武汉大学学报(医学版)   2017, Vol. 38Issue (6): 1019-1022   DOI: 10.14188/j.1671-8852.2017.06.036.
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引用本文 

李志军, 舒涛, 司晶, 徐哲, 郑志, 张亮, 黄伟, 叶少军, 王彦峰, 叶啟发. 乙型肝炎病毒前S2基因变异与肝病发病机制的研究进展[J]. 武汉大学学报(医学版), 2017, 38(6): 1019-1022. DOI: 10.14188/j.1671-8852.2017.06.036.
LI Zhijun, SHU Tao, SI Jing, XU Zhe, ZHENG Zhi, ZHANG Liang, HUANG Wei, YE Shaojun, WANG Yanfeng, YE Qifa. Pre-S2 Gene Mutant Research Progress in Liver Diseases Associated with Hepatitis B Virus[J]. Medical Journal of Wuhan University, 2017, 38(6): 1019-1022. DOI: 10.14188/j.1671-8852.2017.06.036.

作者简介

李志军,男,1985-,主要从事肝胆外科和器官移植研究

通讯作者

叶啟发,男,1954-,教授,主任医师,主要从事肝胆外科和器官移植的研究, E-mail: yqf_china@163.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2017-06-06
乙型肝炎病毒前S2基因变异与肝病发病机制的研究进展
李志军 1, 舒涛 1, 司晶 1, 徐哲 1, 郑志 1, 张亮 1, 黄伟 1, 叶少军 1, 王彦峰 1, 叶啟发 1,2     
1. 武汉大学中南医院/武汉大学肝胆疾病研究院/武汉大学移植医学中心/移植医学技术湖北省重点实验室 湖北 武汉 430071;
2. 中南大学湘雅三医院/卫生部移植医学工程技术研究中心 湖南 长沙 410013
[摘要] 乙肝病毒感染已被认为是导致许多肝病发病的主要原因。但其致病机制复杂,目前为止尚未完全阐明。近年来,许多文献报道乙肝病毒Pre-S2的基因变异是导致乙肝相关性疾病发病的重要因素之一。本文就Pre-S2基因变异导致相关肝病发病的最新研究进展进行综述。
关键词Pre-S变异    乙肝病毒感染    肝病    
Pre-S2 Gene Mutant Research Progress in Liver Diseases Associated with Hepatitis B Virus
LI Zhijun1, SHU Tao1, SI Jing1, XU Zhe1, ZHENG Zhi1, ZHANG Liang1, HUANG Wei1, YE Shaojun1, WANG Yanfeng1, YE Qifa1,2     
1. Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, & Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan 430071, China;
2. The 3rd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, & Research Center of National Health Ministry on Transplantation Medicine Engineering and Technology, Changsha 410013, China
[Abstract] Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can result in many liver diseases. The underlying mechanisms are very complicated and have not clearly stated. Recently, many articles reported the Pre-S2 gene mutant of HBV were associated with occurrence of these liver diseases. In this article, we reviewed the recent progress of mechanisms leading to liver diseases linking with Pre-S2 gene mutant.
Key words: Pre-S Mutants    HBV Infection    Liver Diseases    

乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)在1983年被国际病毒学界列入嗜肝DNA病毒科,其为哺乳动物病毒属的一员。HBV侵入人体后,根据受染机体的免疫功能的不同表现出不同的临床类型:无症状HBsAg携带者、隐性感染、急性乙型肝炎、慢性乙型肝炎或暴发性肝炎等类型。乙肝病毒前S2基因(Pre-S2) 的基因变异往往与肝炎及原发性肝细胞肝癌的发生密切相关。本文就Pre-2基因变异导致相关肝病的发病的机制研究进展进行综述。

1 乙型肝炎病毒前S2基因概况

乙肝病毒为嗜肝DNA病毒,包含3 200个核苷酸和4个开放读码框架,其外膜蛋白包括3种形式:主蛋白(HBsAg, 由S基因编码),中蛋白(MHB, 由Pre-S2/S基因编码),大蛋白(LHB, 由Pre-S1/S2基因编码)。在病毒生命周期中,至少有两个基本的功能被认为与病毒的前S区有关:即有辅助病毒与肝细胞膜黏附以及促进病毒在内质网繁殖。许多证据表明,前S区基因的突变,特别是基因缺失会加重内质网应激从而加重肝病进展, 甚至发展为肝细胞肝癌(HCC)[1-8]

2 Pre-S2基因变异对乙肝病毒传染性和分泌能力的影响

虽然大部分学术观点支持Pre-S2基因与乙肝病毒的分泌复制能力相关,但Pre-S2基因变异对于病毒传染能力的影响现阶段对此尚有争议。有研究发现乙肝病毒Pre-S2区编码蛋白可以作为跨膜肽,介导病毒穿透肝脏细胞。该跨膜区成α螺旋41-52位氨基酸残基构成。当该跨膜肽缺失时,乙肝病毒的传染性也随之下降[9]。但是Ni[10]通过研究发现Pre-S2区编码蛋白缺失或减少,并不影响病毒传染能力。

3 Pre-S2基因变异改变机体免疫应答引起免疫逃逸

Pre-S2基因变异可以直接改变病毒对于肝细胞的吸附能力,影响病毒在宿主细胞内的DNA复制。同时,该基因的缺失变异导致人体内T细胞、B细胞对乙肝病毒的识别位点的缺失,无法介导细胞核体液免疫对病毒进行清除,造成病毒免疫逃逸,进一步加重肝病进展[11]

4 Pre-S2基因变异与肝病

大量研究显示许多乙肝相关性肝病,包括肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC)、乙肝肝硬化(liver cirrhosis,LC),慢性乙型肝炎(chronic hepatitis B,CHB)均有与Pre-S2起始码变异有较高相关性[12]。此前已有学者报道,通过回顾分析516例HBV感染的患者临床资料,他们发现HBV基因变异主要集中在Pre-S1和Pre-S2,而且随着肝病病情的加重,HBV基因变异概率也逐渐增加[13]。Yin等[14]报道大多数慢性乙型肝炎患者的患病都与Pre-S2突变有关。Utama等[15]也同样认为Pre-S2起始码变异将影响肝病进展,而且突变率与晚期肝病呈正有关,这一现象在HBeAg阳性患者中特别明显。同时他们也发现,在HBV基因型C中,Pre-S2突变率越高,患者肝病病情也越严重。分析原因可能是一方面Pre-S2编码蛋白本身与乙肝病毒嗜肝性、有利于病毒入侵肝细胞有关;另一方面,Pre-S2起始码变异导致HBV中蛋白不能合成,影响大、中蛋白的比例,导致大量大蛋白在肝细胞质内堆积。过多的大蛋白堆积在引起肝细胞变性、坏死的同时也提高了肝细胞对炎性因子敏感性,进一步加重了肝细胞损伤[16]

4.1 Pre-S2变异与慢性乙型肝炎

通过研究发现在亚洲的慢性乙肝患者中,Pre-S、Pre-S1、Pre-S2均有较高变异率[17],与日本类似,中国地区乙肝患者单纯的Pre-S2基因的变异率显著性高于Pre-S1基因[18-20]。原因考虑为由于Pre-S2基因的位点导致人体内HBV抗体无法有效地与其表达蛋白上的免疫结合位点结合,导致HBV病毒免疫逃逸,从而加重肝病进展有关[21]。Ni等[10]研究也发现虽然Pre-S2片段缺失,但是对病毒的感染性影响不大,该现象提示Pre-S2多肽其实与HBV的感染过程并没有关系。不过他们也发现Pre-S2多肽可以使核S蛋白TM-1/sig-1和乙肝病毒衣壳结合位点之间保持一定的空间距离,所以如果该片段的缺失将会导致HBV病毒颗粒的结构弹性受到影响,导致病毒颗粒滞留在肝脏细胞内。

4.2 Pre-S2变异与重型肝炎的关系

Pre-S2的变异同样与重型肝炎的发病有关。通过对比死于暴发性肝炎的母亲与孩子之间的基因序列差异,Pollicino等[22]发现两者的感染遗传学背景几乎没有差异。进一步检测发现,这对母子均存在Pre-S2的起始密码的变异,从而影响了Pre-S2蛋白的正常合成。另一项回顾性研究也发现类似现象。在该研究中,研究人员检测了暴发性肝炎患者的Pre-S2起始密码突变情况,整个5例患者(既往均无肝病病史)中3例存在Pre-S2变异,而对照组中(为13例急性自限性肝炎患者)并未发现Pre-S2起始密码变异。以上研究显示,Pre-S2起始密码的突变不但具有传染性,而且且容易引发暴发性乙型肝炎。原因可能为:① Pre-S2基因变异影响Pre-S2蛋白正常合成,导致中蛋白与大蛋白之间比例失调,一方面中蛋白不能正常合成,另一方面大蛋白大量堆积于肝细胞内加重肝细胞损伤;② Pre-S2蛋白本身具有T、B细胞免疫的结合位点。Pre-S2基因变异导致Pre-S2蛋白无法合成时,影响了人体通过识别Pre-S2蛋白位点介导的免疫反应,进而导致乙肝病毒无法及时地被清除,加快了疾病进展。

4.3 与HBV相关性肝细胞癌的关系

除了与肝炎发病具有相关性以外,Pre-S2变异同样可以导致乙肝发展成为肝细胞癌[19]。一项针对亚洲地区肝细胞肝癌患者的研究发现,这类患者中乙肝病毒Pre-S2缺失变异率较对照组明显增高[23]。肝细胞肝癌患者Pre-S2缺失区域主要集中在Pre-S2的N末端(72.7%)[19, 24, 25]。Mun等[26]研究也发现了类似现象,此外他们也观察到PreS蛋白的第141苯丙氨酸(F)易变异为亮氨酸(L)(该氨基酸位于PreS2区),而这一变异在肝细胞肝癌患者体内明显高于其他肝病(比如乙肝、肝硬化等),该现象提示该变异可能是导致HCC重要因素。另外,一份Meta分析通过对43例报告进行回顾发现Pre-S2的启动子区突变后,肝细胞肝癌的发病率明显增加[27]。而且Pre-S2区的突变率往往是大量基因缺失突变,这也说明Pre-S2突变在肝细胞肝癌的发病中扮演着重要角色。

虽然许多文献提示Pre-S2变异与肝细胞肝癌的发生有高度相关性,但具体机制尚不完全清楚。有研究发现Pre-S2变异后编码大蛋白既参与细胞周期蛋白A的上调表达,也引起肝细胞增生和细胞转化[26],此外还直接作用于c-Jun激活区结合蛋白1,进而抑制细胞周期素依赖性激酶抑制蛋白27表达[28],以上这些受Pre-S2基因变异影响的信号通路均已报道与肝细胞肝癌的发生有关。同时Pre-S2基因变异也被认为是导致的肝细胞毛玻璃样变的重要原因之一。而毛玻璃样变正是慢性乙肝患者出现肝细胞肝癌的癌前病变[29]。另外,Pre-S2缺失突变可使大量表面蛋白HBsAg积聚在肝细胞内质网中,诱发严重的内质网应激和氧化应激反应,损伤DNA,引起肝细胞癌变[25, 29]。PreS-2蛋白N末端iv区本身具有截短型中蛋白(MHBst)的反式激活作用,通过影响激活转录因子NF-κB,Ap-2、Sp1和血清应答元件等等信号通路,MHBst完成其反式激活功能。此外,Pre-S2还可抑制p53表达,降解p27(Kip1) 而减轻DNA损伤,降低HCC发生概率[30]

5 结论

综上所述,乙肝病毒Pre-S2的变异引起病毒生物学特性的改变,从而导致乙肝病毒免疫逃逸,使得人体内无法对乙肝病毒进行有效清除。乙肝病毒的大量复制大大增强了其致病性,加重了肝病进程,甚至出现癌变。但虽然许多学者已对其致病机制进行了阐述,但尚有许多地方需要更深入的研究。随着各项病毒基因相关检测,干预手段的不断进步,对HBV Pre-S2的深入研究有助于进一步阐述乙肝病毒感染、致病机制,对于防治乙肝病毒导致的各种肝病有着极为深远的意义。

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