中国公共卫生  2013, Vol. 29 Issue (8): 1179-1181   PDF    
高脂肪膳食对肥胖大鼠学习记忆能力影响
麻微微, 苑林宏, 江丽珍, 马梦昳, 李海彬, 贾颐晨, 肖荣     
首都医科大学公共卫生学院营养与食品卫生学系, 北京 100069
摘要目的 探讨高脂肪膳食诱导的肥胖大鼠学习记忆能力变化。方法 健康雄性SD大鼠50只,随机选取10只,通过皮下注射D-半乳糖,建立大鼠学习记忆损伤模型,喂基础饲料(阳性对照组),其余动物高脂肪饲料连续喂养2周后,根据体重筛选出基础组大鼠10只,喂基础饲料,其余大鼠继续喂高脂肪饲料,10周后,再根据体重筛选出肥胖大鼠10只,采用Morris水迷宫方法检测大鼠学习记忆能力,处死动物后,测量体脂肪含量,收集血清,检测血脂指标。结果 肥胖大鼠体重、肾周脂肪、睾周脂肪、网膜脂肪、体脂肪含量均明显高于基础组大鼠,血脂水平无明显变化;阳性对照组大鼠第3象限平均逃避潜伏期(18.54±2.73) s和总路程(298.60±48.18) cm明显高于基础组[分别为(8.27±1.82) s、(124.85±29.17) cm](P<0.05);与基础组比较,肥胖组大鼠第3象限平均逃避潜伏期和总路程[分别为(9.72±2.19)s、(166.31±37.12) cm]具有升高趋势。各组大鼠穿越平台次数差异无统计学意义。结论 高脂肪膳食诱导的肥胖大鼠可能存在学习能力损伤。
关键词高脂肪膳食     肥胖大鼠     学习记忆能力    
Learning and memory ability of rats with high-fat diet-induced obesity
MA Wei-wei, YUAN Lin-hong, JIANG Li-zhen, et al    
Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the learning and memory ability of rats with obesity induced by high-fat diet. Methods According to body weight,10 Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats(SPF grade)were randomly selected from 50 SD rats and were administered D-galactose subcutaneously once a day for ten weeks and fed with basal diet to establish a rat model of learning and memory impairment and a positive control group.The other 40 rats were fed with high-fat diet for 2 weeks,of which 10 control rats were selected according to their body weight and fed with basal diet,while the other 30 rats were fed with high-fat diet.Ten weeks later,another 10 obese rats were also selected according to their body weight from the 30 obese rats.Morris water maze was used to determine learning and memory ability of the rats.Serum samples were collected for serum lipid measurement. Results The body weight,perirenal fat,inguinal fat,omental fat,and body fat content of obese rats were significantly higher than those in the rats of other groups.Blood lipid level in different groups showed no significant difference.The escape latency(18.54±2.73 s)and total distance(298.60±48.18 cm)in positive control group were increased compared to those in the control group(8.27±1.82 s,124.85±29.17 cm),respectively(P<0.05 for all).The escape latency and total distance in the 3rd quadrant were 9.72±2.19 s and 166.31±37.12 cm for the rats of obesity group,with a non-significant increase tendency compared to the rats of control group.In addition,the frequency of crossing the platform for the rats in different groups showed no change. Conclusion Learning ability may be impaired in rats with obesity induced by high fat diet.
Key words: high-fat diet     obese rat     learning and memory ability    

研究显示,长期高脂肪饮食引起的肥胖患者可能会出现失忆、认知功能障碍等问题,肥胖是阿尔茨海默病发生发展的一个重要危险因素[1, 2, 3, 4]。全世界肥胖患者正以每5年增加1倍速度增长[5]。肥胖患者大脑氧化应激水平升高,会影响大脑的学习记忆能力,在阿尔茨海默病的发展中可能起着重要作用[6, 7, 8]。本研究通过探讨高脂肪膳食对于肥胖大鼠学习记忆能力影响,为深入了解阿尔茨海默病发病机制及其治疗提供新策略,结果报告如下。 1 材料与方法 1.1 动物及饲养

健康雄性断乳后SD大鼠50只,体重160~180 g,SPF级,由中国人民解放军军事医学科学院提供,许可证号:SCXK-(军)2007-004;动物饲养条件:动物饲养于SPF级实验动物中心,温度20~23 ℃,湿度50%~55%,自然采光。单笼饲养,自由饮水及摄食,基础饲料和高脂肪饲料购于中国人民解放军军事医学科学院试验动物中心。 1.2 动物分组与处理

实验设基础组(基础饲料)、肥胖组(高脂饲料),学习记忆损伤组(阳性对照组,基础饲料)。于50只大鼠中,随机选取10只,在大鼠颈背部皮下注射D-半乳糖,每日1次,连续10周,建立学习记忆损伤大鼠模型(阳性对照组),喂养基础饲料;其余动物连续喂养2周高脂肪饲料后,根据体重筛选出(基础组)大鼠10只,喂养基础饲料,其余动物继续喂养高脂肪饲料;10周后,根据体重筛选出肥胖大鼠10只(肥胖组)。称量大鼠体重、肾周、睾周、网膜脂肪含量,计算体脂肪含量(%)=(肾周脂肪+睾周脂肪+网膜脂肪)/体重×100%;水迷宫检测学习记忆能力;处死动物,心脏取血,3 500 r/min离心,10 min,取上清,检测血脂各指标。 1.3 指标及检测 1.3.1 血脂水平检测

大鼠血清总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triglycerides,TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein,HDL)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein,LDL)检测采用试剂盒(厦门英科新创科技有限公司)方法,严格按照说明书进行检测。血清TC、TG采用氧化酶法,HDL、LDL采用直接法进行检测。 1.3.2 学习记忆能力检测

采用Morris水迷宫法,水迷宫为直径130 cm,高50 cm,在水池壁上标明4 个入水点,由此将其等分为4 个象限,于第1象限中心置一圆形平台,平台低于水面110 cm,水温22 ℃,水池周围参照物保持不变。定位航行试验:训练5 d,每天分别从4 个不同入水点将大鼠面向池壁放入水中,第6 d正式试验,记录大鼠2 min内从第2和第3象限找到平台所需时间(即平均逃避潜伏期)及活动总路程。空间探索试验:第6 d定位航行试验结束后撤除平台,由任一象限放入水中,记录2 min内大鼠穿越平台的次数。 1.4 统计分析

采用SPSS 20.0统计软件进行正态和方差齐性检验,单因素方差分析,组间比较采用最小显著差法或Dunnett T3法,非正态资料采用独立样本Kruskal-Wallis检验,P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。 2 结 果 2.1 肥胖对大鼠体重、体脂肪含量影响(表 1)

结果显示,经过10周高脂饲料喂养后,肥胖组大鼠体重明显高于基础组和阳性对照组大鼠体重;肥胖组大鼠肾周脂肪、睾周脂肪、网膜脂肪和体脂肪含量均明显高于基础组和阳性对照组大鼠(P<0.05)。

表 1 肥胖对大鼠体重和体脂肪含量影响(x±s,n=10)
2.2 各组大鼠血脂水平比较(表 2)

与基础组和阳性对照组大鼠比较,肥胖组大鼠血清TG和LDL水平具有升高趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

表 2 肥胖对大鼠血脂水平的影响(mmol/L,x±s,n=10)
2.3 肥胖对大鼠学习记忆能力影响(表 3)

与基础组比较,阳性对照组大鼠第3象限平均逃避潜伏期和总路程显著增加(P<0.05);与基础组比较,肥胖大鼠第2、3象限平均逃避潜伏期具升高趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

表 3 各组大鼠学习记忆能力的比较(x±s,n=10)
3 讨 论

流行病学资料显示,长期患有超重或者肥胖的病人患阿尔茨海默病的机率要显著高于正常人,中年时期体重超重者到老年时期,患痴呆症的比例较体重正常者高35%[9, 10, 11]。本研究采用脂肪供能比约40%的高脂肪饲料建立肥胖动物模型。大鼠血脂水平比较结果显示,肥胖大鼠体重及体脂肪含量明显升高、血清甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇有增高趋势,表明肥胖模型建立成功。

研究发现,哺乳动物和人大脑海马损伤和病理改变与食物的摄入和摄食频率有关,这些变化可能引起学习记忆功能障碍[12, 13]。本研究结果显示,肥胖组大鼠第2、3象限平均逃避潜伏期和总路程均呈现高于基础组趋势,但差异无统计学意义,分析原因可能与样本量过少或者喂养时间较短有关,但仍然表明高脂肪膳食对于学习记忆能力在一定程度上具有影响。其机制可能与高脂肪膳食进入机体后,分解为甘油三酯和游离脂肪酸,破坏血脑屏障,促使大脑海马损伤,导致学习记忆能力以及认知功能的降低有关[14, 15, 16],但其具体机制还需要进一步研究。

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