中国辐射卫生  2021, Vol. 30 Issue (4): 442-447  DOI: 10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2021.04.011

引用本文 

王春红, 伍钊, 刘森林, 苗晓翔, 孙全富. 香烟辐射水平及所致吸烟者剂量[J]. 中国辐射卫生, 2021, 30(4): 442-447. DOI: 10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2021.04.011.
WANG Chunhong, WU Zhao, LIU Senlin, MIAO Xiaoxiang, SUN Quanfu. Radioactivity of cigarettes and radiation dose assessment due to smoking[J]. Chinese Journal of Radiological Health, 2021, 30(4): 442-447. DOI: 10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2021.04.011.

文章历史

收稿日期:2020-09-14
香烟辐射水平及所致吸烟者剂量
王春红 1, 伍钊 2, 刘森林 1, 苗晓翔 3, 孙全富 3     
1. 中国原子能科学研究院,北京 102413;
2. 哈尔滨工程大学,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150001;
3. 中国疾病预防控制中心,北京 100088
摘要目的 评估我国吸烟人群因吸烟所致内照射剂量并与其他国家进行比较。方法 收集并分析国内外香烟中210Po/210Pb辐射水平,推荐主流烟雾中210Po/210Pb份额,进行我国吸烟者因吸烟所致内照射剂量估算。结果 2015年中国15岁及以上成人现在吸烟者为3.2亿,日平均吸烟量为15.2支;按文献中香烟品牌数量加权的210Po /210Pb活度均值分别为28.2 mBq/支和39.3 mBq/支;在剂量估算中,210Po主流烟雾份额采用模拟装置和志愿者实验结果均值20%,210Pb主流烟雾份额采用模拟装置实验结果10%。根据我国日平均吸烟量和现在吸烟者人数估算的我国现在吸烟者年有效剂量为126 μSv·a−1,集体有效剂量为40746人·Sv。结论 我国香烟中210Po/210Pb含量约为其它国家香烟的2~3倍,但由于本文采用的主流烟雾份额和210Po/210Pb剂量转换系数不同于其它文献,所以本文估算的我国吸烟人员吸20支烟所受剂量低于部分国家。
关键词香烟    辐射    210Po    210Pb    剂量    
Radioactivity of cigarettes and radiation dose assessment due to smoking
WANG Chunhong 1, WU Zhao 2, LIU Senlin 1, MIAO Xiaoxiang 3, SUN Quanfu 3     
1. China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413 China;
2. Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001 China;
3. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100088 China
Abstract: Objective Collect and analyze data of radiation level of 210Po/210Pb in cigarettes in China, evaluate the internal radiation dose caused by smoking to Chinese smokers and compare it with other countries. Methods The radiation levels of 210Po/210Pb in cigarettes in domestic and foreign countries were summarized and analyzed, and the fractions of 210Po/210Pb in mainstream smoke were recommended, and the internal radiation doses to smokers in China were estimated. Results In 2015, there were 320 million smokers among aged 15 and above in China with an average smoking amount of 15.2 cigarettes per day. The average activities of 210Po/210Pb weighted by the number of cigarette brands were 28.2 mBq per cigarette and 39.3 mBq per cigarette respectively. The mainstream smoke fraction of 20% of 210Po was used to make the does estimation which was the mean value of the experimental results of simulator and volunteers, and that of 210Pb was 10% measured by simulators. Based on the average smoking amount per day and the number of smokers in China, the annual effective dose of current smokers in China is 126 μSv·a−1, and the collective effective dose is 40746 man·Sv. Conclusion The content of 210Po/210Pb in Chinese cigarettes is about 2~3 times that of other country's cigarettes. However, the fraction of mainstream smoke and dose conversion coefficient of 210Po/210Pb adopted in this paper are different from those in other literatures. Therefore, the estimated dose of 20 cigarettes for Chinese smokers is lower than that for smokers in some countries.
Key words: Cigarette    Radiation    210Po    210Pb    Dose    

我国是烟草产销大国,每年卷烟、烟叶的产销量均占世界的1/3左右。烟叶中含有天然放射性元素,在吸烟时随主流烟雾吸入呼吸系统,从而对人体产生辐射照射,成为肺癌发病的重要诱因。为评估我国吸烟人群吸烟所致内照射剂量,本文总结分析我国香烟中辐射水平,推荐了主流烟雾中210Po/210Pb份额,从而进行我国吸烟人群因吸烟所致内照射剂量估算。

1 材料与方法 1.1 吸烟者数量及吸烟量

2015年中国15岁及以上成人现在吸烟者(含每日吸烟者和偶尔吸烟者)为3.2亿,日平均吸烟量为15.2支,男性吸烟百分率为52.1%,女性吸烟率为2.7%,与2010年统计数据相比,现在吸烟者总数量增加了1500万,日平均吸烟量增加了1支[1]。现在吸烟者吸烟量分布如表1

表 1 现在吸烟者吸烟人数分布 Table 1 Distribution of average smoking amount of smokers
1.2 香烟的辐射水平

烟草中放射性核素含量主要与土壤和种植烟草所用的磷肥,附着氡子体的气溶胶在烟叶上的直接沉积和雨水对空气中氡子体的冲刷沉积,以及土壤颗粒物的再悬浮沉积[2-5],未观察到210Po与焦油含量、烟型(混合型,烤烟型,外香型)的相关规律[6]。对烟草植株放射性分布研究得出,烟叶重量约占整棵植株的50%,而210Po的含量约占整棵植株的87.1%,约66%的210Po在老叶上,210Po主要来源于放射性核素在植株上的干或湿沉积[5]。根据香烟等级划分标准,烟丝的配料以烟草部位而定,质量较高的香烟其烟丝细嫩,劣质香烟其烟叶粗老,烟梗成分多。烟草上嫩叶中210Po较老叶低,烟叶叶片210Po含量高于烟梗[4, 7]。高档香烟虽然取嫩叶部分多,但它基本上不含烟梗,因此210Po含量反而高,如王欣等[6]研究中云烟、中华和天坛雪茄。

1.2.1 中国香烟中210Po /210Pb水平

我国香烟中210Po /210Pb水平如表2210Po水平在11.1~53.0 mBq/支,按品牌数量加权均值28.2 mBq/支。210Pb水平范围21.8~63.6 mBq/支,均值为39.3 mBq/支。国外报导从烟叶的收割、制烟到售出的过程一般超过2年时间,成品香烟中210Po/210Pb基本处于放射性平衡状态[8-10],Schayer S等[11]研究报道的我国香烟中210Po /210Pb比为1.1~1.2,而徐金其等[12]和赵兰才等[13]研究中我国成品烟中210Po /210Pb比值分别为0.76和0.79(品牌数18个),这可能由于我国烟草消费量大,从烟草收割到制成香烟售出的时间较短的缘故。

表 2 中国香烟中水平[6, 11-18] Table 2 Radiation levels of 210Po /210Pb in cigarettes in China[6, 11-18]
1.2.2 其它国家香烟中210Pb/210Po水平

表3为收集的其它国家香烟中210Po/210Pb水平。210Po含量范围在7.9~26.4 mBq/支,均值为14.6 mBq/支;210Pb含量范围在7~25.8 mBq/支,均值为16.2 mBq/支。我国香烟中210Po/210Pb水平约为进口香烟的2~3倍。

表 3 其它国家香烟中210Po/ 210Pb水平[11, 13, 19, 20-35] Table 3 Radiation levelsof 210Po/210Pb in cigarettes in othercountries

Kelecom A等[36]对11个国家58个品牌的雪茄210Po/210Pb水平进行了测量,210Po的范围5.0~55.0 mBq/g,均值为(19.2 ± 9.3)mBq/g;210Pb 的范围2.0~26.3 mBq/g,均值为(8.5 ± 5.8)mBq/g。我国仅王欣等[6]对1品牌雪茄进行了分析,210Po含量为(67. 3 ± 14. 5) mBq/g,约为其它国家雪茄中210Po含量的3.5倍。

1.3 主流烟雾中210Pb /210Po份额

当烟草燃烧温度达600℃~800 ℃时,挥发的210Po/210Pb随烟雾一起进入呼吸系统。210Po极易挥发,210Pb的挥发性与210Po有所不同,有研究表明主流烟雾中210Pb份额约为210Po的一半[37-39]210Pb主要作为210Po的母体核素对人体形成辐射照射[28, 35, 40-42]

主流烟雾210Po/210Pb份额如表4。目前文献对主流烟雾份额的估算方法主要分为3种:第1种,通过物质守恒对进入主流烟雾的210Po/210Pb份额进行估算[1823, 25-26, 31],首先测量整支烟的210Po/210Pb水平,再测量吸过的烟蒂和烟灰中的210Po/210Pb水平,从而估算出烟雾中210Pb/210Po所占份额(63%~75%,均值70%),然后均假设烟雾中50%的210Po/210Pb进入主流烟雾,由此估算的主流烟雾210Po份额范围为13%~38%,均值为29%,210Pb份额视同与210Po相同,很多作者引用了这些研究结果[21, 28, 32-33];第2种,通过模拟装置进行真实吸烟过程的模拟[6-7, 11-12, 14-15, 29, 43-46],在模拟机末端,采用多级滤膜或盐酸吸收瓶模拟吸入人体的210Po/210Pb,由此估算的主流烟雾210Po份额为10%~24%,均值为16%,210Pb份额均为8%;第3种,测量整支烟的210Po/210Pb水平,再通过志愿者正常吸烟过程,测量吸入和呼出烟雾中的210Po/210Pb水平,由此估算的主流烟雾中210Po份额为22%(210Pb与210Po份额相同)[22]。Papastefanou C[27]和Khater AEM[47]的研究中直接使用的主流烟雾份额分别为75%和50%,与其它文献主流烟雾份额相比,约为其他文献的2~3倍,导致最终剂量估算结果偏高于其它文献。

表 4 主流烟雾中210Po/210Pb份额 Table 4 Fraction of 210Po/210Pb in main stream smoke

对于主流烟雾份额的不同,除了实验方法不一样外,还可能与香烟过滤嘴材料、吸烟方式不同,以及香烟的品质有关。在剂量估算中,210Po人体吸收份额拟采用模拟装置和志愿者实验结果均值19%,取整为20%;210Pb人体吸收份额采用模拟装置实验结果8%,取整为10%。

2 结 果

Cohen BS等[39]和Cohen BS等[48]研究结果显示,210Po浓缩于烟雾焦油中,不易溶解,并滞留在吸烟者的肺泡间质组织,由此ICRP1995[49]基于上述研究成果建议吸烟情况下210Po行为类型为M(moderate),类型M表征了放射性核素由肺转移到血液和人体其它组织的速率。本工作210Po/210Pb剂量转换系数取自ICRP2012的M类型[50],分别为3.3 × 10−6 Sv·Bq−1和1.1 × 10−6 Sv·Bq−1。根据我国单支烟210Po/210Pb活度浓度均值(28.2 mBq/支和39.3 mBq/支)和推荐的吸入主流烟雾份额典型值20%(210Po)和10%(210Pb),估算的不同吸烟量的吸烟者,由于吸烟所致年有效剂量如表5。我国现在吸烟者年有效剂量均值为126 μSv·a−1,集体有效剂量为40746人·Sv。当吸烟者每天吸1包烟时(20支),年有效剂量为168 μSv·a−1。若以中国现在吸烟者日平均吸烟量15.2支估算[1],年有效剂量为127 μSv·a−1,中国现在吸烟者总人数为3.2亿,则集体有效剂量为40640人·Sv,与本文按不同吸烟量估算的吸烟者集体有效剂量40746人·Sv相近。美国成年吸烟人数为4500万,集体有效剂量为13500人·Sv[51],中国约为其3倍。

表 5 由于吸烟所致吸烟者年有效剂量 Table 5 Annual effective doses to smokers due to smoking
3 讨 论

Kubalek D等[22]和Papastefanou C[27]研究除了对210Po/210Pb进行了剂量估算,还对226Ra和228Ra,以及钍同位素所致有效剂量也进行了估算。226Ra和228Ra所致有效剂量与210Pb在同一个数量级。在ICRP2012年报告中,吸入钍同位素的剂量转换系数最高,所以Kubalek D等[22]对钍同位素进行了测量和剂量估算,由于吸烟210Po、210Pb、228Th、230Th和232Th所致吸烟者有效剂量分别为61 μSv·a−1、9 μSv·a−1、6 μSv·a−1、47 μSv·a−1、37 μSv·a−1,钍同位素所致剂量(90 μSv/a)已远远超过210Po/210Pb所致剂量(70 μSv/a)。Begy RC等[25]对一酒吧被动吸烟者所受剂量进行了估算,为5.9 μSv·a−1。目前国内多数文献仅对210Po进行了测量和剂量估算,也应关注其它核素所致剂量,以及被动吸烟者所受剂量。

吸烟所致人体剂量与烟草中放射核素水平、主流烟雾份额,以及使用的剂量转换系数相关。表6中无*标记的国家均使用的中速模式剂量转换系数,但Sakoda A[19]、Kovács T[32]和Tran TNN[33]等对主流烟雾份额均采用的35%(为本文采用的210Po主流烟雾份额的1.8倍,210Pb主流烟雾份额的3.5倍),所以有个别国家虽然210Po/210Pb活度浓度低于中国,但最后估算的有效剂量高于中国。部分国家剂量转换系数采用的ICRP2012[50]慢速模式4.3 × 10−6 Sv·Bq−1210Po)和5.6 × 10−6 Sv·Bq−1210Pb),剂量转换系数分别为本文的1.3倍和5.1倍,同时Desideri D等[23]、Khater AE[26]、Tiwari M[30]、Skwarzec B[31]和Ferri ES[38]等对主流烟雾采用值33%~38%,所以有*国家吸烟所致有效剂量普遍高于无*国家。

表 6 每天吸20支烟所致吸烟者年有效剂量 Table 6 Annual effective dosestosmokers caused by smoking 20 cigarettes a day

2010年我国全面推行公共场所禁烟,工作场所和公共场所吸烟率出现下降趋势,尤其在中小学和公共交通工具上下降明显。但现在吸烟者的吸烟率,吸烟量居高不下[1],所以在全国层面的公众宣传和出台全面无烟法律法规以及建设戒烟服务体系上还有很多工作要做。

参考文献
[1]
梁晓峰. 中国成人烟草调查报告2015[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2015.
Liang XF. CHINA ADULT TOBACCO SURVEY REPORT[M]. Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House, 2015.
[2]
Zagà V, Lygidakis C, Chaouachi K, et al. Polonium and lung cancer[J]. J Oncol, 2011, 2011: 860103. DOI:10.1155/2011/860103
[3]
Mussalo-Rauhamaa H, Jaakkola T. Plutonium-239, 240Pu and 210Po contents of tobacco and cigarette smoke [J]. Health Phys, 1985, 49(2): 296-301.
[4]
Skwarzec B, Strumińska DI, Ulatowski J, et al. Determination and distribution of 210Po in tobacco plants from Poland [J]. J Radioanal Nucl Chem, 2001, 250(2): 319-322. DOI:10.1023/A:1017908031690
[5]
Abdulrahman, M.E. Determination of Polonium-210 in Different Types of Tobacco Consumed in Sudan. [M].Khartoum (Sudan): Sudan Academy of Sciences, Atomic Energy Council, 2011,74.
[6]
王欣, 陈兴安, 潘颖东. 香烟中钋-210含量及其对人体肺组织所致剂量的研究[J]. 中国辐射卫生, 2000, 9(3): 129-133.
Wang X, Chen XA, Pan YD. 210Poin cigarette and the radiation dose inhaled by smoker [J]. Chin J Radiol Health, 2000, 9(3): 129-133. DOI:10.13491/j.cnki.issn.1004-714x.2000.03.001
[7]
Radford EP Jr, Hunt VR. Polonium-210: a volatile radioelement in cigarettes[J]. Science, 1964, 143(3603): 247-249. DOI:10.1126/science.143.3603.247
[8]
Godoy JM, Gouvea VA, Melo DR, et al. 226Ra/210Pb/210Po equilibrium in tobacco leaves[J]. Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 1992, 45(1-4): 299-300. DOI:10.1093/rpd/45.1-4.299
[9]
Carvalho FP. 210Po and 210Pb intake by the Portuguese population[J]. Heal Phys, 1995, 69(4): 469-480. DOI:10.1097/00004032-199510000-00004
[10]
Yaprak G, Uysal B. Determination of low level 210Pb in tobacco [J]. J Radioanal Nucl Chem, 1998, 229: 153-155. DOI:10.1007/BF02389465
[11]
Schayer S, Nowak B, Wang YL, et al. 210Po and 210Pb activity in Chinese cigarettes[J]. Health Phys, 2009, 96(5): 543-549. DOI:10.1097/01.HP.0000342164.08042.9c
[12]
徐金其, 侯价礼. 由吸烟所致210Pb、210Po照射剂量的研究 [J]. 干旱环境监测, 1990, 4(2): 61-64.
Xu QJ, Hou JL. Study on irradiation dosage of 210Pb, 210Po caused by smoking [J]. Arid Environ Monitor, 1990, 4(2): 61-64.
[13]
赵兰才, 山本政仪, 陈英民, 等. 中国、日本等国40种香烟中铅-210钋-210的测定[J]. 中国公共卫生学报, 1990, 9(5): 257-260.
Zhao LC, Shan BZZ, Chen YM, et al. Determination of Pb-210 and Po-210 in 40 brands of cigarettes from China, Japan and other countries[J]. Chin J Public Health, 1990, 9(5): 257-260.
[14]
曾而康, 李南翔. 香烟中210Po含量及吸烟者摄入210Po量的研究 [J]. 辐射防护, 1981, 1(6): 52-57, 74.
Zeng EK, Li NX. Studies on the content of 210Po the cigarettes and the 210Po intake of smokers [J]. Radializa Prot, 1981, 1(6): 52-57, 74.
[15]
俞秋蓉, 胡和平, 赵淑权. 香烟中210Po的含量 [J]. 辐射防护, 1993, 13(1): 72-75, 80.
Yu QR, Hu HP, Zhao SQ. Studies on the content of 210Po in cigarettes [J]. Radializa Prot, 1993, 13(1): 72-75, 80.
[16]
汤平涛, 李丽, 周少琴, 等. 主流烟气钋-210、镉、铅检测及醋酸纤维过滤作用[J]. 卫生毒理学杂志, 1995, 9(4): 248-249.
Tang PT, Li L, Zhou SQ, et al. Detection of polonium-210, cadmium and lead in cigarette mainstream smoke and filtration of acetate fiber[J]. J Toxicol, 1995, 9(4): 248-249.
[17]
Tokonami S, Kovács T, Yoshinaga S, et al. 210Po and 210Pb inhalation dose by cigarette smoking in Gansu and Yunnan provinces, China[J]. Jpn J Health Phys, 2008, 43(2): 131-134. DOI:10.5453/jhps.43.131
[18]
王元, 於国兵, 顾先宝, 等. 210Po在吸烟过程中的分布[J]. 核技术, 2017, 40(7): 18-22.
Wang Y, Yu GB, Gu XB, et al. Distribution of 210Po during smoking[J]. Nucl Tech, 2017, 40(7): 18-22. DOI:10.11889/j.0253-3219.2017.hjs.40.070301
[19]
Sakoda A, Fukao K, Kawabe A, et al. Radioactivity of 210Pb in Japanese cigarettes and radiation dose from smoking inhalation[J]. Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 2012, 150(1): 109-113. DOI:10.1093/rpd/ncr364
[20]
Black SC, Brethauer EW. Polonium-210 in tobacco. Radiological Health Data and Report[J].Radiol Health Data Rep, 1968,9(3) 145–152.
[21]
Peres AC, Hiromoto G. Evaluation of 210Pb and 210Po in cigarette tobacco produced in Brazil[J]. J Environ Radioact, 2002, 62(1): 115-119. DOI:10.1016/s0265-931x(01)00146-1
[22]
Kubalek D, Serša G, Štrok M, et al. Radioactivity of cigarettes and the importance of 210Po and thorium isotopes for radiation dose assessment due to smoking[J]. J Environ Radioact, 2016, 155/156: 97-104. DOI:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.02.015
[23]
Desideri D, Meli MA, Feduzi L, et al. 210Po and 210Pb inhalation by cigarette smoking in Italy[J]. Health Phys, 2007, 92(1): 58-63. DOI:10.1097/01.HP.0000236597.72973.3c
[24]
Taroni M, Zagà V, Bartolomei P, et al. 210Pb and 210Po concentrations in Italian cigarettes and effective dose evaluation[J]. Health Phys, 2014, 107(3): 195-199. DOI:10.1097/HP.0000000000000104
[25]
Begy RC, Simon H, Kelemen S. ^210Po inhalation due to smoking: a dose estimation[J]. J Radioanal Nucl Chem, 2015, 306(1): 257-261. DOI:10.1007/s10967-015-4073-x
[26]
Khater AE. Polonium-210 budget in cigarettes[J]. J Environ Radioact, 2004, 71(1): 33-41. DOI:10.1016/S0265-931X(03)00118-8
[27]
Papastefanou C. Radiation dose from cigarette tobacco[J]. Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 2007, 123(1): 68-73. DOI:10.1093/rpd/ncl033
[28]
Savidou A, Kehagia K, Eleftheriadis K. Concentration levels of 210Pb and 210Po in dry tobacco leaves in Greece[J]. J Environ Radioact, 2006, 85(1): 94-102. DOI:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2005.06.004
[29]
Horváth M, Shahrokhi A, Bátor P, et al. Determination of Po-210 content in cigarette smoke using a smoking machine: a case study of Iranian cigarettes[J]. J Environ Radioact, 2017, 174: 66-70. DOI:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.01.023
[30]
Tiwari M, Sahu SK, Bhangare RC, et al. Polonium in size fractionated mainstream cigarette smoke, predicted deposition and associated internal radiation dose[J]. J Environ Radioact, 2016, 162: 251-257. DOI:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.06.005
[31]
Skwarzec B, Ulatowski J, Struminska DI, et al. Inhalation of 210Po and 210Pb from cigarette smoking in Poland[J]. J Environ Radioact, 2001, 57(3): 221-230. DOI:10.1016/s0265-931x(01)00018-2
[32]
Kovács T, Somlai J, Nagy K, et al. 210Po and 210Pb concentration of cigarettes traded in Hungary and their estimated dose contribution due to smoking[J]. Radiat Meas, 2007, 42(10): 1737-1741. DOI:10.1016/j.radmeas.2007.07.006
[33]
Tran TNN, Le CH, Chau VT. 210Po and 210Pb activity concentrations in cigarettes produced in Vietnam and their estimated dose contribution due to smoking[C]//Proceedings of the 12th Asia Pacific Physics Conference (APPC12). Makuhari: J the Phy Soc Japan, 2014: 1-4. DOI: 10.7566/jpscp.1.019002.
[34]
Parfenov YuD. Polonium-210 in the environment and in the human organism[J]. At Energy Rev, 1974, 12(1): 75-143.
[35]
Karali T, Ölmez S, Yener G. Study of spontaneous deposition of 210Po on various metals and application for activity assessment in cigarette smoke[J]. Appl Radiat Isot, 1996, 47(4): 409-411. DOI:10.1016/0969-8043(95)00308-8
[36]
Kelecom A, Gouvea RCS, Santos PL. Levels of 210Po and 210Pb in cigars [J]. J Radioanal Nucl Chem, 2002, 253(1): 129-133. DOI:10.1023/A:1015828920849
[37]
Holtzman RB, Ilcewicz FH. Lead-210 and polonium-210 in tissues of cigarette smokers[J]. Science, 1966, 153(3741): 1259-1260. DOI:10.1126/science.153.3741.1259
[38]
Ferri ES, Christiansen H. Lead-210 in tobacco and cigarette smoke[J]. Public Health Rep, 1967, 82(9): 828-832. DOI:10.2307/4593141
[39]
Cohen BS, Eisenbud M, Harley NH. Alpha Radioactivity in cigarette smoke[J]. Radiat Res, 1980, 83(1): 190-196. DOI:10.2307/3575269
[40]
Fletcher JJ. Doses from radiocesium and 40K activities found in some tobacco leaves and cigarettes[J]. Appl Radiat Isot, 1994, 45(1): 133-134. DOI:10.1016/0969-8043(94)90160-0
[41]
Martell EA. Radioactivity of tobacco trichomes and insoluble cigarette smoke particles[J]. Nature, 1974, 249(454): 215-217. DOI:10.1038/249215a0
[42]
Watson, A.P. Polonium-210 and lead-210 in food and tobacco products: transfer parameters and normal exposure and dose[J]. Nuclear Safety, 1985, 26(2): 179-191.
[43]
Carvalho FP, Oliveira JM. Polonium in cigarette smoke and radiation exposure of lungs[J]. Czechoslov J Phys, 2006, 56(4): D697-D703. DOI:10.1007/s10582-006-0568-6
[44]
Takizawa, Y., Zhang, L., Zhao, L. 210Pb and 210Po in tobacco with a special focus on estimating the doses of 210Po to man [J]. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 1994, 182: 119-125. DOI:10.1007/BF02047974
[45]
Hill CR. Polonium-210 in man[J]. Nature, 1965, 208(5009): 423-428. DOI:10.1038/208423a0
[46]
Ferri ES, Baratta EJ. Polonium 210 in tobacco, cigarette smoke, and selected human organs[J]. Public Health Rep, 1966, 81(2): 121-127. DOI:10.2307/4592662
[47]
Khater AEM, Sewaidan HAIA. Polonium-210 in cigarette tobacco[J]. Int J Low Radiat, 2006, 3(2/3): 224. DOI:10.1504/ijlr.2006.012022
[48]
Cohen BS, Eisenbud M, Wrenn ME, et al. Distribution of polonium-210 in the human lung[J]. Radiat Res, 1979, 79(1): 162-168.
[49]
International Commission of Radiological Protection (ICRP). ICRP Publication 71 age dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides[M]. Ann. ICRP 25, 1995, 3-4.
[50]
IC RP, Eckerman K, Harrison J, et al. ICRP Publication 119: Compendium of dose coefficients based on ICRP Publication 60[J]. Ann ICRP, 2012, 41(Suppl 1): 1-130. DOI:10.1016/j.icrp.2012.06.038
[51]
Broga D. Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States[J].Med Phy, 2009, 156-162.
表 1 现在吸烟者吸烟人数分布 Table 1 Distribution of average smoking amount of smokers
表 2 中国香烟中水平[6, 11-18] Table 2 Radiation levels of 210Po /210Pb in cigarettes in China[6, 11-18]
表 3 其它国家香烟中210Po/ 210Pb水平[11, 13, 19, 20-35] Table 3 Radiation levelsof 210Po/210Pb in cigarettes in othercountries
表 4 主流烟雾中210Po/210Pb份额 Table 4 Fraction of 210Po/210Pb in main stream smoke
表 5 由于吸烟所致吸烟者年有效剂量 Table 5 Annual effective doses to smokers due to smoking
表 6 每天吸20支烟所致吸烟者年有效剂量 Table 6 Annual effective dosestosmokers caused by smoking 20 cigarettes a day
香烟辐射水平及所致吸烟者剂量
王春红 , 伍钊 , 刘森林 , 苗晓翔 , 孙全富