中国辐射卫生  2021, Vol. 30 Issue (5): 649-652  DOI: 10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2021.05.026

引用本文 

李媛, 冯骐. 磁共振成像技术用于妇科恶性肿瘤诊断价值的研究进展[J]. 中国辐射卫生, 2021, 30(5): 649-652. DOI: 10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2021.05.026.
LI Yuan, FENG Qi. Progress of researches on the value of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of gynecologic malignancies[J]. Chinese Journal of Radiological Health, 2021, 30(5): 649-652. DOI: 10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2021.05.026.

文章历史

收稿日期:2021-04-12
磁共振成像技术用于妇科恶性肿瘤诊断价值的研究进展
李媛 , 冯骐     
扬州大学医学院附属海安中医院妇产科,江苏 海安 226600
摘要:妇科恶性肿瘤是一类起源于女性生殖系统的恶性肿瘤,约占女性恶性肿瘤总数的20%,严重危害女性健康、造成了极大疾病和经济、社会、家庭负担。而超声、CT、磁共振成像(MRI)等影像学技术在妇科恶性肿瘤筛查和临床诊断中广泛应用,为术前评估、治疗方案制定等提供了重要参考。本文主要就MRI在子宫内膜癌、宫颈癌、外阴癌、卵巢癌等常见妇科恶性肿瘤诊断中的研究进展作一综述。
关键词磁共振成像    子宫内膜癌    宫颈癌    外阴癌    卵巢癌    诊断价值    肿瘤分期    
Progress of researches on the value of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of gynecologic malignancies
LI Yuan , FENG Qi     
Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Hai’an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Yangzhou University Medical School, Hai’an 226600 China
Abstract: Gynecologic cancer, a class of malignant tumors originating from female reproductive systems, consists of approximately 20% of all female malignancies, which severely affects female health and causes disease, economic, social and family burdens. Imaging tools, such as ultrasound, CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have been widely used in screening and clinical diagnosis of gynecologic cancers, which provide insights into the pre-surgical evaluation and treatment planning. This review summarizes the advances of MRI in the diagnosis of common gynecologic cancers, including endometrial cancer, cervical cancer, vulvar cancer and ovarian cancer.
Key words: Magnetic Resonance Imaging    Endometrial Cancer    Cervical Cancer    Vulvar Cancer    Ovarian Cancer    Diagnostic Value    Tumor Staging    

妇科恶性肿瘤是一类起源于女性生殖系统的恶性肿瘤,包括宫颈癌、卵巢癌、子宫内膜癌、阴道癌、输卵管癌等,约占女性恶性肿瘤总数的20%,严重危害女性健康、造成了极大疾病和经济、社会、家庭负担[1]。虽然全球妇科恶性肿瘤总体发病率呈下降趋势,但由于环境、饮食、生活习惯和社会、工作压力等因素的影响,子宫内膜癌、外阴癌等部分妇科恶性肿瘤发病率仍呈上升趋势[2]。在我国,过去20年间妇科恶性肿瘤发病率持续上升,乳腺癌和宫颈癌分别位列我国十大恶性肿瘤的第1位和第7位,且妇科恶性肿瘤预后普遍较差,已成为我国女性健康的重大危害之一[3]

目前,妇科恶性肿瘤主要通过阴道镜、影像学工具、盆腔检查、活检等方法进行诊断[4]。而超声、CT、磁共振成像(MRI)等影像学技术凭借快速、无创、敏感、依从性高等优点,在妇科恶性肿瘤筛查和临床诊断中广泛应用,为术前评估、治疗方案制定等提供了重要参考[5]。本文主要就MRI在常见妇科恶性肿瘤诊断中的研究进展作一综述。

1 子宫内膜癌

研究发现,MRI可展示子宫的区域解剖结构、检测子宫病变、鉴别子宫病变进展的特征,还可以用于评估子宫内膜癌的肌层浸润深度、术前分期评估等[6]。毕国力等[7]发现,术前MRI判定子宫内膜癌病理分期的准确率为87%,用于鉴别肌层浸润深度的准确率为76.9%。张继斌等[8]调查发现,MRI对子宫内膜癌术前分期的总体准确率为83.3%。Cabrita等[9]对162例经组织病理学检查确诊为子宫内膜癌且接受盆腔MRI检测的病例进行分析,发现MRI用于鉴别子宫内膜癌浅表和深度肌层浸润与病理结果一致性为77%、灵敏度为83%、特异度为72%、诊断准确度为77%,用于鉴别宫颈浸润的灵敏度为42%、特异度为92%、诊断准确性为81%,用于评估淋巴结转移的灵敏度为17%、特异度为99%、诊断准确性为89%。Koplay等[10]对58例术前接受MRI检查、术后组织病理学确诊为子宫内膜癌的病例进行比较分析发现,MRI用于鉴别子宫内膜癌浅表和深度基层浸润的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值(PPV)、阴性预测值(NPV)和诊断准确性分别为85%、89%、81%、92%和88%,用于诊断子宫内膜癌共进浸润的灵敏度、特异度和诊断准确性分别为82%、91%和89.6%,用于鉴别盆腔淋巴结转移的灵敏度、特异度和诊断准确性分别为100%、96%和96.5%。Teng等[11]回顾性分析了一所大学附属综合性医院167例子宫内膜癌病例临床资料,发现术前MRI鉴别子宫内膜癌深度肌层浸润的灵敏度、特异度、诊断准确性、PPV和NPV分别为90.9%、91.8%、91.6%、73.2%和97.6%,鉴别子宫内膜癌宫颈浸润的灵敏度、特异度、诊断准确性、PPV和NPV分别为84.2%、96%、94.6%、72.7%和97.9%,鉴别子宫内膜癌盆腔淋巴结转移的灵敏度、特异度、诊断准确性、PPV和NPV分别为45%、91.2%、85.6%、40.9%和92.4%。这些临床研究表明,术前依据MRI进行子宫内膜癌分期与手术病理分期具有一致性,对临床具有指导意义[12]

2 宫颈癌

MRI在宫颈癌术前评价、放疗规划、疗效评估等方面均发挥了重要作用[13]。董立芳[14]对60例宫颈癌患者病历资料分析发现,MRI用于宫颈癌诊断的灵敏度为98.33%,用于宫颈癌分期预测的准确性95%。褚爱鹏等[15]回顾性分析120例经术后病理确诊为宫颈癌患者的影像学资料发现,MRI用于宫颈癌术前分期的准确性为87.50%。莫婧等[16]以FIGO分期标准作为“金标准”,分析256例经病理确诊为宫颈癌的女性患者MRI分期资料,发现MRI用于Ib期宫颈癌诊断准确性高于Ia期,诊断宫颈癌总准确度为86.33%,鉴别宫颈癌宫旁浸润的灵敏度和特异度分别为66.67%和80.00%、鉴别阴道侵犯的灵敏度和特异度分别为89.32%和91.89%、鉴别淋巴结转移的灵敏度和特异度分别为84.00%和90.32%。一项纳入9项研究的meta分析结果显示,MRI预测宫颈癌宫旁浸润的灵敏度为68%(95%可信区间:54%~80%)、特异度为91%(95%可信区间:84%~95%)[17]。一项纳入Medline和Embase数据库中2012—2016年发表的14项研究的meta分析结果显示,MRI判别宫颈癌宫旁浸润的合并灵敏度和特异度分别为0.76(95%可信区间:0.67~0.84)和0.94(95%可信区间:0.91~0.95)[18]。一项纳入PubMed、Cochrane图书馆、Embase、Web of Science数据库中1995—2018年有关MRI评估人体宫颈癌研究的英文文献的meta分析结果显示,MRI判定宫颈癌宫颈内口受累的合并灵敏度、特异度、诊断优势比(DOR)、阳性似然比(PLR)和阴性似然比(NLR)分别为86%、97%、167.91、24.74和0.15,鉴别宫颈癌宫颈基质侵犯的合并灵敏度、特异度、DOR、PLR和NLR分别为87%、91%、73.41、10.22和0.14,鉴别宫颈癌淋巴结转移的合并灵敏度、特异度、DOR、PLR和NLR分别为51%、89%、8.63、4.72和0.55,评价宫颈癌癌旁浸润的合并灵敏度、特异度、DOR、PLR和NLR分别为75%、92%、34.01、9.38和0.28[19]。这些研究提示,MRI可作为在国际妇产科协会(FIGO)肿瘤分期IB1期以上的宫颈癌诊断、化疗规划、随访中排除肿瘤复发的最优方法[20-21]

3 外阴癌

MRI在描绘女性盆腔结构轮廓、评估外阴癌分期和治疗后并发症等方面均发挥了积极作用[22]。Kataoka等[23]发现,MRI用于判定外阴癌病变大小的准确性为83%,评估原发性外阴癌分期的准确性为69.4%。Bipat等[24]发现,2位影像学专家鉴别外阴癌腹股沟淋巴结转移的灵敏度、特异度、PPV和NPV分别为52%和52%、85%和89%、46%和52%、87%和89%,一致性较高(Kappa值为0.62)。Sakae等[25]回顾性分析41例阴道癌MRI检测资料,二分类检测发现:以淋巴结直径>10.0 mm为阈值,长轴位MRI预测外阴癌的灵敏度、特异度、PPV和NPV分别为87.5%、70.6%、58.3%和92.3%;决策树分析显示,以淋巴结直径>10.0 mm为阈值,长轴位MRI预测外阴癌的灵敏度、特异度和准确性分别为87.5%、70.6%和76.0%。以上结果提示,MRI可用于外阴癌病变大小判定和腹股沟淋巴结转移预测[26]

4 卵巢癌

近年来,MRI在鉴别卵巢病变良恶性、卵巢癌分期等方面发挥了重要作用[27]。朱征涛等[28]检查发现,MRI用于卵巢病变的术前定性诊断准确率为90.00%,诊断卵巢良性病变的准确率为96.08%,诊断卵巢恶性病变的准确率为93.55%。任明达等[29]以术后病理检测结果为金标准,发现MRI用于卵巢肿瘤定性诊断准确度为95.2%,鉴别卵巢良性肿瘤准确率为96.9%,鉴别卵巢恶性肿瘤准确率为85.0%,用于预测卵巢癌术前分期准确率为73.3%。罗新等[30]将31例疑似盆腔恶性肿瘤患者的MRI及病理结果进行比较分析,发现MRI用于卵巢癌定性诊断准确率为93.5%,用于判定卵巢癌术前分期准确性为91.7%。Zhang等[31]发现,良、恶性卵巢肿瘤在MRI上出现明显不同的双侧对称性、形态、性质、信号强度及增强水平,提示MRI有助于鉴别良、恶性卵巢肿瘤。Booth等[32]回顾性分析2004—2007年全部疑似卵巢病变且在术前接受MRI检查的女性患者病历资料发现,MRI诊断卵巢癌的灵敏度为92%、特异度为76%、PPV为80%、NPV为90%、准确性为84%,用卵巢癌分析预测的准确性为86.6%。以上结果提示,MRI可用于卵巢癌检测、分期预测等。

5 结 语

与传统的妇科、经阴道超声、组织病理学检测一起,MRI可作为一种常规检测项目用于妇科恶性肿瘤疑似或确诊病例肿瘤精准定位和分期预测、局部淋巴结大小评估和转移判定,从而有助于制定最优化的治疗策略和肿瘤进展评估。而静脉注射顺磁性造影剂则可显著提高小病灶的诊断准确性。此外,MRI还有助于妇科恶性肿瘤浸润和放疗后病变的鉴别。因此,MRI值得在妇科临床诊治中推广应用。

参考文献
[1]
Blair AR, Casas CM. Gynecologic cancers[J]. Prim Care, 2009, 36(1): 115-130. DOI:10.1016/j.pop.2008.10.001
[2]
Ledford LRC, Lockwood S. Scope and epidemiology of gynecologic cancers: an overview[J]. Semin Oncol Nurs, 2019, 35(2): 147-150. DOI:10.1016/j.soncn.2019.03.002
[3]
Jiang X, Tang H, Chen T. Epidemiology of gynecologic cancers in China[J]. J Gynecol Oncol, 2018, 29(1): e7. DOI:10.3802/jgo.2018.29.e7
[4]
Rayburn WF. Gynecologic cancer care: innovative progress[J]. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am, 2019, 46(1): xiii-xiv. DOI:10.1016/j.ogc.2018.11.002
[5]
Boaventura CS, Galvão JL, Soares GM, et al. Synchronous gynecologic cancer and the use of imaging for diagnosis[J]. Rev Assoc Med Bras, 2016, 62(2): 116-119. DOI:10.1590/1806-9282.62.02.116
[6]
Aracki-Trenkic A, Stojanov D, Petric A, et al. The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of endometrial carcinoma[J]. J BUON, 2016, 21(3): 542-548.
[7]
毕国力, 王关顺, 包颜明, 等. 子宫内膜癌的磁共振表现及分期[J]. 放射学实践, 2007, 22(9): 957-960.
Bi GL, Wang GS, Bao YM, et al. MR appearance and staging of endometrial carcinoma[J]. Radiol Pract, 2007, 22(9): 957-960. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-0313.2007.09.018
[8]
张继斌, 许建铭, 须同禄, 等. 子宫内膜癌的MRI诊断及分期研究[J]. 临床放射学杂志, 2004, 23(2): 135-137.
Zhang JB, Xu JM, Xu TL, et al. MRI diagnosis and staging of endometrial carcinoma[J]. J Clin Radiololgy, 2004, 23(2): 135-137. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-9324.2004.02.011
[9]
Cabrita S, Rodrigues H, Abreu R, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in the preoperative staging of endometrial carcinoma[J]. Eur J GynaecolOncol, 2008, 29(2): 135-137.
[10]
Koplay M, Dogan NU, Erdogan H, et al. Diagnostic efficacy of diffusion-weighted MRI for pre-operative assessment of myometrial and cervical invasion and pelvic lymph node metastasis in endometrial carcinoma[J]. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol, 2014, 58(5): 538-546. DOI:10.1111/1754-9485.12209
[11]
Teng F, Zhang YF, Wang YM, et al. Contrast-enhanced MRI in preoperative assessment of myometrial and cervical invasion, and lymph node metastasis: diagnostic value and error analysis in endometrial carcinoma[J]. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 2015, 94(3): 266-273. DOI:10.1111/aogs.12570
[12]
姚卉. MRI用于子宫内膜癌分期的准确性及临床价值研究[D]. 大连: 大连医科大学, 2015.
Yao H. The accuracy and role of MR imaging in clinical staging of endometrial carcinoma[D]. Dalian: Dalian Medical University, 2015.
[13]
Fields EC, Weiss E. A practical review of magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation and management of cervical cancer[J]. Radiat Oncol, 2016, 11: 15. DOI:10.1186/s13014-016-0591-0
[14]
董立芳. MRI用于诊断宫颈癌的分期效果探究[J]. 影像研究与医学应用, 2020, 4(19): 142-144.
Dong LF. Staging effect of MRI in the diagnosis of cervical cancer[J]. J Imaging Res Med Appl, 2020, 4(19): 142-144. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2096-3807.2020.19.082
[15]
褚爱鹏, 樊明, 成建华, 等. TVCDS、MRI单用或联用于宫颈癌术前分期诊断价值比较[J]. 中国CT和MRI杂志, 2017, 15(3): 103-105.
Chu AP, Fan M, Cheng JH, et al. Clinical value comparison of preoperative staging diagnosis of cervical cancer by MRI and TVCDS used alone and combination[J]. Chin J CT MRI, 2017, 15(3): 103-105. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-5131.2017.03.034
[16]
莫婧, 贺红英, 陈国伟, 等. MRI对早期宫颈癌的诊断及分期评价[J]. 生物医学工程与临床, 2017, 21(3): 271-275,279.
Mo J, He HY, Chen GW, et al. Diagnosis and staging evaluation of staging on early cervical cancer by MRI[J]. Biomed Eng Clin Med, 2017, 21(3): 271-275,279. DOI:10.13339/j.cnki.sglc.20170511.011
[17]
Alcazar JL, García E, Machuca M, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound for assessing parametrial infiltration in cervical cancer[J]. Med Ultrason, 2020, 22(1): 85-91.
[18]
Woo S, Suh CH, Kim SY, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging for detection of parametrial invasion in cervical cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature between 2012 and 2016[J]. Eur Radiol, 2018, 28(2): 530-541. DOI:10.1007/s00330-017-4958-x
[19]
Xiao M, Yan B, Li Y, et al. Diagnostic performance of MR imaging in evaluating prognostic factors in patients with cervical cancer: a meta-analysis[J]. Eur Radiol, 2020, 30(3): 1405-1418. DOI:10.1007/s00330-019-06461-9
[20]
Mocarska A, Starosławska E, Kieszko D, et al. Usefulness of magnetic resonance in evaluation of cervical cancer progression[J]. Ginekol Pol, 2012, 83(2): 122-127.
[21]
Collettini F, Hamm B. Uterine cervical cancer: preoperative staging with magnetic resonance imaging[J]. Radiologe, 2011, 51(7): 589-595. DOI:10.1007/s00117-010-2119-1
[22]
Shetty AS, Menias CO. MR imaging of vulvar and vaginal cancer[J]. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am, 2017, 25(3): 481-502. DOI:10.1016/j.mric.2017.03.013
[23]
Kataoka MY, Sala E, Baldwin P, et al. The accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging in staging of vulvar cancer: a retrospective multi-centre study[J]. Gynecol Oncol, 2010, 117(1): 82-87. DOI:10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.12.017
[24]
Bipat S, Fransen GA, Spijkerboer AM, et al. Is there a role for magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of inguinal lymph node metastases in patients with vulva carcinoma[J]. Gynecol Oncol, 2006, 103(3): 1001-1006. DOI:10.1016/j.ygyno.2006.06.009
[25]
Sakae C, Yamaguchi K, Matsumura N, et al. Groin lymph node detection and sentinel lymph node biopsy in vulvar cancer[J]. J Gynecol Oncol, 2016, 27(6): e57. DOI:10.3802/jgo.2016.27.e57
[26]
Kim KW, Shinagare AB, Krajewski KM, et al. Update on imaging of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma[J]. Am J Roentgenol, 2013, 201(1): W147-W157. DOI:10.2214/ajr.12.9594
[27]
Javadi S, Ganeshan DM, Qayyum A, et al. Ovarian cancer, the revised FIGO staging system, and the role of imaging[J]. Am J Roentgenol, 2016, 206(6): 1351-1360. DOI:10.2214/ajr.15.15199
[28]
朱征涛, 邱文伟. 超声与MRI在筛查及鉴别卵巢肿瘤良恶性病变中应用研究[J]. 中国CT和MRI杂志, 2017, 15(5): 115-117,134.
Zhu ZT, Qiu WW. Application of ultrasound and MRI in screening and differentiation of benign and malignant ovarian tumors[J]. Chin J CT MRI, 2017, 15(5): 115-117,134. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-5131.2017.05.035
[29]
任明达, 刘树学, 唐玉德, 等. 卵巢肿瘤定性诊断及卵巢癌术前分期: MRI与病理对照研究[J]. 中国CT和MRI杂志, 2015, 13(4): 87-90.
Ren MD, Liu SX, Tang YD, et al. MR imaging of ovarian masses and ovarian cancers: correlation with findings at surgery and pathologic anlysis[J]. Chin J CT MRI, 2015, 13(4): 87-90. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-5131.2015.04.28
[30]
罗新, 陈永连, 郭永梅, 等. MRI在卵巢癌定性诊断及其分期中的应用价值[J]. 实用妇产科杂志, 2010, 26(12): 903-905,962.
Luo X, Chen YL, Guo YM, et al. The values of magnetic resonance imaging applied in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer and staging accuracy[J]. J Pract Obstet Gynecol, 2010, 26(12): 903-905,962. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-6946.2010.12.012
[31]
Zhang T, Yi X, Lu J, et al. Clinical evaluation of MRI in the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant ovarian tumors[J]. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol, 2017, 38(2): 257-262.
[32]
Booth SJ, Turnbull LW, Poole DR, et al. The accurate staging of ovarian cancer using 3T magnetic resonance imaging - a realistic option[J]. BJOG:Int J Obstet Gynaecol, 2008, 115(7): 894-901. DOI:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.01716.x