武汉大学学报(医学版)   2018, Vol. 39Issue (5): 720-724   DOI: 10.14188/j.1671-8852.2018.0092.
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李银珍, 郭欢欢. 血清Rta蛋白及抗体在鼻咽癌早期诊断中的应用进展[J]. 武汉大学学报(医学版), 2018, 39(5): 720-724. DOI: 10.14188/j.1671-8852.2018.0092.
LI Yinzhen, GUO Huanhuan. Advances in Application of Serum Rta Protein and Antibodies in the Early Diagnosis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma[J]. Medical Journal of Wuhan University, 2018, 39(5): 720-724. DOI: 10.14188/j.1671-8852.2018.0092.

作者简介

李银珍,女,1971-, 主要从事耳鼻咽喉-头颈外科临床及护理研究,E-mail:2949006114@qq.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2018-01-24
血清Rta蛋白及抗体在鼻咽癌早期诊断中的应用进展
李银珍 , 郭欢欢     
武汉大学中南医院耳鼻咽喉-头颈外科 湖北 武汉 430071
[摘要] 血清学检测是鼻咽癌早期诊断的重要辅助方法。Rta蛋白是EB病毒裂解立即早期基因BRLF1编码产物,是EB病毒由潜伏期转向裂解期的关键调控因子,能引起一系列的裂解早期基因的相继表达,最终引发EB病毒裂解感染。近十几年的研究表明,对血清Rta蛋白特定抗体的检测能提高鼻咽癌早期诊断阳性率,Rta蛋白有望成为鼻咽癌的早期血清学诊断指标。
关键词鼻咽癌    EB病毒    BRLF1基因    Rta蛋白    血清学诊断    
Advances in Application of Serum Rta Protein and Antibodies in the Early Diagnosis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
LI Yinzhen, GUO Huanhuan     
Dept. of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
[Abstract] Serological detection method is important in the early diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. R transactivator (Rta) is encoded by the BRLF1 that is an immediate-early gene in initiation of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) from the latent state to the lytic state. It can cause sequential expression of a series of early lytic genes and eventually induce lytic infection. Most studies in the recent decades have shown that the detection of serum Rta protein-specific antibodies may be useful for the early diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and the Rta protein is expec ted to be an early diagnostic marker for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Here, we review the research advances and application of serum Rta and its antibodies in the early diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Key words: Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma    Epstein-Barr Virus    BRLF1 Gene    Rta Protein    Serodiagnosis    

鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma,NPC)是耳鼻咽喉-头颈外科最常见的恶性肿瘤,高发于我国南方和东南亚地区,其主要与遗传因素、环境和病毒感染等有关[1-3]。其中,EB病毒(Epstein-Barr virus,EBV)已被公认为鼻咽癌致病因素之一[4-6],自1966年Old等首次确认EB病毒与鼻咽癌的血清学关系以来,EB病毒与鼻咽癌的相关性研究相继出现,1973年在鼻咽癌患者组织中发现了EB病毒DNA,使得二者的关系得以确立,我国研究者也进行了相关论证,EB病毒现已被国际癌症研究中心明确列为第一类致癌因子。以往研究表明,绝大多数鼻咽癌患者血清中都存在抗EB病毒的相关抗体,检测这些抗体对鼻咽癌的诊断具有特异性。鼻咽癌因其解剖结构隐匿和早期症状不明显,很大程度上增加了晚期鼻咽癌的复发率和死亡率。因此,早期的筛查和诊断对其预后具有重要意义。目前临床上主要采用EB病毒血清抗体检测和电子鼻咽喉镜检查进行鼻咽癌的筛查和诊断。Rta(R transactivator)蛋白是近十多年来发现的最受关注的分子靶标之一,检测血清Rta蛋白相关抗体在鼻咽癌筛查和早期诊断中具有很高的临床应用价值。

1 Rta蛋白的分子生物学特征

Rta蛋白由605个氨基酸组成,是DNA序列特异性转录激活剂,能够有效地激活B淋巴细胞以及上皮细胞中EB病毒的裂解复制状态并启动一系列下游基因的表达,使其进入裂解期。同时,Rta蛋白对宿主细胞的增殖生长具有调控作用,可能对肿瘤的发生发展起到一定的影响。有研究已表明在NPC组织中存在裂解期EB病毒感染[7]。Feng等[8, 9]对Rta蛋白的研究发现在鼻咽癌患者体内可检测出高水平的抗Rta的IgG抗体,可作为早期EB病毒复制的监测指标,从而为鼻咽癌等EB病毒密切相关的疾病的早期诊断提供了可能性。2012年卫生部临床检验中心新增了EB病毒Rta蛋白IgG抗体检测项目,用于辅助鼻咽癌的早期诊断。

2 常用的鼻咽癌血清学诊断指标

血清学诊断方法现已成为鼻咽癌早期诊断的重要工具。EB病毒感染人体后血清中可检测出高水平的EB病毒抗体谱,且鼻咽癌患者一般在症状出现前2-3年血清EB病毒抗体水平呈持续升高[10],极大地增加了患鼻咽癌的风险[11, 12]。血清学诊断主要是检测患者体内的抗EB病毒相关抗体,其特异性的抗原主要有EB病毒衣壳抗原(EB virus capsid antigen,VCA)、EB病毒早期细胞内抗原(early intracellular antigen,EA)、EB病毒相关核抗原(EB virus associated nuclear antigen,EBNA)和EB病毒立即早期蛋白(Zta和Rta)。

EB病毒VCA是增殖周期后期合成的病毒结构性蛋白,是研究和应用得最广泛的一种EB病毒抗原,VCA-IgA单独检测敏感性最高,但其在健康人群中也有较高的检出率,特异性较差[13]。EB病毒EA是EB病毒活跃增殖的标志,分EA-D(弥散型)和EA-R(局限型)两型,研究表明在鼻咽癌患者血清中EA抗原类抗体主要与D型抗原发生特异性反应,检测其IgA抗体具有较高的特异性,但灵敏度较差,在鼻咽癌诊断中易出现漏诊。EB病毒EBNA1是所有带EB病毒基因组的细胞都表达的抗原,在EB病毒维持潜伏性感染中起关键性作用,与病毒基因组复制和稳定性有关,是细胞转化所必需的,在潜伏期检出率最高,可以作为鼻咽癌检测的特异标志物[14-16]。Zta(BZLF1 transcription activator)蛋白是EB病毒立即早期基因BZLF1的编码产物,是EB病毒由潜伏期进入裂解期的关键分子[17, 18]。Rta蛋白与Zta蛋白功能类似且能协同激活EB病毒进入裂解复制状态[19, 20]。应用酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)联合检测血清中抗Rta和Zta蛋白的抗体将有助于鼻咽癌的早期筛查[21]

其他检测指标如EB病毒DNA,采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,RT-qPCR)分析血浆中的EBV-DNA比ELISA检测VCA-IgA抗体更具敏感性和特异性,对鼻咽癌的早期诊断和临床分期提供了有力证据,且能监测鼻咽癌的复发和转移[22]。后期研究发现,血浆EBV-DNA载量的检测可提高高危人群中晚期鼻咽癌的检出率,但对早期鼻咽癌的筛查及预测鼻咽癌的病程发展价值并没有明显体现[23]

目前有大量报道显示,联合检测多个EB病毒抗原的抗体比检测单个抗体对鼻咽癌诊断的灵敏度和特异度均有所提高[24],但如何选择合适的组合指标尚存在争议。

3 Rta蛋白的血清学研究进展

Rta蛋白和Zta蛋白是EB病毒从潜伏周期转变为裂解周期的主要激活因子,能引发裂解基因组的转录和表达[20]。Feng等[8]用蛋白质免疫印迹法(Western Blot)鉴定出Rta蛋白C末端既是转录激活区域又含IgG的结合表位,认为IgG更适合作为Rta蛋白的检测抗体进行鼻咽癌的诊断和筛查。利用重组Rta片段作为ELISA抗原检测鼻咽癌患者血清中Rta-IgG抗体显示较高阳性率,且IgG抗体检测灵敏度高于IgA类抗体[9]。任军等[25]用表达纯化的BRLF1基因C端2/3部分蛋白(Rtac2/3)建立的间接ELISA法检测血清中抗Rta-IgG抗体也得出了较高的灵敏度和特异度,进一步验证了这一观点。近十几年的研究表明,检测血清中Rta-IgG抗体可以作为检测EB病毒的一个新指标,并可作为鼻咽癌诊断的重要标志物之一。

国内外学者进行了一系列相关研究,从多方面对Rta蛋白在鼻咽癌血清学诊断中的作用进行了论证。认为Rta-IgG抗体检测对鼻咽癌具有特异性,即在EB病毒密切相关的非鼻咽癌疾病及其他肿瘤中的表达与正常人没有显著性差异,联合检测VCA-IgA抗体、EA-IgA抗体和EBNA1-IgA抗体能提高鼻咽癌的诊断效能,适用于鼻咽癌高发地区的筛查和早期诊断[26-28]。但对于Rta-IgG表达水平是否与鼻咽癌的临床分期有关,罗耀凌等[29]研究表明Rta-IgG阳性率与鼻咽癌临床分期有关,且随着临床分期的增高而增高,而Cai等[27]认为其与鼻咽癌的TNM分期及临床分期无关。近来有研究表明BRLF1能通过诱导鼻咽癌细胞基因组的不稳定性进一步促进肿瘤的复发和转移[30]

目前认为VCA-IgA抗体虽有较好的敏感性,但特异性较差,不适于鼻咽癌大规模筛查。Rta蛋白是EB病毒由潜伏期感染至裂解癌变过程中的关键性调控因子,发生在鼻咽癌癌变的最早时刻,故应用Rta-IgG抗体检测鼻咽癌特异性高,是鼻咽癌临床早期辅助诊断的首选,VCA-IgA和Rta-IgG联合检测对鼻咽癌血清学筛查和诊断具有较高的检测效能,认为是目前最为合适的组合之一[26, 27, 31, 32]

4 EB病毒抗体检测技术

20世纪70年代初我国就开始研究EB病毒的血清学诊断方法,间接免疫荧光法(in-direct immu- nofluorent assay,IFA)、免疫酶法、酶联免疫吸附法相继建立。前两种检测方法主要是以B95-8细胞株或Raji细胞涂片测定血清中针对EB病毒VCA和EA的抗体,以固定细胞作为抗原,技术要求高,且不能排除EB病毒细胞中的其他抗原成分,结果判定上也带有一定的主观性。而应用人工合成的EB病毒多肽抗原和重组的EB病毒抗原建立的ELISA法,相比较而言混杂因素较少,特异度更强,操作更省时、方便[33-35]。很多学者[9, 25, 36]先后对使用Rta-IgG抗体酶联免疫法(ELISA)和使用VCA-IgA免疫酶法(IE)进行了比较,认为应用ELISA法比IE法更客观准确,同时,ELISA法检测Rta-IgG和IE法检测VCA-IgA可联合应用于鼻咽癌的血清学诊断。ELISA检测VCA-IgA相比IFA法来说更具有灵敏度和特异度,且技术要求更低,更适用于高发地区的筛查[37-39]

近年来,EB病毒Rta-IgG定量检测试剂盒相比而言显得更简单,具有较高的灵敏度和准确率,应用于鼻咽癌诊断具有较高的临床价值[40]

5 展望

综述至今为止的研究成果可知,检测单一的血清学标志物对鼻咽癌的诊断效能较低,联合检测能一定程度上提高灵敏度和特异度,但至于哪种组合更适合,至今尚无定论,以往多联合检测EA-IgA和VCA-IgA,后又有关于VCA-IgA联合EBNA1-IgA的研究,也有认为联合三项或是四项进行检测,但目前更多认为联合检测Rta-IgG和VCA-IgA灵敏度和特异度均较高,是当前最合适的组合。尽管在采用EB病毒相关抗体的各种检测方面已有相当的进展,但仍需寻找更准确、敏感、快速、简易的血清学指标和检测方法以辅助早期诊断鼻咽癌,为患者争取最佳治疗时间,提高患者的生存率和生活质量。

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