2. 中南大学湘雅三医院/卫生部移植医学工程技术研究中心 湖南 长沙 410013
2. The 3rd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University & Research Center of National Health Ministry on Transplantation Medicine Engineering and Technology, Changsha 410013, China
近年来,随着精准外科的发展及新型免疫抑制剂的研究,肾移植术后人/肾存活率大大提高。但是,巨细胞病毒(cytomegalovirus,CMV)感染仍然是肾移植术后常见的并发症之一[1]。CMV感染不仅可以对移植肾受体产生直接影响如CMV病,还往往合并其他病原菌感染或急性排斥反应造成移植肾功能损耗、肾脏移植肾失功等[2, 3]。因此,肾移植术后CMV的预防至关重要。
1 肾移植术后CMV感染的危险因素肾移植术后CMV感染的危险因素包括术前供受者CMV抗体血清学状态、免疫诱导方案中免疫诱导剂的不同、免疫抑制维持治疗中是否使用吗替麦考酚酯(mycophenolate mofetil, MMF)、高龄供者等[2, 4]。其中,根据肾移植术前供受者血清学状态,将肾移植受者分为高危(D+/R-)、中危(D+/R+、D-/R+)和低危(D-/R-)病人。另外,其他如急性排斥反应[5]、移植后肾功能延迟恢复、移植前透析时间、HLA配型[6]等都是CMV感染的危险因素。
2 肾移植术后CMV抗病毒药物肾移植术后CMV抗病毒药物可分为5种:① 阿昔洛韦(acyclovir, ACV),该药是病毒DNA多聚酶活性的强力抑制剂,需要在病毒胸腺嘧啶核苷激酶的作用下通过磷酸化过程才能转化为有活性的药物,但是人类CMV缺乏这种激酶。因此,目前ACV已不再应用于临床抗CMV治疗;② 更昔洛韦(ganciclovir, GCV),该药是鸟嘌呤核苷的类似物,化学性质与ACV相似,抗病毒作用比ACV强50倍。GCV的主要缺点是耐药,研究发现其发生可能与转磷酸酶(UL97) 和DNA多聚酶(UL54) 开放阅读框架的特异性突变有关[7];③ 伐昔洛韦(valaciclovir, VCV),是ACV前体的L-缬氨酰酯,也是ACV的生物活性成分,CMV预防效果与GCV相当[8, 9],缺点是需要较大剂量;④ 缬更昔洛韦(valganciclovir, VGC),是GCV的缬氨酸替代制剂,生物利用度接近70%,CMV预防效果大大强于GCV[10, 11]和VCV[12, 13],但是价格更贵;⑤ 膦甲酸钠(foscarnet)为无机焦磷酸盐类似剂,不需要经过体内磷酸化就能抑制病毒DNA聚合酶及病毒转录酶的活性,一般作为GCV无效或耐药的替代药[14],肾毒性较大。
近年来,新型抗病毒药物的研发如火如荼。如CMV抑制剂AIC246通过靶向CMV DNA末端酶复合体,阻断CMV颗粒的形成和释放,尤其适用于抗病毒药物耐受的CMV感染患者[15];CMV单克隆抗体RG7667已经在最新的一项临床Ⅱ期试验中被证实可以显著降低高危病人CMV感染发生的风险[16]。
3 肾移植术后CMV预防方案的演进症状性治疗,也叫显性治疗或延迟性治疗。原则是,立即减量甚至停用免疫抑制剂,同时积极予“高剂量、足疗程”抗病毒药物治疗。常规治疗方案为静脉注射GCV 5 mg/kg或口服VGC 900 mg,持续2-4周。同时,加强抗其他病原菌如细菌、真菌等的混合感染,并予以营养支持等。CMV病一旦发生,治疗难度极大。因此,临床上已经基本弃用症状性治疗。
普遍预防,即肾移植术后无论是否存在CMV感染的风险,对所有的受者都预防性应用抗病毒药物。研究发现,普遍预防确实能降低肾移植术后近期CMV发生的风险[17]。然而,普遍预防一方面增加了病人的负担,另一方面却只是延迟了CMV的发生而非阻止[3, 4]。因此,有人主张“选择性预防”,即只针对高危患者采用普遍预防,并适当延长疗程[18, 19]。
抢先治疗,即术后定期动态监测CMV感染指标包括CMV IgM滴度或CMV-pp65抗原等,一旦出现阳性立即行抗CMV治疗,阻断无症状的CMV感染进展为显性CMV病。研究发现,抢先治疗能大大降低肾移植术后迟发型CMV感染的发生[20, 21]。但是,目前抢先治疗存在以下问题:① CMV感染包括CMV抗原血症、CMV DNA血症等,尚缺乏统一的诊断标准[22, 23];② 抢先治疗的起始剂量尚待确定;③ 病毒血症消失能否作为疗程的终点[24];④ 抢先治疗的关键是及时发现CMV感染,定期、规律的检测势必增加检测费用;⑤ 抢先治疗中CMV病毒血症的阈值尚缺乏统一的标准。
序贯治疗,即普遍预防和抢先治疗“双管齐下”,病人术后先进行3个月的普遍预防,再对CMV感染进行抢先治疗。研究发现,序贯治疗较抢先治疗能显著降低高危病人CMV感染的风险[25],但对R+病人预防效果有限[26]。
CMV疫苗,包括减毒活疫苗、DNA疫苗、亚单位疫苗以及重组病毒疫苗等,可以激发机体的主动抗病毒机制,是最有前景的CMV预防方案。目前大部分的CMV疫苗仍处于试验阶段,对其疗效我们将拭目以待。
4 肾移植术后CMV预防方案的挑战普遍预防和抢先治疗是目前临床上预防肾移植术后CMV感染广泛采用的方案。然而,研究发现不管是普遍预防还是抢先治疗对移植肾或受者的影响不大[20]。甚至不必要的抗病毒预防不仅会增加病人的负担,还会增加其他病原菌感染感染的风险而导致严重的后果[4]。并且,普遍预防和抢先治疗都各自存在不同的挑战:对普遍预防而言,最大的挑战是如何降低停药后病毒复燃或者迟发型CMV感染的发生;对抢先治疗来说,最大的挑战是如何在控制感染的同时降低其他诸如混合感染和急性排斥等的发生。
与抢先治疗相比,普遍预防是一种“无的放矢”,没有严格的停药指征。目前,临床上普遍预防的疗程普遍为3个月,Mcgee等[27]认为适当延长预防用药时间可以使CMV感染高危病人的生存受益。研究发现,适当延长预防用药时间(6个月或1年)是安全的并不会增加抗病毒副反应的发生[19],并且从长期生存来讲并不会增加病人的经济负担[28]。但是,延长预防用药时间能否降低CMV总的感染率,各家报道莫衷一是[18, 19, 29]。免疫调节因子IL-10可以作为迟发型CMV病的预测因子[30],因此Limaye等[31]提出血清IL-10可以作为抗病毒药物停药的指标。
剂量问题是普遍预防和抢先治疗中共同存在的问题:① 抗病毒药物的长期使用往往会引起白细胞减少、粒细胞减少、血小板减少、贫血甚至中枢神经系统症状,严重者需要立即停药、对症治疗;② CMV感染与急性排斥往往互为因果,相互影响,因此抗病毒药物的使用中不得不考虑免疫抑制剂的种类与剂量;③ 抗病毒药物如VGC往往价格昂贵。Heldenbrand等[32]发现在普遍预防中VGC减半使用并不会增加CMV感染的风险,这一点在多个研究中得到证实[33, 34]。因此,低剂量长疗程可能是CMV预防中一个不错的选择。但是,研究发现低剂量长疗程预防用药依然不会降低迟发型CMV感染的风险[35]。目前抗病毒药物的剂量多根据病人肾功能状况如肾小球滤过率、血肌酐水平等进行调节,但这往往是不够的,尤其是对于肥胖病人[36]或者小儿肾移植[37]来讲。
肾移植术后CMV感染发病率高,严重影响移植肾/受者的生存。并且一旦发病,治疗难度大。因此,针对CMV感染,预防是关键。对于选择何种预防方案,各个移植中心应因地制宜、因时制宜:对CMV高危病人,可采用普遍预防,必要时适当延长预防用药疗程;对随访管理规范、CMV检测完善的中心可采用抢先治疗。
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2017, Vol. 38


