2. 哈尔滨工程大学,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150001;
3. 中国疾病预防控制中心,北京 100088
2. Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001 China;
3. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100088 China
我国是烟草产销大国,每年卷烟、烟叶的产销量均占世界的1/3左右。烟叶中含有天然放射性元素,在吸烟时随主流烟雾吸入呼吸系统,从而对人体产生辐射照射,成为肺癌发病的重要诱因。为评估我国吸烟人群吸烟所致内照射剂量,本文总结分析我国香烟中辐射水平,推荐了主流烟雾中210Po/210Pb份额,从而进行我国吸烟人群因吸烟所致内照射剂量估算。
1 材料与方法 1.1 吸烟者数量及吸烟量2015年中国15岁及以上成人现在吸烟者(含每日吸烟者和偶尔吸烟者)为3.2亿,日平均吸烟量为15.2支,男性吸烟百分率为52.1%,女性吸烟率为2.7%,与2010年统计数据相比,现在吸烟者总数量增加了1500万,日平均吸烟量增加了1支[1]。现在吸烟者吸烟量分布如表1。
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表 1 现在吸烟者吸烟人数分布 Table 1 Distribution of average smoking amount of smokers |
烟草中放射性核素含量主要与土壤和种植烟草所用的磷肥,附着氡子体的气溶胶在烟叶上的直接沉积和雨水对空气中氡子体的冲刷沉积,以及土壤颗粒物的再悬浮沉积[2-5],未观察到210Po与焦油含量、烟型(混合型,烤烟型,外香型)的相关规律[6]。对烟草植株放射性分布研究得出,烟叶重量约占整棵植株的50%,而210Po的含量约占整棵植株的87.1%,约66%的210Po在老叶上,210Po主要来源于放射性核素在植株上的干或湿沉积[5]。根据香烟等级划分标准,烟丝的配料以烟草部位而定,质量较高的香烟其烟丝细嫩,劣质香烟其烟叶粗老,烟梗成分多。烟草上嫩叶中210Po较老叶低,烟叶叶片210Po含量高于烟梗[4, 7]。高档香烟虽然取嫩叶部分多,但它基本上不含烟梗,因此210Po含量反而高,如王欣等[6]研究中云烟、中华和天坛雪茄。
1.2.1 中国香烟中210Po /210Pb水平我国香烟中210Po /210Pb水平如表2,210Po水平在11.1~53.0 mBq/支,按品牌数量加权均值28.2 mBq/支。210Pb水平范围21.8~63.6 mBq/支,均值为39.3 mBq/支。国外报导从烟叶的收割、制烟到售出的过程一般超过2年时间,成品香烟中210Po/210Pb基本处于放射性平衡状态[8-10],Schayer S等[11]研究报道的我国香烟中210Po /210Pb比为1.1~1.2,而徐金其等[12]和赵兰才等[13]研究中我国成品烟中210Po /210Pb比值分别为0.76和0.79(品牌数18个),这可能由于我国烟草消费量大,从烟草收割到制成香烟售出的时间较短的缘故。
1.2.2 其它国家香烟中210Pb/210Po水平表3为收集的其它国家香烟中210Po/210Pb水平。210Po含量范围在7.9~26.4 mBq/支,均值为14.6 mBq/支;210Pb含量范围在7~25.8 mBq/支,均值为16.2 mBq/支。我国香烟中210Po/210Pb水平约为进口香烟的2~3倍。
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表 3 其它国家香烟中210Po/ 210Pb水平[11, 13, 19, 20-35] Table 3 Radiation levelsof 210Po/210Pb in cigarettes in othercountries |
Kelecom A等[36]对11个国家58个品牌的雪茄210Po/210Pb水平进行了测量,210Po的范围5.0~55.0 mBq/g,均值为(19.2 ± 9.3)mBq/g;210Pb 的范围2.0~26.3 mBq/g,均值为(8.5 ± 5.8)mBq/g。我国仅王欣等[6]对1品牌雪茄进行了分析,210Po含量为(67. 3 ± 14. 5) mBq/g,约为其它国家雪茄中210Po含量的3.5倍。
1.3 主流烟雾中210Pb /210Po份额当烟草燃烧温度达600℃~800 ℃时,挥发的210Po/210Pb随烟雾一起进入呼吸系统。210Po极易挥发,210Pb的挥发性与210Po有所不同,有研究表明主流烟雾中210Pb份额约为210Po的一半[37-39]。210Pb主要作为210Po的母体核素对人体形成辐射照射[28, 35, 40-42]。
主流烟雾210Po/210Pb份额如表4。目前文献对主流烟雾份额的估算方法主要分为3种:第1种,通过物质守恒对进入主流烟雾的210Po/210Pb份额进行估算[18,23, 25-26, 31],首先测量整支烟的210Po/210Pb水平,再测量吸过的烟蒂和烟灰中的210Po/210Pb水平,从而估算出烟雾中210Pb/210Po所占份额(63%~75%,均值70%),然后均假设烟雾中50%的210Po/210Pb进入主流烟雾,由此估算的主流烟雾210Po份额范围为13%~38%,均值为29%,210Pb份额视同与210Po相同,很多作者引用了这些研究结果[21, 28, 32-33];第2种,通过模拟装置进行真实吸烟过程的模拟[6-7, 11-12, 14-15, 29, 43-46],在模拟机末端,采用多级滤膜或盐酸吸收瓶模拟吸入人体的210Po/210Pb,由此估算的主流烟雾210Po份额为10%~24%,均值为16%,210Pb份额均为8%;第3种,测量整支烟的210Po/210Pb水平,再通过志愿者正常吸烟过程,测量吸入和呼出烟雾中的210Po/210Pb水平,由此估算的主流烟雾中210Po份额为22%(210Pb与210Po份额相同)[22]。Papastefanou C[27]和Khater AEM[47]的研究中直接使用的主流烟雾份额分别为75%和50%,与其它文献主流烟雾份额相比,约为其他文献的2~3倍,导致最终剂量估算结果偏高于其它文献。
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表 4 主流烟雾中210Po/210Pb份额 Table 4 Fraction of 210Po/210Pb in main stream smoke |
对于主流烟雾份额的不同,除了实验方法不一样外,还可能与香烟过滤嘴材料、吸烟方式不同,以及香烟的品质有关。在剂量估算中,210Po人体吸收份额拟采用模拟装置和志愿者实验结果均值19%,取整为20%;210Pb人体吸收份额采用模拟装置实验结果8%,取整为10%。
2 结 果Cohen BS等[39]和Cohen BS等[48]研究结果显示,210Po浓缩于烟雾焦油中,不易溶解,并滞留在吸烟者的肺泡间质组织,由此ICRP1995[49]基于上述研究成果建议吸烟情况下210Po行为类型为M(moderate),类型M表征了放射性核素由肺转移到血液和人体其它组织的速率。本工作210Po/210Pb剂量转换系数取自ICRP2012的M类型[50],分别为3.3 × 10−6 Sv·Bq−1和1.1 × 10−6 Sv·Bq−1。根据我国单支烟210Po/210Pb活度浓度均值(28.2 mBq/支和39.3 mBq/支)和推荐的吸入主流烟雾份额典型值20%(210Po)和10%(210Pb),估算的不同吸烟量的吸烟者,由于吸烟所致年有效剂量如表5。我国现在吸烟者年有效剂量均值为126 μSv·a−1,集体有效剂量为40746人·Sv。当吸烟者每天吸1包烟时(20支),年有效剂量为168 μSv·a−1。若以中国现在吸烟者日平均吸烟量15.2支估算[1],年有效剂量为127 μSv·a−1,中国现在吸烟者总人数为3.2亿,则集体有效剂量为40640人·Sv,与本文按不同吸烟量估算的吸烟者集体有效剂量40746人·Sv相近。美国成年吸烟人数为4500万,集体有效剂量为13500人·Sv[51],中国约为其3倍。
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表 5 由于吸烟所致吸烟者年有效剂量 Table 5 Annual effective doses to smokers due to smoking |
Kubalek D等[22]和Papastefanou C[27]研究除了对210Po/210Pb进行了剂量估算,还对226Ra和228Ra,以及钍同位素所致有效剂量也进行了估算。226Ra和228Ra所致有效剂量与210Pb在同一个数量级。在ICRP2012年报告中,吸入钍同位素的剂量转换系数最高,所以Kubalek D等[22]对钍同位素进行了测量和剂量估算,由于吸烟210Po、210Pb、228Th、230Th和232Th所致吸烟者有效剂量分别为61 μSv·a−1、9 μSv·a−1、6 μSv·a−1、47 μSv·a−1、37 μSv·a−1,钍同位素所致剂量(90 μSv/a)已远远超过210Po/210Pb所致剂量(70 μSv/a)。Begy RC等[25]对一酒吧被动吸烟者所受剂量进行了估算,为5.9 μSv·a−1。目前国内多数文献仅对210Po进行了测量和剂量估算,也应关注其它核素所致剂量,以及被动吸烟者所受剂量。
吸烟所致人体剂量与烟草中放射核素水平、主流烟雾份额,以及使用的剂量转换系数相关。表6中无*标记的国家均使用的中速模式剂量转换系数,但Sakoda A[19]、Kovács T[32]和Tran TNN[33]等对主流烟雾份额均采用的35%(为本文采用的210Po主流烟雾份额的1.8倍,210Pb主流烟雾份额的3.5倍),所以有个别国家虽然210Po/210Pb活度浓度低于中国,但最后估算的有效剂量高于中国。部分国家剂量转换系数采用的ICRP2012[50]慢速模式4.3 × 10−6 Sv·Bq−1(210Po)和5.6 × 10−6 Sv·Bq−1(210Pb),剂量转换系数分别为本文的1.3倍和5.1倍,同时Desideri D等[23]、Khater AE[26]、Tiwari M[30]、Skwarzec B[31]和Ferri ES[38]等对主流烟雾采用值33%~38%,所以有*国家吸烟所致有效剂量普遍高于无*国家。
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表 6 每天吸20支烟所致吸烟者年有效剂量 Table 6 Annual effective dosestosmokers caused by smoking 20 cigarettes a day |
2010年我国全面推行公共场所禁烟,工作场所和公共场所吸烟率出现下降趋势,尤其在中小学和公共交通工具上下降明显。但现在吸烟者的吸烟率,吸烟量居高不下[1],所以在全国层面的公众宣传和出台全面无烟法律法规以及建设戒烟服务体系上还有很多工作要做。
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