中国辐射卫生  2024, Vol. 33 Issue (2): 203-208  DOI: 10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2024.02.017

引用本文 

唐睿. 医学影像学技术用于乳腺肿瘤诊断价值研究进展[J]. 中国辐射卫生, 2024, 33(2): 203-208. DOI: 10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2024.02.017.
TANG Rui. Research progress on medical imaging techniques for diagnosis of breast tumors[J]. Chinese Journal of Radiological Health, 2024, 33(2): 203-208. DOI: 10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2024.02.017.

文章历史

收稿日期:2023-09-08
医学影像学技术用于乳腺肿瘤诊断价值研究进展
唐睿     
大连医科大学中西医结合研究院,辽宁 大连 116044
摘要:乳腺癌是全球最常见的恶性肿瘤之一和第五大肿瘤死因,造成了巨大经济、社会和疾病负担,是全球性重要卫生问题之一。早期诊断对于乳腺癌有效治疗和良好预后至关重要。医学影像学技术可提供肿瘤组织形态、结构、代谢、功能等多种临床信息,且凭借实时监测能力、无组织破坏、微创操作等优势,已广泛用于乳腺肿瘤临床筛查和早期诊断,并显示出较大价值。本文主要就超声、CT、磁共振、正电子发射计算机断层显像/计算机断层扫描成像、乳腺专用γ显像等医学影像学技术用于乳腺肿瘤的诊断价值研究进展进行综述。
关键词医学影像学    磁共振成像    正电子发射计算机断层显像/计算机断层扫描成像    乳腺专用γ显像    乳腺肿瘤    诊断价值    
Research progress on medical imaging techniques for diagnosis of breast tumors
TANG Rui     
Institute of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044 China
Abstract: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy and the fifth leading cause of cancer-associated mortality in the world, which has become a major global health concern with huge economic, social, and disease burdens. Early diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment and favorable prognosis of breast cancer. Medical imaging techniques can provide a variety of clinical information on the morphology, structure, metabolism, and function of tumor tissues in real-time, tissue damage-free, and minimally invasive manners, which have been widely used and hold great value for breast tumor screening and early diagnosis. This review summarizes the advances on the diagnostic value of medical imaging tools for breast tumors, including ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography/computed tomography, and breast-specific gamma imaging.
Key words: Medical imaging    Magnetic resonance imaging    Positron emission tomography/computed tomography    Breast-specific gamma imaging    Breast tumor    Diagnostic value    

乳腺癌是全球最常见的恶性肿瘤之一和第五大肿瘤死因[1]。2020年,全球累计有230万新发乳腺癌病例,68.5万人死于乳腺癌[2]。预计到2040年,全球新发乳腺癌病例超过300万例,每年超过100万人死于乳腺癌[3];到2050年,全球新发乳腺癌病例超过478万例,每年超过150万人死于乳腺癌[4]。乳腺癌给患者家庭和社会造成了巨大经济和疾病负担[5-6]

早期诊断对于乳腺癌有效治疗和良好预后至关重要,诊断时肿瘤体积较小的乳腺癌患者生存率显著高于体积较大者、肿瘤致死性则显著低于体积较大者[7]。因此,广大医务人员和科技工作者研发了多种新型技术用于乳腺癌原发病灶、远处转移、疾病复发早期诊断[8],如影像学技术、基因检测技术、人工智能技术等[9]。医学影像学技术可提供肿瘤组织形态、结构、代谢、功能等多种临床信息,且凭借实时监测能力、无组织破坏、微创操作等优势,已广泛用于乳腺肿瘤临床筛查和早期诊断,并显示出较大价值[10-11]。本文主要就医学影像学技术用于乳腺肿瘤的诊断价值研究进展进行综述。

1 超声检查

凭借实时显像、无创、快速简便、成本-效果高、患者依从性高、可及度高等优势,乳腺超声已成为乳腺肿瘤筛查和诊断的最常用工具[12]。吴芳等[13]以乳腺病灶术后病理检查结果为金标准,评价二维彩色多普勒超声用于鉴别81例乳腺肿块患者病灶良恶性的价值,发现二维彩色多普勒超声用于鉴别乳腺肿块良恶性的灵敏度为89.7%(35/39)、特异度为68.1%(32/47)。叶虹等[14]对280例乳腺疾病患者调查发现,乳腺超声用于乳腺肿瘤的诊断灵敏度和特异度分别为88.95%和84.44%。以手术病理结果为金标准,谢佳佳等[15]采用彩色多普勒超声鉴别诊断乳腺肿瘤的灵敏度、特异度及准确度分别为75.00%、65.79%和68.97%,均显著低于超声造影检测的95.00%、92.11%和93.10%(χ2 = 6.275、15.833、21.984,P均 < 0.05)。以手术病理诊断结果作为金标准,李转平等[16]研究发现,彩色多普勒超声用于80例乳腺肿瘤患者乳腺肿瘤良恶性诊断的灵敏度、特异度和准确度分别为40.63%、54.17%和48.75%,均显著低于乳腺超声造影的65.12%、81.08%和72.50%(χ2 = 6.843、10.256、13.576,P均 < 0.05)。张润等[17]以乳腺手术后病理检查结果为金标准,分别采用超声造影检查和彩色多普勒超声对264 例乳腺肿瘤患者进行乳腺超声检查,发现超声造影诊断乳腺肿瘤良恶性的准确度明显高于彩色多普勒超声(86.4% vs. 78.4%,P < 0.05)。

Li Q等[18]对符合纳入和排除标准的10项研究进行Meta分析,发现传统超声和超声造影用于诊断乳腺病灶良恶性的合并灵敏度和特异度分别为0.93(95%CI:0.91~0.95)和0.87(95%CI:0.85~0.90)、0.86(95%CI:0.84~0.88)和0.72(95%CI:0.69~0.75),联合应用传统超声和超声造影与仅用传统超声用于诊断乳腺病灶良恶性的合并灵敏度和特异度分别为0.94(95%CI:0.92~0.96)和0.87(95%CI:0.84~0.90)、0.86(95%CI:0.82~0.89)和0.80(95%CI:0.76~0.84),联合应用传统超声和超声造影用于诊断乳腺病灶良恶性的SROC曲线下面积大于单用传统超声(0.965 vs. 0.911)。对2012年10月前自PubMed、Embase、Cochrane图书馆数据库等收集的符合纳入和排除标准的16项研究进行meta分析,发现超声造影用于鉴别乳腺病灶良恶性的合并加权灵敏度和特异度分别为0.86(95%CI:0.83~0.89)和0.79(95%CI:0.75~0.83),提示超声造影用于鉴别乳腺病灶良恶性的诊断准确度较高[19]。但超声检查对于乳腺微钙化病灶诊断价值较低,且存在假阳性的可能[20]

2 CT扫描

对2013—2015年云南省曲靖市第一人民医院行CT检查的155例乳腺癌患者分析发现,多层螺旋CT扫描诊断乳腺癌准确率为74.8%[21]。钟辉等[22]研究发现,乳腺CT扫描检测早期乳腺癌灵敏度为83.91%、阳性预测值为100%,对乳腺肿块和钙化检出率分别为83.91%和55.17%。以乳腺病理组织学检查结果作为金标准,李旭敏[23]发现螺旋CT扫描用于乳腺癌诊断准确率为93.3%,用于乳腺钙化检出率为46.7%,用于腋窝淋巴结转移检出率为88.2%。2018年7—12 月福建医科大学附属闽东医院收治的经手术及病理证实的 460 例乳腺疾病患者进行CT扫描,发现CT扫描鉴别乳腺疾病良恶性的灵敏度、特异度和准确度分别为86.43%、88.22%和84.78%[24]。以病理检查结果为金标准,陈胜军等[25]研究发现,CT诊断良、恶性乳腺病变的灵敏度、特异度和准确度分别为80.00%、88.06%、84.82%。

近年来,凭借三维显像、造影剂增强显像等优势,锥束CT扫描已逐渐用于乳腺疾病临床诊断[26]。以组织病理学检查结果为金标准,Neubauer等[27]研究发现,乳腺锥束CT扫描用于乳腺微钙化的诊断合并灵敏度、特异度分别为0.94(95%CI:0.87~0.99),平均读片时间为54 s。刘爱迪等[28]以病理学检查结果为金标准,锥束CT平扫和增强扫描鉴别乳腺肿瘤良恶性的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.971(95%CI:0.907~0.996)和0.975(95%CI:0.912~0.997)、诊断灵敏度分别为75%和92.5%。以病理诊断结果为金标准,刘爱迪等[29]进一步评价乳腺锥束CT扫描用于致密类乳腺中病灶的诊断效能,发现锥束乳腺CT诊断乳腺癌的灵敏度、特异度和ROC曲线下面积分别为83.3%、97.3%、0.959(95%CI:0.926~0.992);此外,锥束乳腺CT诊断致密类乳腺乳腺癌的灵敏度和特异度分别为83.1%和98.6%。

3 磁共振成像(MRI)扫描

MRI利用低能无线电波和强烈磁场获取乳腺内结构的详细图片,可检出临床、钼靶和超声无法检出的乳腺恶性病变[9]。周雅筠等[30]以病理组织学为金标准,评价MRI诊断早期乳腺癌的价值,发现对早期乳腺癌的诊断灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确度和ROC曲线下面积分别为95.24%、45.00%、64.52%、90.00%、70.73%和0.70(95%CI:0.54~0.87)。朱小春[31]以病理检测结果为金标准,对2020年7月—2021年2月成都市温江区人民医院收治的125例乳腺疾病患者行乳腺MRI检查,发现MRI诊断灵敏度、特异度、准确度及阳性预测值分别为81.11%、68.57%、77.60%、86.90%。周晶晶等[32]对33例经病理检查确诊的女性乳腺癌患者同时行乳腺X线摄影及乳腺MRI检查,发现MRI对乳腺癌的诊断准确度为93.94%,高于乳腺X线摄影的87.88%。一项纳入14项临床试验、4666例乳腺癌患者的meta分析结果显示,MRI用于乳腺癌的诊断灵敏度、准确度、特异度、阳性似然比、阴性似然比、合并比值比和风险比分别为86.12%、91.2%、65%、2.7、0.22、1.87(95%CI:1.42~2.46)和1.19(95%CI:1.11~1.28)[33]。结果表明,MRI诊断乳腺疾病准确度较高,但缺点在于价格昂贵、不能标准化、鉴于不能区分良恶性病变而需要乳腺活检[9]

4 正电子发射计算机断层显像/计算机断层扫描(PET-CT)成像

PET-CT成像结合了核医学技术和CT显像,从而获得了较详细的组织影像,且无创,并可提供PET扫描和CT扫描的双倍诊断效果[34]。郑超等[35]研究发现,PET-CT诊断乳腺癌原发灶的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确度分别为96.0%、85.7%、96.2%、85.7%、94.0%,检测腋窝淋巴结转移的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确度分别为91.7%、85.0%、78.6%、94.4%、87.5%,且PET/CT检测直径 ≥ 1 cm病灶的准确度高于检测直径<1 cm的病灶(P = 0.024)。以病理检查结果为金标准,许远帆等[36]发现PET-CT诊断乳腺肿瘤的灵敏度、特异度及准确度分别为75.8%、93.8%和81.9%,且PET-CT用于诊断直径 ≥ 10 mm恶性病灶的准确度现在高于< 10 mm的恶性病灶(92.5% vs. 63.6%;χ2 = 8.10,P < 0.01)。Meta分析结果显示,PET-CT用于诊断乳腺癌患者远处转移的合并灵敏度、特异度分别为0.96(95%CI:0.90~0.99)和0.95(95%CI:1.11~1.28)[37]。一项纳入26项研究、1752例疑似乳腺癌复发病例的meta分析结果表明,PET-CT用于诊断乳腺癌复发的合并灵敏度、特异度、阳性似然比、阴性似然比、诊断比值比、ROC曲线下面积分别为0.90(95%CI:0.88~0.90)、0.81(95%CI:0.78~0.84)、4.64(95%CI:3.50~6.14)、0.12(95%CI:0.08~0.16)、46.52(95%CI:29.44~73.51)和0.9358[38]。但PET-CT价格昂贵、不能检出直径< 8 mm的病灶,限制了其广泛应用[39]

5 乳腺专用γ显像

乳腺专用γ显像利用放射性示踪剂和特殊摄像头获取图像,可用于鉴别直径< 1 cm的乳腺病灶[40]。对2014年7月—2015年6月收治的272例中国女性乳腺疾病患者、293个乳腺病灶行乳腺专用γ显像检查,发现基于乳腺专用γ显像病灶形态、病灶边缘是否清晰和灰度分布鉴别诊断乳腺病变的灵敏度、特异度分别为92.0%和58.5%、66.8%和71.7%、95.7%和27.4%,联用3项特征鉴别诊断乳腺病变的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确度分别为88.2%、81.1%、89.2%、79.6%和85.7%[41]。谭辉等[42]以术后病理结果为金标准,发现乳腺专用γ显像诊断乳腺癌的灵敏度、特异度、准确性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为92%、84%、89%、92%和84%。谭辉等[43]以术后病理结果为金标准,分析乳腺专用γ显像用于诊断74例因乳腺肿块或乳头溢液接受手术治疗的患者乳腺癌的价值,发现乳腺专用γ显像用于诊断乳腺癌的灵敏度、特异度、准确性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为91.8%、87.8%、83.3%、80.0%和88.4%,诊断最大径为3~15 mm的病灶和> 15 mm病灶断的灵敏度分别为80.0%和97.1%,诊断腋窝淋巴结转移的灵敏度为18.8%。但乳腺专用γ显像辐射剂量较大,不适于肿瘤筛查[44]

6 结 语

早期诊断和早期治疗对于降低乳腺癌死亡率至关重要。过去20年中,乳腺癌诊断技术经历了巨大变化,一些旨在实现原发病灶、远处转移和复发病变早期检测的新技术被研发出来,其核心在于最小化患者不适、增加患者依从性、减轻脱靶不良反应[9]。近年来,影像组学和人工智能技术被用于乳腺疾病诊断和预后预测,显示了较大应用潜力,但其诊断效能仍需要大规模前瞻性临床试验加以验证[45-46]

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