHFR基因多态性作为Hcy代谢途径的关键酶,MTHFR催化5,10-亚甲基四氢叶酸还原为5-甲基四氢叶酸,从而参与体内嘌呤、嘧啶的合成以及维持血浆Hcy的正常水平等。1995年,Frosst等[5]首次提出MTHFR核苷酸第677位C→T突变,导致了丙氨酸变成缬氨酸,这一突变导致了MTHFR热稳定性的降低以及酶活性的下降。Harman等[6]对625名男性劳动力进行研究调查发现,在个体体内叶酸水平低于正常的情况下,MTHFR C677T纯和突变基因型血浆Hcy含量相较于对照组提高了50%,而杂合突变基因型则提高了6%。同时,纯和变异个体维生素B12缺乏的概率要远远高于杂合子或者没有突变的个体(29.8%vs 9.2%,P<0.0001),且此2种情况伴发会引起更严重的HHcy[7]。一项针对中国汉族人群中MTHFR基因分布的调查显示,677T等位基因和677TT基因型在北方人群中出现频率较高,最高的是山东(北方),分别为63.1%和40.8%,最低的是海南(南方),分别为24.0%和6.4%[8]。
1.2 CBSHcy在依赖维生素B6的CBS催化下,生成胱硫醚,后者再进一步生成半胱氨酸。CBS作为Hcy转硫化途径中最重要的限速酶,它的表达降低或是功能缺失均会引起一些疾病的发生。CBS基因以位于287位密码子的T833C突变最为常见[9],这种突变者常伴有血浆Hcy含量升高[10]。严重的CBS功能缺失是引发同型半胱氨酸尿症的最常见原因[11],而部分CBS功能缺失则是与HHcy的发生有关[12]。
1.3 其他除MTHFR和CBS外,MS的D919G突变和甲基转移酶(methyltransferase,MTR)A2756G突变也能够增加血浆Hcy浓度[13, 14]。
2 营养因素 2.1 叶酸Hcy在体内的生成和代谢依赖于转硫化途径和再甲基化途径2条重要的途径,这2条途径的协同作用使得Hcy在体内一直处于一个平衡的状态,而S 腺苷甲硫氨酸(S adenosyl methionine,SAM)则是2条代谢通路的关键,在叶酸缺乏的情况下会直接影响再甲基化途径,从而导致Hcy堆积。SAM是CBS的激动剂,它的生成减少使得转硫化途径也受到阻断,2条途径同时阻断引起Hcy含量增高[15]。Okeefe等[16]给予非怀孕期妇女含400 μg/d 的叶酸饮食后,血中Hcy含量为(7.7±1.6)μmol/L,明显低于每天给予相同饮食但叶酸量为200μg/d妇女的(12.6±3.7)μmol/L。蔡小婕等[17]对80例HHcy患者服用叶酸片5mg/d治疗6个月后显示,血浆Hcy水平为(9.47±2.88)μmol/L,明显低于未治疗前的(19.72±6.16)μmol/L,差异有统计学意义(P<00.01)。
2.2 维生素B6和B12Hcy在代谢过程中需要多种辅因子,维生素B6、维生素B12缺乏可能影响酶的活性从而影响Hcy的转化。Ubbink等[18]对100例HHcy患者每天进行营养补充发现,补充维生素B12能够降低14.8%的Hcy浓度(P<00.01);3种维生素的联合应用能够降低49.8%的Hcy浓度,而仅补充叶酸可降低41.7%的Hcy浓度(P<00.001),提示叶酸是一个非常强大的能够影响Hcy浓度的因素。但也有研究表明,在没有纠正维生素B12缺乏之前,补充再多的叶酸也不能够纠正HHcy[19]。因此叶酸和维生素B12联合使用对于治疗HHcy是十分必要的。单独补充维生素B6并没有太明显的效果,可能是因为它作为CBS的辅酶并没有影响SAM的生成,所以Hcy也可以通过再甲基化途径进行转化[20]。
3 雌激素流行病学研究已经证实,绝经后妇女由于体内雌激素含量减少,致使患心血管疾病的几率增加[21]。而早前已有文献报道绝经后妇女相较于绝经前体内Hcy含量明显增加,这可能是绝经后妇女患心血管疾病几率增加的原因[22]。Ventura等[23]将22名绝经后妇女分为2组,一组采用激素替代疗法,另一组则设为对照,结果显示,Hcy在实验组的含量呈下降趋势,同时,每组增加蛋氨酸摄入8 h后试验组Hcy减少量要远远多于对照组,提示雌激素可能通过增加蛋氨酸合酶的活性从而使转硫化途径增强来降低体内Hcy含量。此外,雌激素能够增加细胞内谷胱甘肽含量来抵抗Hcy所造成的内皮损伤[24]。最近的研究则发现雌激素能够与Hcy形成结合物,从而调节Hcy在体内的含量[25]。
4 行为方式 4.1 吸烟吸烟被认为是在行为因素中与Hcy升高关系最为密切的。Panagiotakosa等[26]研究表明,吸烟者较从未吸烟者血浆中Hcy含量高出0.5μmol/L,且此种升高与每日吸烟的数量呈剂量依赖关系,每抽10根烟,Hcy水平就会上升0.4μmol/L(P=0.004)。Hcy的升高可能是由于烟草中的硫化氢与维生素B12的中钴原子亲和力较强,所生成的硫钴氨不具有辅酶的功能,它的缺乏会导致MS活性的下降,从而引起Hcy升高[27]。另外,烟雾中的氧化亚氮可以通过氧化钴原子使甲钴胺失活,人体内的维生素B12需转化为甲钴胺才具有活性[28]。
4.2 饮用咖啡尽管饮用咖啡的数量与性别、蔬菜水果的低摄入量有较大关系,但在矫正这些因素之后,咖啡消耗与Hcy浓度仍呈指数关系[29]。其机制可能是甲基黄嘌呤充当了维生素B6的拮抗剂[30],咖啡因也对Hcy的升高起到了一定的作用[31]。
4.3 饮酒关于饮酒与Hcy的关系,研究的结果并不一致。Cravo等[32]认为过度饮酒会引起血中Hcy浓度增加,相反地,Ubbink等[33]则证明适度饮酒会降低Hcy浓度。另外,一项针对美国女性的调查发现饮酒与Hcy升高并无太大的关系[34]。这种结果上的差异可能是由于个体的差异或者是种族不同对于酒的适应性不同造成的。有研究表明,饮酒会引起Hcy升高的机制可能是因为其干扰了一碳单位的代谢所导致[35]。
5 疾病 5.1 慢性肾功能不全(chronic kidney disease,CKD)有研究表明,CKD所引起的肾脏清除率下降和代谢功能的损伤是引起血浆中Hcy升高的主要原因[36]。持续状态的蛋白质分解代谢在引起营养不良时起到了重要作用,而这种营养不良会引起必需氨基酸浓度的降低以及非必需氨基酸浓度的升高[37, 38]。Chao等[39]研究发现,随着CKD患病风险的增加,血浆中Hcy的增加呈剂量依赖性。同时,Fadel等[40]研究发现高敏C反应蛋白(high sensitivity C reactive protein,hs CRP)在CKD组与对照组间差异有统计学意义(P=0.04),提示尿毒症所引起的系统性炎症反应也刺激了蛋白质的分解代谢增加,从而引起了血浆中Hcy的升高。
5.2 甲状腺机能减退(甲减)甲减是临床常见的一种内分泌疾病,常可引起机体代谢的紊乱,近年来研究发现甲减患者通常伴有Hcy升高的现象[41]。Mudd等[42]研究发现甲减患者血中Hcy和肌酸酐与对照组相比均有明显升高。肌酸酐的升高认为是在Hcy形成中与肌酸-肌酸酐结合所造成的,与肌肉量有关[43],并且已有实验证实血中Hcy与肌酸酐含量呈正相关。有研究表明,甲减患者自身代谢率低、肾血流量减少,因而肾小球滤过率也会下降[44],这可能会导致Hcy在体内的蓄积[45]。另外,还有实验证明甲状腺素及甲状腺功能亢进会影响叶酸代谢以及酶的活性,而在甲减者中MTHFR和CBS活性均有下降[46]。
6 小结与展望在上述能够引起HHcy的因素当中,除了无法改变的遗传因素外,绝大多数均可通过饮食或者行为方式来改变。因此,应当大力开展和宣传公众健康教育,倡导群众多吃绿色蔬菜,同时鼓励人们建立正确健康的生活习惯,如,适量饮酒和咖啡,尽量不吸烟,这些均会降低血中Hcy的含量,从而降低患心脑血管疾病等Hcy相关疾病的发病风险。
| [1] | 赵彦楠,杨博逸,孙贵范.同型半胱氨酸与主要慢性病关系研究进展[J].中国公共卫生,2015,31(2):241-245. |
| [2] | 周玲玲,陈鑫芳.老年人原发性高血压与同型半胱氨酸关系[J].中国公共卫生,2014,30(6):846-847. |
| [3] | Xu C,Wu Y,Liu G.Relationship between homocysteine level and diabetic retinopathy:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].2014,9(1):167. |
| [4] | 张福林,端礼荣.同型半胱氨酸对胚胎海马神经元细胞的影响[J].中国公共卫生,2003,19(7):822-823. |
| [5] | Frosst P,Blom HJ,Milos R,et al.A candidate genetic risk factor for vascular disease:a common mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase[J].Nat Genet,1995,10(1):111-113. |
| [6] | Harman DL,Woodside JV,Yarnell JWG.The common 'thermolabile' variant of methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase is a major determinant of mild hyperhomocysteinaemia[J].Q J Med,1996,89(8):571-577. |
| [7] | Zittan E,Preis M,Asmir I.High frequency of vitamin B12 deficiency in asymptomatic individuals homozygous to MTHFR C677T mutation is associated with endothelial dysfunction and homocysteinemia[J].Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2007,293(1):860-865. |
| [8] | Yang B,Liu Y,Li Y,et al.Geographical distribution of MTHFR C677T,A1298C and MTRR A66G gene polymorphisms in China:findings from 15357 adults of Han nationality[J].PLoS One,2013,8(3):e57917. |
| [9] | Tsai MY,Bignel M,Schwichtenberg K,et al.High prevalence of a mutation in the cystathionine beta-synthase gene[J].Am J Hum Genet,1996,59(6):1262-1267. |
| [10] | Sebastio G,Sperandeo MP,Panico M,et al.The molecular basis of homocystinuria due to cystathionine β-synthase deficiency in Italian families,and report of four novel mutation[J].Am J Hum Genet,1995,56(6):1324-1333. |
| [11] | Scriver CR,Beaudet AL,Sly WS,et al.The metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease[M].8th ed.New York:McGraw-Hill,2001:2007-2056. |
| [12] | Hamelet J,Demuth K,Paul JL,et al.Hyperhomocysteinemia due to cystathionine beta synthase deficiency induces dysregulation of genes involved in hepatic lipid homeostasis in mice[J].J Hepatol,2007,46(1):151-159. |
| [13] | Chen J,Stampfer MJ,Ma J,et al.Influence of a methionine synthase(D919G)polymorphism on plasma homocysteine and folate levels and relation to risk of myocardial infarction[J].Atherosclerosis,2001,154(3):667-672. |
| [14] | Biselli JM,Goloni-Bertollo EM,Haddad R,et al.The MTR A2756G polymorphism is associated with an increase of plasma homocysteine concentration in Brazilian individuals with Down Syndrome[J].Braz J Med Biol Res,2008,41(11):31-40. |
| [15] | Miller JW,Marie R.Nadeau,et al.Folate-deficiency-induced homocysteinaemia in rats:disruption of S-adenosylmethionine's co-ordinate regulation of homocysteine metabolism[J].Biochem J,1994,298(4):415-419. |
| [16] | OKeefe CA,Bailey LB,Thomas EA,et al.Controlled dietary folate affects folate status in nonpregnant women[J].J Nutr,1995,125(10):2717-2725. |
| [17] | 蔡小婕,袁鼎,江隆福.叶酸对高血压同型半肤氨酸水平和血压变异性的影响[J].心脑血管病防治,2014,14(3):216-218. |
| [18] | Ubbink JB,Vermaak WJH,Becker PJ,et al.Vitamin requirements for the treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia in humans[J].J Nutr,1994,124(10):1927-1933. |
| [19] | Allen RH,Stabler SP,Savage DG.Diagnosis of cobalamin deficiency I:usefulness of serum methylmalonic acid and total homocysteine concentrations[J].Am J Hematol,1990,34(2):90-98. |
| [20] | Selhub J,Miller JW.The pathogenesis of homocysteinemia:interruption of the coordinate regulation by S-adenosylmethionine of the remethylation and transsulfuration of homocysteine[J].Am J Clin Nutr,1992,55(1):131-138. |
| [21] | Guo XM,Razandi M,Pedram A,et al.Estrogen induces vascular wall dilation:mediation through kinase signaling to nitric oxide and estrogen receptors α and β[J].J Biol Chem,2005,280(20):19704-19710. |
| [22] | Brattstrom LE,Hultberg BL,Hardebo JE,Folic acid responsivepostmenopausal homocysteinemia[J].Metabolism,1985,34(11):63-67. |
| [23] | Ventura P,Cagnacci A,Malmusi S.Continuous combined hormone replacement therapy with oral 17β-estradiol and norethisterone acetate improves homocysteine metabolism in postmenopausal women[J].Menopause,2001,8(4):252-258. |
| [24] | Dimitrova KR,DeGroot KW,Suyderhood JP,et al.Estradiol prevents homocysteine-induced endothelial injury in male rats[J].Cardiovasc Res,2002,53(3):589-596. |
| [25] | Gaikwad NW.Mass spectrometry evidence for formation of estrogen-homocysteine conjugates:estrogens can regulate homocysteine levels[J].Free Radical Bio Med,2013,65:1447-1454. |
| [26] | Panagiotakosa DB,Pitsavosb C,Zeimbekis A.The association between lifestyle-related factors and plasma homocysteine levels in healthy individuals from the "ATTICA" Study[J].International Journal of Cardiology,2005,98(3):471-477. |
| [27] | Piyathilake CJ,Macaluso M,Hine RJ,et al.Local and systemic effects of cigarette smoking on folate and vitaminB-12[J].Am J Clin Nutr,1994,60(4):559-566. |
| [28] | Kondo H,Osborne ML,Kolhouse IF,et al.Nitrous oxide has multiple deleterious effects on cobalamin metabolism and causes decreases in activities of both mammalian cobalamin-dependent enzymes in rats[J].I Clin Invest,1981,67(5):1270-1283. |
| [29] | Pryor WA,Stone K.Oxidants in cigarette smoke:radicals,hydrogen peroxide,peroxynitrate and peroxynitrite[J].Ann N Y Acad Sci,1993,686:12-28. |
| [30] | Verhoef P,Pasman WJ,Van Vliet T,et al.Contribution of caffeine to the homocysteine-raising effect of coffee:a randomized controlled trial in humans[J].Am J Clin Nutr,2002,76(6):1244-1248. |
| [31] | Urgert R,van Vliet T,Zock PL,et al.Heavy coffee consumption and plasma homocysteine:a randomized controlled trial in healthy volunteers[J].Am J Clin Nutr,2000,72(5):1107-1110. |
| [32] | Cravo ML,Gloria LM,Selhub J,et al.Hyperhomocysteinemia in chronic alcoholism:correlation with folate,vitamin B-12,and vitamin B-6 status[J].Am J Clin Nutr,1996,63(2):220-224. |
| [33] | Ubbink JB,Fehily AM,Pickering J,et al.Homocysteine and ischaemic heart disease in the Caerphilly Cohort[J].Atherosclerosis,1998,140(2):349-356. |
| [34] | Giles WH,Kittner SJ,Croft JB,et al.Distribution and correlates of elevated totalhomocyst(e)ine:the Stroke Prevention in Young Women Study[J].Ann Epidemiol,1999,9(5):307-313. |
| [35] | Stickel F,Choi SW,Kim YI,et al.Effect of chronic alcohol consumption on total plasma homocysteinelevel in rats[J].Alcohol Clin Exp Res,2000,24(3):259-264. |
| [36] | Ferechide D,Radulescu D.Hyperhomocysteinemia in renal diseases[J].J Med Life,2009,2(1):53-59. |
| [37] | Magorzewicz S,De,εbska-S'lizienn' A,Rutkowski B,et al.Serum concentration of amino acids versus nutritional status in hemodialysis patients[J].J Ren Nutr,2008,18(2):239-247. |
| [38] | Aparicio M,Bellizzi V,Chauveau P,et al.Do ketoanalogues still have a role in delaying dialysis initiation in CKD predialysis patients?[J].Semin Dial,2013,26(6):714-719. |
| [39] | Chao MC,Hu SL,Hsu HS,et al.Serum homocysteine level is positively associated with chronic kidney disease in a Taiwan Chinese population[J].J Nephrol,2014,27(3):299-305. |
| [40] | Fadel FI,Elshamaa MF,Essam RG,et al.Some amino acids levels:glutamine,glutamate,and homocysteine,in plasma of children with chronic kidney disease[J].Int J Biomed Sci,2014,10(1):36-42. |
| [41] | Nedrebo BG,Ericsson UB,Nygard O,et al.Plasma total homocysteine levels in hyperthyroid and hypothyroid patients[J].Metabolism,1998,47(1):89-93. |
| [42] | Mudd SH,Pool JR.Labile methyl balance for normal humans on various dietary regimens[J].Metabolism,1975,24(6):721-733. |
| [43] | Discala VA,Kinney MJ.Effects of myxedema on the renal diluting and concentration mechanism[J].Am J Med,1971,50(5):325-335. |
| [44] | Shirota T,Shinoda T,Yamada T,et al.Alteration of renal function in hyperthyroidism:increased tubular secretion of creatinine and decreased tubule delivery of chloride[J].Metabolism,1992,41(4):402-405. |
| [45] | Bostom AG,Lathrop L.Hyperhomocysteinemia in end-stage renal disease:prevalence,etiology,and potential relationship to arteriosclerotic outcomes[J].Kidney Int,1997,52(1):10-20. |
| [46] | Finkelstein JD.Methionine metabolism in mammals[J].J Nutr Biochem,1990,1(5):228-237. |
2015, Vol. 31

