液滴萃取表面分析-质谱法用于新鲜与蒸制三七根切片中皂苷成分的快速鉴别

引用本文

TIAN Mei, LI Lin-nan, YANG Yuan-gui, YANG Li, WANG Zheng-tao. Rapid characterization of saponins in fresh and steamed notoginseng root slices by liquid extraction, surface analysis-mass spectrometry[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2020, 55(1): 123-130.

田妹, 李林楠, 杨远贵, 杨莉, 王峥涛. 液滴萃取表面分析-质谱法用于新鲜与蒸制三七根切片中皂苷成分的快速鉴别[J]. 药学学报, 2020, 55(1): 123-130.

液滴萃取表面分析-质谱法用于新鲜与蒸制三七根切片中皂苷成分的快速鉴别

田妹¹, 李林楠¹, 杨远贵¹, 杨莉^1,2, 王峥涛^1,2

1. 上海中医药大学中药研究所, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室, 国家中医药管理局中药新资源与质量评价重点实验室, 上海 201203;
2. 上海中药标准化研究中心, 上海 201203

收稿日期: 2019-07-23; 修回日期: 2019-08-20

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金资助项目（81530096，81573581）；上海市优秀学科带头人计划（17XD1403500）

^*通讯作者: 杨莉, Tel: 86-21-51322506, E-mail: yl7@shutcm.edu.cn; cpuyl@126.com

摘要: 三七为五加科植物三七（Panax notoginseng）的干燥根及根茎，为我国传统珍贵中药材，具有止血散瘀、消肿止痛等功效。相比于新鲜三七，蒸制三七对治疗肿瘤和心血管疾病等表现出更好的疗效。皂苷是三七主要的化学和药效成分，本研究基于表面萃取结合芯片多通道纳喷质谱技术，建立了液滴萃取表面分析-质谱方法（LESA-MS），能够直接、快速地对新鲜与蒸制三七根切片中木质部、韧皮部和形成层中皂苷成分进行鉴别。实验结果表明，新鲜与蒸制三七根中皂苷成分及其含量具有一定的差异，表现为在新鲜三七根切片中，人参皂苷Rg1、Rb1、Re、Rd，三七皂苷R1及其丙二酰类成分较高。而在蒸制三七根切片中，人参皂苷Rg5、Rk1等弱极性成分能被检测到，大极性成分则相对含量较低。本方法具有快速、稳健且灵敏度高的优势，且操作过程无需破碎、萃取、色谱分离等繁琐的步骤，实现了对鲜三七与蒸三七根切片所含化学成分及二者差异的无损分析。

关键词: 液滴萃取表面分析质谱三七皂苷快速鉴别

Rapid characterization of saponins in fresh and steamed notoginseng root slices by liquid extraction, surface analysis-mass spectrometry

TIAN Mei¹, LI Lin-nan¹, YANG Yuan-gui¹, YANG Li^1,2, WANG Zheng-tao^1,2

1. The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China;
2. Shanghai R & D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai 201203, China

Abstract: Notoginseng (Sanqi), the root of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen (Araliaceae), is one of the most valuable traditional Chinese medicines (TCM). It has been widely used in China with a long history for treatment of haemorrhage, edema, and cardiovascular disorders. Steamed P. notoginseng has been considered to have stronger therapeutic functions than raw P. notoginseng in the treatment of tumors, cardiovascular diseases, etc. Saponins are the principal chemical and pharmacological constituents in P. notoginseng. Thus, it is of great importance to determine the constituent saponins and determine any differences between fresh P. notoginseng and steamed P. notoginseng. We used a rapid and direct analytical method based on liquid extraction surface analysis combined with mass spectrometry (LESA-MS) to identify saponins in the xylem, phloem and cambium of fresh and steamed P. notoginseng root slices. The results revealed that ginsenosides Rg1, Rb1, Re, Rd, notoginsenoside R1 and their malonyl group versions were most abundant in fresh root slices, while in steamed slices ginsenosides Rg5, Rk1 and other minor polar components could be detected, and the relative content of large polar components was lower. The described method is fast, robust and sensitive and the process does not need traditional and cumbersome pretreatment such as crushing, extraction and separation. It is the first non-destructive study on the differences in saponins between fresh and steamed P. notoginseng root slices.

Key words: liquid extraction surface analysis mass spectrometry Panax notoginseng saponin compound rapid identification

三七为五加科人参属植物Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen的干燥根及根茎, 主产于中国云南文山^[1]。作为传统的珍稀药材, 三七有着悠久的延用历史。在清朝著作《本草纲目拾遗》中记载: “人参补气第一, 三七补血第一, 味同而功亦等, 故称人参三七, 为中药之最珍贵者”^[2]。现代研究表明, 三七外用可散瘀止血、消肿止痛, 内服可抗肿瘤、抗抑郁、改善心脑血管功能等^[3-6]。相比于新鲜三七, 有文献报道经高温高压蒸制的蒸三七对心血管功能障碍、肿瘤等疾病表现出更加积极的治疗效果^{[7, 8]}。近年来, 对三七的化学组成已有较多的研究, 其主要含氨基酸、黄酮、三萜皂苷等成分, 其中三萜皂苷为三七主要的药效成分, 含量约为12%^[9]。

三七中的皂苷成分主要为达玛烷型三萜皂苷。根据其糖基连接点在C-3位和C-6位的区别, 达玛烷型皂苷可以分为原人参二醇型(protopanaxadiol, PPD)和原人参三醇型(protopanaxatriol, PPT) (图 1A)。人参皂苷Rg1、Rb1、Rd、Re为三七中含量较高的PPD型皂苷, 而PPT型的主要有人参皂苷Rg1和三七皂苷R1^[10]。当三七药材被蒸制后, 所含极性较大的皂苷成分会在高温高压下经过脱糖、脱水、羟基化等形式转化成极性较小的皂苷^[11]。目前针对三七、人参等植物药材的成分分析和质量标准研究大多需要繁琐的预处理过程, 例如对药材的清洗、粉碎、提取等。这些步骤不仅耗时费力, 而且消耗大量有机溶剂, 不符合绿色环保的发展理念^[12]。同时, 前处理过程中可能会损失部分活性成分, 对珍贵的三七药材资源造成过多的浪费^{[13, 14]}。

图 1 Graphical of experimental. A: PPD type and PPT type of dammarane saponins; B: Fresh P. notoginseng root slice (left) and steamed root slice (right); C: Liquid extraction surface analysis (LESA) device coupled with LTQ MS; D: Mass spectrum of steamed slice in phloem (upper) and mass spectrum of fresh slices in xylem (bottom)

本研究采用液滴萃取表面分析-质谱方法(liquid extraction surface analysis-mass spectrometry, LESA-MS)首次对三七根药材中的皂苷成分进行快速表征。该敞开式的方法结合了在线表面萃取与芯片多通道纳喷技术, 无需繁琐冗长的样品前处理, 即可对中药材切片实现直接、快速、灵敏及高通量的分析^[15]。通过利用LESA-MS方法对新鲜三七根切片和在125 ℃下蒸制2 h的三七根切片样品进行直接分析, 并初步探究新鲜与蒸制三七根木质部、韧皮部、形成层中皂苷成分的差异, 以期为新鲜三七和蒸制三七根切片的药效差异提供初步的理论与物质基础。

材料与方法

实验仪器 LESA液滴萃取表面分析系统(美国Advion公司), 包括芯片多通道纳喷离子源, nano-ESI芯片(5 μm), LESA适配板。ThermoFisher Scientific LTQ XL线性离子阱质谱(美国ThermoFisher Scientific公司)。高压灭菌锅(日本ALP公司)。

试剂实验用水由Milli-Q超纯水系统(美国Millipore公司)制得, 乙腈(色谱纯, 美国Fisher公司), 甲酸(色谱纯, 德国Merck公司)。

三七药材 三七根药材采于中国云南省文山市种植基地, 药材经上海中医药大学吴立宏教授鉴定为五加科植物三七Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen的干燥根及根茎。蒸制三七采用高压灭菌锅在125 ℃下蒸制2 h。

LESA方法 新鲜三七根和蒸制三七根切成表面平整的3~5 mm厚度的圆切片(图 1B), 放置于通用的LESA适配板。采用负离子模式, 气压(gas pressure): 0.5 psi, 应用电压(voltage to apply): 1.70 kV。萃取溶剂为含0.1%甲酸的乙腈-水(80:20), 每次吸头吸取的溶剂体积为2.0 μL, 萃取溶剂在切片表面停留10 s, 再通过带电枪头吸取后经nano-ESI芯片进行自动化的纳升级电喷雾进样。

MS方法 采用负离子全扫描模式, m/z扫描范围: 100~1 500, 毛细管温度为190 ℃。LESA-MS装置如图 1C所示。

数据处理 采用质谱数据处理软件Xcalibur 2.2导出色谱峰的响应值。采用多元统计分析软件SIMCA 14.0进行最小正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, OPLS-DA)。

结果 1 新鲜与蒸制三七根切片所含皂苷成分的对比分析

采用质谱数据处理软件提取图谱中的化合物峰(图 1D), 根据文献所报道的分子量、质荷比及其来源, 共推测到49个化合物。其中皂苷类化合物有45个, 非皂苷类化合物有4个。以人参皂苷Rg1鉴定为例, 负离子模式下, 在质谱图中检测到m/z 799.5 [M-H]^-峰和m/z 845.5 [M+HCOO]^-峰, 推断出其分子式为C₄₂H₇₂O₁₄, 猜测为人参皂苷Rg1或人参皂苷Rf。且在三七根中, 人参皂苷Rg1的含量远高于人参皂苷Rf。因此, 根据峰的质谱信号强度, 可进一步推断出该化合物峰为人参皂苷Rg1。在三七根中, 人参皂苷Rg1是含量最高的皂苷, 且响应信号容易确定。因此本实验以新鲜三七根木质部中的人参皂苷Rg1的信号响应为基准值, 其含量定义为1, 鲜三七与蒸三七根切片各部位所含化合物的相对含量见表 1^[16-53]。表 1的结果表明, 新鲜三七根切片中的皂苷成分和相对含量与蒸制三七根切片有明显差异。新鲜三七根切片中的不同部位皂苷的种类无明显差异, 其中木质部的含量最高, 韧皮部次之。而在蒸制三七根切片中, 韧皮部的皂苷含量最高, 木质部和形成层含量均较低。在新鲜三七根切片中, 人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rd、Rb1及其丙二酰基形式, 以及三七皂苷R1相对于其他皂苷成分含量较高。对于蒸制三七根切片, 丙二酰人参皂苷Rg1、Rd和Re含量相对较低, 一些小极性皂苷化合物含量较高, 如三七皂苷R10。相较新鲜三七, 蒸制三七中还可测到新出现的弱极性皂苷成分, 例如人参皂苷Rg5、Rk1、Rs3、Rs7和三七皂苷SFt3、SFt4。根据不同皂苷分子结构及文献检索推测(图 2), 当三七经过高温高压蒸制时, 大极性的皂苷成分会经过C20位脱糖转化为次生皂苷, 再经过水合作用或脱水作用在C17位侧链形成羟基化或双键, 从而转化为弱极性的皂苷化合物。

表 1 Relative contents of compounds in different parts of fresh and steamed P. notoginseng root slices. Relative contents: The signal response of ginsenoside Rg1 in the xylem of fresh P. notoginseng was taken as the reference value, and its content was defined as 1

No.	Relative content						LESA-MS [M-Z]^-	Molecular formula	Compound
	Fresh root slice			Steamed root slice
	Xylem	Phloem	Cambium	Xylem	Phloem	Cambium
1	6.77	12.50	1.18	0.000 3	0.60	0.003 8	387.0 [M+HCOO]^-, 341.3 [M-H]^-	C₁₉H₁₈O₆	Methylophiopogonanone A^[16]
2	0.307	-	0.010 2	<0.000 1	0.06	0.000 5	431.3 [M-H]^-	C₂₁H₂₀O₁₀	Kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside^[17]
3	0.071 4	0.019	0.001	<0.000 1	0.024 3	0.000 3	447.2 [M-H]^-	C₂₁H₂₀O₁₁	Kaempferol-3-O-β-D-galactoside^[17]
4	0.012 4	0.099 1	0.002 5	<0.000 1	0.135	0.001 7	475.2 [M-H]^-	C₃₀H₅₂O₄	Protopanaxatriol^[18]
5	-	-	-	<0.000 1	0.024 6	0.000 3	478.4 [M-H]^-	C₃₀H₅₄O₄	25-OH-PPD^[19]
6	-	-	-	<0.000 1	<0.000 1	0.000 2	491.1 [M-H]^-	C₃₁H₅₆O₄	25-OCH3-PPD^[19]
7	0.195	0.063 3	0.040 1	<0.000 1	0.017 7	0.000 5	599.1 [M+HCOO]^-, 553.4 [M-H]^-	C₃₀H₅₀O₉	Notoginsenoside R10^[20]
8	0.017 1	0.025 5	0.002 3	<0.000 1	<0.000 1	0.000 2	621.5 [M-H]^-	C₃₆H₆₂O₈	Ginsenoside Rh2^[21]
9	0.010 3	0.008 2	-	<0.000 1	0.066 7	0.001 1	625.2 [M-H]^-	C₂₇H₃₀O₁₇	Quercetin-3-O-sophoroside^[22]
10	-	-	-	<0.000 1	0.015 6	0.000 3	651.4 [M-H]^-	C₃₆H₆₀O₁₀	Notoginsenoside T1^[23]
11	0.038 3	0.008 7	0.003 7	-	0.020 6	0.000 1	653.4 [M-H]^-	C₃₆H₆₂O₁₀	Notoginsenoside ST1/ notopanaxoside A^{[24, 25]}
12	-	-	-	<0.000 1	0.025 4	<0.000 1	655.5 [M-H]^-	C₃₆H₆₄O₁₀	Notoginsenoside SFt2^[26]
13	-	-	-	-	0.020 4	<0.000 1	661.4 [M-H]^-	C₃₈H₆₂O₉	Ginsenoside Rs7^[27]
14	0.093 5	0.071 7	0.012 2	<0.000 1	0.025 2	0.000 3	683.4 [M+HCOO]^-, 637.4 [M-H]^-	C₃₆H₆₂O₉	Ginsenoside Rh1/F1^[21]
15	0.009 2	0.007 2	0.016 4	<0.000 1	0.026 3	0.000 2	725.4 [M+HCOO]^-, 679.4 [M-H]^-	C₃₈H₆₄O₁₀	6′-O-acetyl-ginsenoside Rh1^[28]
16	0.007 8	0.002 8	0.002 5	<0.000 1	0.022 7	0.000 1	753.4 [M-H]^-	C₄₁H₇₀O₁₂	Ginsenoside Mc^{[29, 30]}
17	0.066 2	0.055 5	0.035 4	<0.000 1	0.11	0.001	781.0 [M-H]^-	C₄₂H₇₀O₁₃	Ginsenoside Rh17^[31]
18	-	-	-	<0.000 1	0.044 8	0.000 2	811.4 [M+HCOO]^-, 811.7 [M+HCOO]^-	C₄₂H₇₀O₁₂	Ginsenoside Rg5/Rk1^[32]
19	0.111	0.041 7	0.026 1	<0.000 1	0.041 9	<0.000 1	815.5 [M+HCOO]^-, 769.5 [M-H]^-	C₄₁H₇₀O₁₃	Notoginsenoside R2^[28]
20	0.009 6	0.013 5	-	<0.000 1	0.020 5	<0.000 1	831.5 [M+HCOO]^-, 785.5 [M]^-	C₄₂H₇₂O₁₃	Ginsenoside Rg3^[28]
21	0.273	0.104	0.081	<0.000 1	0.012 2	0.000 2	829.5 [M+HCOO]^-	C₄₂H₇₂O₁₃	Ginsenoside Rg2/F2^[33]
22	1	0.524	0.319	<0.000 1	0.035 8	0.000 2	845.5 [M+HCOO]^-, 799.5 [M-H]^-	C₄₂H₇₂O₁₄	Ginsenoside Rg1^[28]
23	-	-	-	<0.000 1	0.038 1	<0.000 1	881.4 [M+HCOO]^-, 825.5 [M-H]^-	C₄₄H₇₄O₁₄	Ginsenoside Rs3^[34]
24	0.345	0.432	0.342	<0.000 1	0.018 9	<0.000 1	885.0 [M-H]^-	C₄₅H₇₄O₁₇	Malonyl-ginsenoside Rg1^[35]
25	-	-	-	<0.000 1	0.016 2	<0.000 1	897.5 [M-H]^-	C₄₄H₇₈O₁₆	Notoginsenoside SFt3/SFt4^[36]
26	0.028 8	-	0.002 1	-	-	<0.000 1	913.4 [M+HCOO]^-	C₄₆H₇₆O₁₅	Koryoginsenoside R1^[37]
27	0.034 2	0.018 9	0.011 9	<0.000 1	0.016 1	0.000 2	961.0 [M+HCOO]^-, 915.5 [M-H]^-	C₄₇H₈₀O₁₇	Notoginsenoside ST4^[38]
28	0.351	0.155	0.075 8	<0.000 1	0.016 7	<0.000 1	977.5 [M+HCOO]^-, 932.5 [M-H]^-	C₄₇H₈₀O₁₈	Notoginsenoside R1^[39]
29	-	-	-	-	0.017	0.000 1	977.7 [M+HCOO]^-, 931.0 [M-H]^-	C₄₇H₈₀O₁₈	Notoginsenoside Ft3^[40]
30	0.008 5	0.007 3	0.006	<0.000 1	0.007 9	<0.000 1	987.5 [M-H]^-	C₅₄H₈₀O₁₉	Acetyl-ginsenoside Re/Rd^[41]
31	0.323	0.274	0.139	<0.000 1	0.048 4	0.000 2	991.5 [M+HCOO]^-, 945.5 [M-H]^-	C₄₈H₈₂O₁₈	Ginsenoside Rd/Re^[28]
32	0.033 6	0.037	0.007 4	<0.000 1	0.034 8	0.000 2	993.5 [M+HCOO]^-	C₄₇H₈₀O₁₉	Notoginsenoside H^[39]
33	0.022 9	0.017 8	0.010 1	-	0.032 7	<0.000 1	1 007.4 [M+HCOO]^-	C₄₈H₈₂O₁₉	Notoginsenoside M/N^[42]
34	0.024 5	0.14	0.045 8	-	0.033	<0.000 1	1 031.3 [M-H]^-	C₅₁H₈₄O₂₁	Mal-ginsenoside Re/Rd^[43]
35	0.173	0.062 5	0.064 6	-	0.022 9	<0.000 1	1 065.5 [M-H]^-	C₅₁H₈₆O₂₃	Mal-vinaginsenoside R13^[44]
36	0.018 1	0.009 5	0.005 7	<0.000 1	0.025 2	0.000 1	1 093.4 [M+HCOO]^-, 1 047.5 [M-H]^-	C₅₂H₈₈O₂₁	Notoginsenoside O/P^[45]
37	0.023 9	0.017 4	-	<0.000 1	0.016 2	0.096 2	1 123.5 [M+HCOO]^-, 1 077.2 [M-H]^-	C₅₃H₉₀O₂₂	Ginsenoside Rb2/Rb3/Rc^[39]
38	0.035 5	0.014 1	0.003 1	-	0.014	<0.000 1	1 139.6 [M+HCOO]^-	C₅₃H₉₀O₂₃	Yesanchinoside H^[46]
38	0.018 1	-	0.005 7	-	0.022 7	0.000 2	1 093.6 [M-H]^-	C₅₃H₉₀O₂₃	Yesanchinoside H^[46]
39	0.226	0.041 7	0.081 6	<0.000 1	0.057 4	0.000 2	1 153.6 [M+HCOO]^-, 1 107.6 [M-H]^-	C₅₄H₉₂O₂₃	Ginsenoside Rb1^[28]
40	0.024 9	0.019 2	0.006 1	-	-	-	1 149.5 [M-H]^-	C₆₀H₉₀O₂₄	Acetyl-ginsenoside Rb1^[41]
41	0.024 9	0.014 9	0.008	-	0.043 8	<0.000 1	1 209.6 [M+HCOO]^-, 1 163.5 [M-H]^-	C₅₆H₉₂O₂₅	Mal-ginsenoside Rb2/Rb3/Rc^[43]
42	0.037 3	0.004 8	0.004 2	<0.000 1	0.009 2	<0.000 1	1 165.5 [M+HCOO]^-	C₅₅H₉₂O₂₃	Ginsenoside Rs1^[47]
43	0.053 2	0.026 3	0.017 4	<0.000 1	0.010 3	<0.000 1	1 239.5 [M+HCOO]^-, 1 193.6 [M-H]^-	C₅₇H₉₄O₂₆	Mal-ginsenoside Rb1^[43]
44	0.079 6	0.012 1	0.010 1	-	-	-	1 255.6 [M+HCOO]^-, 1 209.6 [M-H]^-	C₅₈H₉₈O₂₆	Ginsenoside Ra2^[48]
45	0.053 2	0.026 3	0.017 4	<0.000 1	0.011 3	<0.000 1	1 285.4 [M+HCOO]^-, 1 239.5 [M-H]^-	C₅₉H₁₀₀O₂₇	Notoginsenoside R4^[49]/ ginsenoside Ra3^[28]
46	0.027 6	0.008 4	-	<0.000 1	0.015	0.000 1	1 297.8 [M+HCOO]^-, 1 251.4 [M-H]^-	C₆₀H₉₉O₂₇	Ginsenoside Ra5^[50]
47	0.078 3	0.011 8	0.003 2	-	0.007 6	0.000 5	1 316.0 [M+HCOO]^-	C₆₀H₁₀₂O₂₈	Ginsenoside Ra0^{[51, 52]}
48	0.044 7	0.011 1	0.014 4	-	0.033	0.000 3	1 371.5 [M+HCOO]^-, 1 325.5 [M-H]^-	C₆₂H₁₀₂O₃₀	Mal-notoginsenoside R4/ Mal-ginsenoside Ra3^[53]
49	0.026 4	0.019 5	0.009 1	-	0.012 4	0.000 6	1 387.4 [M+HCOO]^-, 1 341.6 [M-H]^-	C₆₂H₁₀₆O₃₀	Notoginsenoside Q/S^[45]

图 2 Proposed transformation of saponins in the process of steaming of P. notoginseng (take ginsenoside Rb1 for example). Mal-G Rb1: Malonyl-ginsenoside Rb1; G Rb1: Ginsenoside Rb1; G Rd: Ginsenoside Rd; NG SFt2: Notoginsenoside SFt2; G Rk1: Ginsenoside Rk1; G Rg5: Ginsenoside Rg5

2 新鲜与蒸制三七根切片不同部位皂苷的多元统计分析

采用有监督OPLS-DA模型对不同切片中皂苷化合物的质谱数据进行分析, 进一步揭示新鲜和蒸制三七根切片的木质部, 韧皮部和形成层中皂苷类成分相对含量的差异。新鲜三七根各部位归为新鲜(fresh)类, 而蒸制则归为蒸制(steamed)类。从OPLS-DA的得分图(图 3A)可知, 新鲜与蒸制三七可显著分离, 其皂苷成分及含量有一定差异。该模型具有良好的解释能力和预测能力(R²X、R²Y和Q²皆为1)。此外, 在新鲜三七根切片中, 韧皮部和形成层皂苷成分和相对含量差异较小, 蒸制三七根切片中, 韧皮部与其他两个部位差异较明显。结合S-Plots和VIP (variable importance on projection)值(图 3B和3C), 进一步筛选出8个新鲜与蒸制三七根中有较大差异的皂苷, 分别为人参皂苷Rg1、Rd/Re、Rg2/F2、Rb1, 丙二酰-人参皂苷Rg1, 三七皂苷R1, 三七皂苷R10和丙二酰-越南参R13。

图 3 OPLS-DA results of different parts and saponin compounds in fresh and steamed root slices. A: OPLS-DA score chart; B: OPLS-DA S-Plots loading chart; C: OPLS-DA VIP chart

选取上述8个皂苷化合物做堆积图比较新鲜与蒸制三七根主要皂苷的含量差异。图 4结果表明, 新鲜三七根切片中皂苷化合物含量较高, 而蒸制三七根切片中丙二酰类皂苷化合物相对较少, 与直观分析结果相吻合。这些皂苷成分和相对含量的差异均可在一定程度上区别新鲜三七根和蒸制三七根的不同部位。

讨论

本研究基于新鲜三七与蒸制三七的药效差异对新鲜与蒸制三七进行化学成分的差异性比较。达玛烷型三萜皂苷是三七中主要的化学成分和药效成分, 遂以该类皂苷作新鲜三七与蒸制三七的差异对比。目前, 对三七中药材的基础成分研究大多采用繁琐的化学和液相方法, 该研究首次建立了一种稳健、快速、节约溶剂的三七根切片LESA-MS测定方法, 只需将三七根切成表面平整的切片形式, 只需2.0 μL提取溶剂, 即可在线操作对切片中化合物进行快速灵敏的分析。在整个分析过程中, 不需要破碎、萃取、分离等繁琐的传统工艺, 能够大大节省物力、人力与时间。该过程操作简便, 可以快速的表征新鲜三七根切片和蒸制三七根切片中皂苷的成分, 从而为中药的快速检测和测定提供了一种新的参考方法。本研究所用的仪器为离子阱质谱, 可提供多级碎片离子信息, 今后如将LESA离子源与高分辨质谱技术联用, 可大大提升对于未知化合物结构快速鉴别能力。

图 4 Accumulation diagram of relative contents of major saponins in the fresh and steamed roots slices were detected by LESA-MS. G Rg1: Ginsenoside Rg1; Mal-G Rg1: Malonyl-ginsenoside Rg1; G Rd/Re: Ginsenoside Rd/Re; Noto-G R1: Noto-ginsenoside R1; G Rg2/F2: Ginsenoside Rg2/F2; Mal-Vina R13: Malonyl-vinaginsenoside R13; Noto-G R10: Noto-ginsenoside R10

本研究通过快速表征皂苷成分, 共鉴定出49个化合物, 其中45个为皂苷类化合物。对比新鲜与蒸制三七根切片中皂苷成分可知, 人参皂苷Rg1为含量最高的皂苷, 在新鲜与蒸制三七的木质部、韧皮部和形成层部位分布广泛。新鲜三七中的丙二酰类皂苷及大极性皂苷类化合物成分较多, 而在蒸制三七中, 弱极性皂苷化合物则有较多显现, 表明新鲜三七与蒸制三七的皂苷成分和含量均具有较大的差异。根据结构式推论, 新鲜三七中强极性成分可能经过高温高压蒸制脱糖脱水而转化成小极性皂苷成分, 与其他文献研究结果一致^[54]。同时, 本研究也采用多元统计方法OPLS-DA对新鲜与蒸制三七进行差异性对比, 所得模型为直观分析的结果提供良好的解释能力与贡献能力。因此, 通过直观解析与数理统计学一体化分析可以直接快速的找出具有较大差异性的皂苷化合物, 为新鲜与蒸制三七皂苷成分的差异性提供解释。

本研究采用快速且无需色谱分离的LESA-MS方法, 能够对三七切片中含量低, 难分离的皂苷化合物进行高通量的快速表征, 从而为三七中皂苷成分的鉴定提供更简便、快速的途径。目前, 相较于新鲜三七, 蒸制三七在抗肿瘤、抗心血管系统疾病、抗氧化等方面表现出更加显著的疗效。因此, 对新鲜三七和蒸制三七根的皂苷成分差异进行无损性的快速辨析将为探究三七中药材生熟药效的差异提供物质基础。

致谢: 华质泰科生物技术(北京)有限公司在LESA仪器使用方面给予大力支持！

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药学学报 2020, Vol. 55 Issue (1): 123-130 DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2019-0592	PDF