畜牧兽医学报  2023, Vol. 54 Issue (5): 1824-1833. DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2023.05.006    PDF    
恒定链的多功能研究新进展
陈芳芳, 栗中华, 朱志伟, 李锦春, 刘翠艳     
安徽农业大学动物科技学院, 合肥 230036
摘要:恒定链(invariant chain, Ii)是重要的免疫分子。研究发现Ii不仅是MHCⅡ类分子的伴侣分子, 而且具有多种功能。本文首先概述了Ii的基本结构、主要功能、胞内组装和转运、Ii作为载体的应用。其次, 归纳和总结了近几年关于Ii的最新研究进展: Ii与MHC分子互相作用的功能结构域及其在细胞的定位特征、调节T和B等免疫细胞的功能与途径、Ii与巨噬细胞迁移因子相互作用从而启动炎症反应的信号通路和相应结构域; 与Ii关联的多种酶类和生物活性因子及其作用特点、与Ii相关的疾病; 基于Ii结构的疫苗载体及其增强免疫的机理; 以及我国在畜禽、鱼类上的研究成果。最后, 展望了Ii在理论研究和畜牧兽医领域实际应用的发展趋势。本文从宏观和微观方面进行阐述, 了解、认识Ii在动物免疫中的多功能作用及其机理的科学知识和最新进展, 为推动相关研究提供有益借鉴和参考。
关键词恒定链    多功能    免疫调节    疫苗载体    
Recent Advances in Multifunctional Research of Invariant Chain
CHEN Fangfang, LI Zhonghua, ZHU Zhiwei, LI Jinchun, LIU Cuiyan     
College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
Abstract: Invariant chain (Ii) is an important immune molecule. It is found that Ii is not only a MHCⅡ chaperone, but also has multiple functions. In this paper, the basic structure, main functions, intracellular assembly and transport of Ii and the applications of Ii as a carrier are summarized. Secondly, it reviews the new progress of Ii research in recent years: the functional domain of interaction between Ii and MHC molecular and their intracellular localization characteristic, the function and pathway of regulating immune cells such as T and B, Ii and macrophage migration inhibitory factor to initiate signaling pathways and corresponding domains of inflammatory response; Various enzymes and bioactive factors associated with Ii and their action characteristics, diseases associated with Ii; Vaccine vector based on Ii structure and its mechanism of enhancing immunity; And the research results on livestock, poultry and fish. Finally, the development trend of Ii in the theoretical research and practical application in the field of animal husbandry and veterinary is prospected. This review provides scientific knowledge and the latest progress in understanding the multifunctional role and mechanism of Ii in animal immunity from the macro and micro aspects, and provides useful reference for promoting related research.
Key words: invariant chain    multi-function    immune regulation    vaccine carrier    
1 Ii分子概述

恒定链(invariant chain, Ii)又名CD74,由Jones等[1]于1979年报道。迄今,禽类、鱼类和哺乳类多种动物的Ii基因已被克隆并报道[2-3]

1.1 基本结构

相同物种Ii的蛋白质结构高度保守,主要由胞浆区(cytoplasmic domain)、跨膜区(transmembrane domain)和网腔区(luminal domain)3个结构域组成,其中网腔区又包含CLIP(the class Ⅱ-associated invariant chain peptides)和三聚体区(trimerization region)。禽类与哺乳动物之间Ii氨基酸序列的同源性在64.9%~92.2%,而鱼、禽和哺乳类之间为33.5%~40.7%[4]。多数动物的Ii存在异构体,其主要差异是在网腔区内有无甲状腺蛋白片段,异构体主要是在基因转录拼接过程中形成的,调节MHC Ⅱ/Ii聚合体的形成[5]。近年来,我国学者先后克隆和分析了鲫鱼、鲢鱼、大黄鱼和番鸭等的Ii基因及其结构特征[3, 6-8],发现鸡Ii能交叉结合鹌鹑的MHC分子[9],并与番鸭Ii有免疫交叉反应[10]。还发现新生仔猪Ii与IgG的Fc受体有关联[10]

动物Ii蛋白质序列来源于基因库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/): 鸡. AAT36345;鸭. AAX47310;牛. NP_001029907; 小鼠. AAH96435;草鱼. AIY53680 The animal Ii protein sequence comes from the GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/): Gallus gallus. AAT36345; Anas platyrhynchos. AAX47310; Bos taurus. NP_001029907; Mus musculus. AAH96435; Ctenopharyngodon idella. AIY53680 图 1 动物Ii结构示意图 Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of animals Ii structure
1.2 主要功能

早期发现,Ii辅助主要组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex, MHC)Ⅱ类分子递呈外源性抗原肽,故被称作MHC Ⅱ相关恒定链(MHC Ⅱ-associated invariant chain)。近年发现,Ii还辅助MHC Ⅰ类分子交叉递呈抗原肽和参与MHC Ⅰ类分子介导的抗病毒免疫应答[11-12]。Ii还是巨噬细胞迁移抑制因子(macrophage migration inhibitory factor, MIF)的受体,它在动物炎症和抗感染等免疫应答中具有调节功能。

1.3 在免疫细胞内参与MHC Ⅱ类分子的组装和转运

在抗原提呈细胞(如树突状细胞)内质网内,Ii与MHC Ⅱ类分子的α和β链聚合成三聚体或九聚体(αβIi)3,完成MHC Ⅱ类分子的装配和成熟[13-14]。在Ii引导下,多聚体被转运,经过高尔基体,进入内吞体[15]。Ii的CLIP占据MHC Ⅱ类分子的肽结合区,阻止内源性抗原肽与之结合[16]。被吞噬并经酶解形成的抗原肽进入内吞体,随着Ii从MHC Ⅱ类分子的解离,抗原肽取代CLIP进入MHC Ⅱ类分子的结合区,形成MHC Ⅱ类分子/抗原肽复合物。它们最后被转运到免疫细胞表面[17-18]

1.4 参与炎症和抗感染免疫的调节

Ii在动物炎症反应中具有负调节巨噬细胞迁移的作用[19],并在炎症反应中被MIF激活,形成细胞外信号相关激酶(ERK)通路并诱导星形胶质细胞炎症反应[20],以及特异性地恢复树突状细胞的微泡,增强小神经胶质细胞核转录因子(nuclear factor kappa B, NF-κB) 的活性[21]。Ii在抗感染和抗肿瘤免疫反应中也具有重要作用。在猪圆环病毒感染中,Ii明显增强调节NF-κB信号通路的炎症反应[22],在布鲁氏菌(Brucella abortus)感染中,机体表现出抑制Ii相关的未成熟MHC-Ⅱ分子的表达[23];而在B细胞源的肿瘤发生中,Ii在肿瘤细胞表面表达出现异常[24]

1.5 增强疫苗效果及其应用

基于Ii协助MHC Ⅱ类分子递呈抗原肽的作用[16-18],Ii还被作为免疫载体。最早被应用的是位于CLIP前的4个氨基酸,又称为Ii-key,将其连接抗原肽,可以提高免疫效果[25]。现最常用的是将抗原肽取代Ii的CLIP制备成Ii/抗原肽嵌合体,而直接用作基因疫苗,或者将构建的嵌合体转入腺病毒而制备腺病毒疫苗,也有学者利用Ii的胞质区/跨膜区连接抗原肽[26]。这些基于Ii的疫苗不仅能直接增强特异性免疫反应效果,而且还表现出明显的免疫调节作用[20-24]

表 1 Ii主要免疫功能概览表 Table 1 Overview of main immune functions of Ii
2 Ii与MHC分子和免疫细胞互相作用的生物学特征 2.1 Ii与MHC Ⅱ分子作用功能域和在内吞体中的调控

Ii与MHC Ⅱ类分子的互相作用是基于它们功能结构域之间的结合,其CLIP在结合MHC Ⅱ类分子的抗原结合凹槽中起关键作用[31]。Ii的跨膜区在细胞内转运中起作用,该结构域的缺失或突变会影响该功能[32]。尽管跨膜区和三聚体区参与分子三聚化过程,但不是必需的,因为缺失跨膜区的Ii,其三聚体区还能与MHC Ⅱ类分子形成多亚单位复合物,同样地,如缺失三聚体区,Ii也能与MHC Ⅱ类分子组装成九聚体结构[33]。此外,可溶性MHC Ⅱ类分子与维持自身耐受有关,而Ii与其互相作用,在抗原呈递中起着重要作用[34]

Ii协助MHC Ⅱ类分子组装、成熟和递呈抗原肽并在内吞体共定位。在Ii引导MHC Ⅰ和Ⅱ类及其相关分子分类进入内吞体途径过程中,细胞膜融合蛋白Vti1b与Ii相互作用调节内吞体。Vti1b结合Ii并定位于内吞体,这种相互作用导致内吞体成熟减慢,从而保证抗原的有效处理和MHC-抗原复合物的装载。在抗原呈递细胞内,敲除Ii基因可加速内吞体成熟;沉默Vti1b基因则抑制Ii的作用而使内吞体成熟延迟[35]。在晚期内吞体,Ii/MHCⅡ复合体在MHC Ⅱ类分子结合抗原肽的同时,Ii被解离并降解,而信号肽肽酶样2a(SPPL2a)在降解Ii中至关重要,因为缺失SPPL2a将改变Ii依赖的模式识别受体途径[36]

2.2 Ii调节T、B和造血细胞等免疫细胞的功能

Ii调节人造血干细胞的数量和CD18的表达。阻断Ii可增加造血干细胞的数量[37]。胸腺上皮细胞(TEC)是T细胞发育、T细胞受体选择和特异性谱系分化不可缺少的细胞,而Ii通过激活NF-κB信号通路,部分控制成熟TEC细胞的数量。Ii缺失导致髓质显著减少,表达CD80的成熟TEC数量则减少,最终阻碍胸腺CD4+T细胞发育[38]。Ii还通过调节B细胞中TLR7(toll-like reptor 7)的转运和信号转导而影响抗原递呈效率。研究发现,在Ii缺失的B细胞内,TLR7不能促进MHCⅠ抗原的交叉提呈,而在缺失TLR7的B细胞中,Ii表达和MHCⅡ抗原递呈能力增强[39]

3 Ii激活炎症反应的信号途径与活性结构特征

MIF是炎症细胞因子和趋化因子,具有酶活性和免疫调节功能。Ii不仅是MHC Ⅱ类分子的伴侣蛋白,还是MIF的细胞表面受体,两者共同调节各种炎症信号。

3.1 Ii与MIF互相作用,通过多个信号通路产生炎症反应

人的MIF是一种同源三聚体,在两个亚单位之间有一个酶腔,以脯氨酸为催化剂,激活受体Ii等活性分子。在三聚体中还有一个溶剂通道,其中第99位的酪氨酸是一个变构位点,可以不同程度调节酶活性、Ii结合和信号传导[40]。此外,Ii通过NF-κB信号通路参与炎症反应。用Ii刺激巨噬细胞,其胞浆和细胞核中磷酸化IκB的水平显著升高[41]。Ii/MIF互相作用还可激活Ras同源基因家族成员而促进巨噬细胞迁移,同时,经丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信号通路触发炎症反应[42]。在MAPK信号通路中,Ii与MIF互相作用还激活胞外调节蛋白激酶(extra cellular regulated protein kinases, ERK)和活化蛋白激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase, JNK)信号通路,如用siRNA干扰Ii,促炎细胞因子(包括TNF-α、IL-1β以及细胞因子受体TLR4)在雪旺细胞(Schwann cell)中的转录就会显著降低[43]。最近发现,Ii还对肠道炎症有修复作用。在结肠炎患者中,MIF刺激Ii受体,激活蛋白激酶B和细胞外信号,调节激酶途径促进肠上皮细胞增殖和再生、愈合和维持黏膜屏障完整性,保护宿主肠炎症组织[44]。除了Ii/MIF途径,还存在依赖Ii的其他通路,Ii通过结合和激活受体,如Ii/CD44、CXCR2、CXCR4和CXCR7等,以自分泌和旁分泌方式发挥作用,使一些下游信号通路在体内被激活,如ERK1/2、AMPK和AKT[45]

3.2 Ii结合MIF分子的活性结构特征

位于MIF N-末端的两个位点在活化Ii中起重要作用,这两个位点分子间互相作用将信号从MIF的β2和β4链传播到Ii分子表面,进而活化Ii分子[46]。分子模拟显示,MIF的同源体MIF-2含有与MIF相当的氢键结构,该结构的破坏会减弱MIF-2酶活性和Ii的激活,所以在MIF超家族中存在非重叠功能的保守控制点[47]。Ii/MIF在进化中是保守的蛋白分子,在原虫和植物体内存在天然同源体。如所有疟原虫都编码先天性细胞因子MIF的同源体,它在哺乳动物体内具有调节先天性免疫反应的作用,即通过宿主Ii发出信号,导致炎症反应增强[48]。模式植物拟南芥也存在MIF/d-多巴色素互变异构酶样蛋白,其二级结构特征与MIF相似,并能与Ii和CXCR4结合,也能对动物单核细胞和T细胞产生剂量依赖的趋化活性[49]。使用核磁共振波谱和质谱发现,在氧化环境中,MIF结构发生动态改变,这些潜在的变构位点与激活Ii相关[50]

4 与Ii关联的分子与疾病

Ii与其他多种生物活性分子关联度极高,并与一些疾病发生相关。

4.1 与Ii关联的各种酶类和活性因子

一是活性酶类。金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂-1(tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1, TIMP-1)具有促炎性细胞分裂素活性,在其N端结构域内同时具有细胞分裂素和抗蛋白溶解的活性蛋白。Ii是TIMP-1的活性受体,即Ii结合TIMP-1的N端结构域区域与之相互作用,进而触发细胞内ZAP-70激活[51]。在体外,组织蛋白酶L(cathepsin L, CTSL)通过与Ii相互作用而调节黏膜免疫反应,进而抑制病原性微生物(如支原体)的感染[52]。在体内,Ii亚型p41在自身免疫疾病和治疗反应中的差异表达表现出与CSTL酶活性关联[53]

二是活性分子。C型凝集素(CLEC16A)参与人B细胞中B细胞受体(BCR)依赖的MHC Ⅱ通路,它与表面Ii在人EBV+B细胞系中共表达。敲除CLEC16A基因可上调该细胞表面Ii和MHC的表达[54]。血红素能结合Ii,血红素的配位取决于膜附近的半胱氨酸残基[55]。此外,干扰素γ可以调控Ii、MHCⅡ和MHC Ⅱ类反式激活因子(class Ⅱ transactivator, CIITA)的表达,正辛醇多巴胺(N-octanoyl dopamine, NOD)可降低这些分子的表达[56]

4.2 与Ii相关疾病

由于Ii在免疫应答中的重要作用,在一些特定疾病中往往表现出Ii的异常,如急性髓系白血病。这是一种以快速增殖和复发率高为特征的肿瘤。所有患者的Ii和HLA-DM表达均较高。然而,在HLA-DR水平较低的患者却有较高Ii分子的表达[57]。在大部分肝癌标本中常见Ii大量分布于间质巨噬细胞,而Ii阳性巨噬细胞的高浸润与CD8+的CTL浸润增加有关;同时,如发现肝炎患者的Ii阳性巨噬细胞中出现显著上调与免疫反应相关的通路,表明其预后良好[58]。在肺癌细胞A549中,Ii和CD44均能正常表达和共定位并互相作用。在3个Ii异构体中即使缺失1个异构体,也不影响Ii和CD44互相作用以及它们介导的下游信号NF-κB的活化和PGE2的产生[59]。可溶性Ii(sIi)存在炎症性疾病血清中,其释放受到去整合素和金属蛋白酶介导的细胞表面裂解或半胱氨酸蛋白酶介导的溶酶体裂解的调节[60]

5 基于免疫增强作用的Ii疫苗载体 5.1 Ii疫苗载体的结构与抗原表位

Ii作为疫苗载体被用于增强免疫效果。常用的方法是用抗原肽取代Ii的CLIP片段构建融合蛋白,或者将编码Ii-抗原肽融合基因构建在腺病毒或痘病毒载体中。近年来,围绕优化Ii载体结构以及连接抗原表位的方式有新的探索。用新城疫病毒抗原表位F2连接Ii-key或取代Ii的CLIP,免疫动物后检测抗体水平,发现这两种载体的疫苗在提高动物特异性抗体水平上存在明显差异[61]。Ii的胞浆区/跨膜区作为载体结构可提高动物分泌抗体至9倍水平[26]。在该载体结构中,CLIP与抗原表位NDV-F306连接的位置影响动物抗体水平[62];而串联新城疫病毒(NDV-HN)和法氏囊炎病毒(IBDV-VP2)两种表位,发现被免疫动物产生的两种特异性抗体水平虽然无明显差异,但均比单纯抗原表位免疫组高约3倍,这些研究为Ii载体携带多价表位提供了依据[63]。由于Ii载体具有免疫增强作用,使某些免疫原性较弱的抗原(如寄生虫和肿瘤)也能刺激机体产生有效保护性免疫反应[64],还有一些活性分子,如HER2是一种普遍存在于多种恶性肿瘤中的生长因子,与Ii连接作为融合蛋白,刺激机体产生长期的免疫效果[65]

5.2 Ii疫苗靶向MHCⅡ分子递呈抗原肽,增强体液免疫的功能

利用Ii靶向结合MHC Ⅱ类分子的特性,在重组腺病毒中装载Ii与编码恶性疟原虫毒力因子的二聚体(IT4var19和PFCLINvar30 var)融合基因,免疫小鼠后明显增强了针对两种抗原的特异性抗体反应[66]。Ii还可用于产生抗多种不同病原体抗原特异性记忆CD4+T细胞。将构建的Ii-GP61-80(淋巴细胞性脉络膜脑膜炎病毒免疫显性表位)和Ii-PEPCK335-351(利什曼原虫抗原肽)两种融合基因分别转染重组痘苗病毒载体,接种动物可诱导特异性和免疫记忆的CD4+T细胞[67]。用黑色素瘤抗原取代Ii的CLIP的mRNA嵌合体应用到小鼠时,这些结构能够抑制肿瘤生长,提高小鼠存活率。这是因为这些结构可以递呈抗原并激活和诱导肿瘤特异性CD4+T细胞的增殖,不仅诱导高水平的Th1和Th2亚群,还可产生有效的CTL杀伤,提高了小鼠存活率[27]

5.3 Ii疫苗激活细胞毒性CD8+ T细胞,增强细胞免疫功能

Ii疫苗还呈现出增强细胞免疫反应的特性。首先,它具有免疫预防作用。以缺陷型腺病毒5型为载体,装载Ii与小鼠γ-疱疹病毒-68(CD8+ T细胞表位)嵌合体基因。鼻内接种14 d后,明显降低了小鼠潜在感染病毒风险[68]。其次,可以缩短感染后的病原清除时间。腺病毒装载Ii与啮齿类肝炎病毒(rodent hepacivirus, RHV)的非结构(NS)蛋白NS3-NS5B嵌合体基因,接种大鼠,可诱导产生高水平的CD8+T细胞反应。在接种RHV后,42%的接种大鼠在6~8周内清除了感染,而对照组则呈现高水平病毒血症。如提高单次剂量其疗效分别提高至100%和83%[69]。此外,Ii疫苗还可用于连接多价抗原肽。将Ii连接人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)多种早期病毒调节蛋白的抗原肽,以重组腺病毒为载体免疫动物,可增强CD8+ T细胞的细胞毒性反应。特别是所产生的针对融合多肽的T细胞反应水平与单独给药相同[70]

5.4 Ii疫苗可同时激发CD4+和CD8+T细胞

在关于Ii疫苗增强免疫作用的报道中,除了上述分别增强体液免疫和细胞免疫反应外,更重要的是其能同时增强两种免疫反应。以缺陷型腺病毒为载体,转染Ii与编码寨卡病毒(ZIKV)非结构蛋白1和2(NS1/NS2)抗原的融合基因作为疫苗。结果,该疫苗不仅提高了动物产生针对寨卡病毒包膜E蛋白的特异性中和抗体水平,还同时增强和延长了多功能CD8+ T细胞反应,有效地阻止了病毒感染,提高了保护率[71]。在用Ii连接人丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)保守片段(ChAd-Gt1/3和ChAd-Gt1-6)的嵌合体蛋白免疫动物后,也观察到被免疫动物产生高强度、广泛和功能性的CD4+和CD8+T细胞应答,说明Ii疫苗能够增加T细胞反应的幅度、广度和交叉反应性[72]

6 展望

纵观Ii研究成果,Ii已从协助MHC Ⅱ类分子组装成熟和递呈抗原的伴侣蛋白,演变成为一种多功能免疫分子,不仅具有多种调节作用,还可作为靶向疫苗载体。梳理近几年的研究,Ii分子在功能结构域作用、胞内途径、启动信号通路、激活多种免疫应答等分子和基因水平的进展尤为突出,这为今后的研究提供了新途径。

在畜牧兽医领域,随着近年来国内科学研究的快速发展,涉及Ii的基础研究和应用也在逐步深入。除传统养殖的畜禽、家鱼类外,海鱼和特种禽类的Ii也均被克隆研究,不仅丰富了研究材料和数据,也为拓展和推动诸如异构体结构、形成和作用机理提供了新思路。

在兽医领域,疫病防控需要高效、多价和应用简便的疫苗,而Ii载体具有靶向结合MHC分子的疫苗载体特性,又有增强特异性体液和细胞免疫的免疫佐剂优点,所以应用潜力巨大。特别是Ii可作为跨种间通用载体和携带多价不同来源抗原肽的特性,更具有应用前景。但是,仍存在诸多问题尚需解决,比如:Ii载体结构的优化和小型化(如功能片段的确定及其修饰)、探索构建多价(多病原抗原)Ii载体结构中筛选连接肽和高效病毒载体(如腺病毒、痘病毒种型);揭示Ii携带抗原肽在胞内转运途径和激活信号通路的机制等。

在畜牧领域,Ii的多功能特性为提升畜禽生产性能、健康养殖,以及高质量安全产品提供了新思路。如在研究动物免疫去势、免疫调节生长等方面,由于所针对的靶标抗原是自身激素等蛋白小分子,免疫原性低,易产生可逆现象,Ii载体为其提供了获得稳定高效的可能性和探索的新途径。

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