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  实用休克杂志  2018, Vol. 2Issue (6): 359-362  

引用本文 [复制中英文]

朱亚婕, 刘威鹏, 王杨, 潘曙明. MMP-8在急性肺损伤中的研究进展[J]. 实用休克杂志, 2018, 2(6): 359-362.
Zhu Yajie, Liu Weipeng, Wang Yang, Pan Shuming. MMP-8 in acute lung injury[J]. Journal of Practical Shock, 2018, 2(6): 359-362.

基金项目

国家自然科学基金(项目编号:81772111)

通信作者

潘曙明, E-mail:shumingpan@aliyun.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2018-11-01
MMP-8在急性肺损伤中的研究进展
朱亚婕 , 刘威鹏 , 王杨 , 潘曙明     
上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院急诊科
摘要:脓毒症、创伤、休克、重症肺炎、多次输血、机械通气均可能导致急性肺损伤,患者出现进行性低氧血症乃至呼吸窘迫,死亡率极高,对急性肺损伤的研究一直是科研中的重点。基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases,MMPs)是一类锌离子依赖的蛋白酶家族,包含多个亚群,其中有24种在人体表达,具有降解细胞外基质(extracelluar matrix,ECM)和免疫调节的作用,广泛参与肿瘤转移、炎症反应等多种疾病过程。近年来,基质金属蛋白酶-8(matrix metalloproteinase-8,MMP-8)被发现在急性肺损伤中具有重要地位。本文主要介绍了MMP-8蛋白及其在肺损伤中的作用。
关键词基质金属蛋白酶-8    急性肺损伤    金属蛋白酶抑制剂    
MMP-8 in acute lung injury
Zhu Yajie , Liu Weipeng , Wang Yang , Pan Shuming     
Emergency Department, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Abstract: Acute Lung injury appears as the result of various diseases such as sepsis, trauma, shock, severe pneumonia, multiple blood transfusions and mechanical ventilation.Patients show progressive hypoxemia and even respiratory distress, which often lead to a high mortality rate.Studies focus on acute lung injury have always been a highlight in scientific research.Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent proteases, including multiple subpopulations, of which 24 are expressed in humans.MMPs are capable of degrading the extracellular matrix (ECM) and modulating immune reaction, as well as widely involved in various disease processes such as tumor metastasis and inflammatory response.In recent years, matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) has been found to be important in acute lung injury.This review mainly introduces MMP-8 protein and its role in lung injury.
Key words: MMP-8    Acute lung injury    TIMP    

脓毒症、创伤、休克、重症肺炎、多次输血、机械通气均可能导致急性肺损伤,患者出现进行性低氧血症乃至呼吸窘迫,死亡率极高,对急性肺损伤的研究一直是科研中的重点。基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases,MMPs)是一类锌离子依赖的蛋白酶家族,包含多个亚群,其中有24种在人体表达,具有降解细胞外基质(extracelluar matrix,ECM)和免疫调节的作用,广泛参与肿瘤转移、炎症反应等多种疾病过程。近年来,基质金属蛋白酶-8被发现在急性肺损伤中具有重要地位。

一、MMP-8的特点与作用 (一) 特点

中性粒细胞胶原酶-8(neutrophil collagenase,MMP-8),可降解Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型胶原以及聚集蛋白聚糖,主要由多形中性粒细胞(PMN)产生,间质细胞、巨噬细胞、活化的成纤维细胞等多种细胞亦可产生少量分子量较小的异构体MMP-8,与其他胶原酶不同,MMP-8并不是由成熟的PMN直接合成,而是由PMN的前体在髓内发育阶段就合成,以前体酶原(pro-MMP-8)的形式储存在PMN内的特定颗粒中[1~3]。当PMN被激活,pro-MMP-8通过脱颗粒迅速地释放出来,pro-MMP-8具有信号肽、前肽和催化区等三个结构域,信号肽引导翻译后的肽链至胞浆内质网,脱去前肽后发挥酶活性,催化区具有Zn2+和Ca2+结合区,其中Zn2+位于活性中心内,参与MMP-8催化作用[4, 5]

(二) 作用

MMP-8主要催化细胞外基质中Ⅰ型胶原降解,也能分解一些非基质蛋白,如MIP-1α、TGFβ、丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制蛋白、缓激肽、血管紧张素Ⅰ,在炎症反应中起作用[6, 7]。MMP-8可以加强机体对细菌的清除能力,还具有影响单核巨噬细胞分化的作用[8, 9]。MMP-8参与急性脑梗死、急性心肌梗死、急性肺损伤、急性肠系膜缺血、急性肾缺血、COPD、肺结核、肿瘤等多种急慢性疾病过程,是组织损伤、改建和重塑的重要影响因素之一[10~15]。MMP家族还参与肺的发育过程,如MMP-3、MMP-9,但MMP-8不参与肺组织的发育,而且基因敲除MMP-8的小鼠与野生型小鼠在体型、寿命、生殖能力和肺的生长发育与功能表现等各方面未见明显异常[16]

二、MMP-8的调节与抑制 (一) MMP-8的转录水平调节

人MMP-8基因位于人11q22.3染色体上,生长因子、癌基因、前炎症介质、MMP-8所产生的裂解产物等多种因素均可影响MMP-8的转录。前炎症介质介导MMP-8表达水平上调,而TGFβ则降低MMP-8表达水平。MMP-8的启动子与其他大部分MMP家族启动子不同,其具有TATA框,但缺少转录激活因子(transcription activator)AP-1结合位点,因此易于调节[17]

(二) 酶原的释放与激活

根据不同的刺激物质,PMN释放的可溶性pro-MMP-8(Mr85kDa)量也不同。前炎症介质可刺激PMN释放其总量约15%~20%的pro-MMP-8,而细胞松弛素B与PMA则可刺激PMN释放其总量约70%~80%的pro-MMP-8[18]。pro-MMP-8经半胱氨酸开关(cysteine switch)机制激活后成为活性酶(Mr 65 kDa),并迅速以膜结合蛋白的形式结合到PMN细胞膜上,或者以可溶性蛋白的形式分泌到细胞外发挥催化作用,膜结合形式的MMP-8更加稳定,在37℃条件下孵育18个小时后仍可保持其80%的活性。可溶性MMP-8由于自溶作用,半衰期较短[19, 20]

(三) 抑制剂

生理及病理条件下,组织及细胞中均天然表达金属蛋白酶抑制剂(tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase, TIMP),TIMP与MMP相互作用,在正常细胞ECM的改建和各种病理过程中发挥作用。目前发现4种TIMP,其中TIMP-1、2、4为可溶性分泌蛋白,TIMP-3为结合ECM的非可溶性蛋白。但MMP-8由于主要以膜结合的形式发挥作用,其活性难以被TIMP所抑制[18]。一般性的MMP抑制剂如强力霉素、四环素及其衍生物也可以非特异性地抑制MMP-8[21]。但MMP-8特异性抑制剂M8Ⅰ效果不能令人满意。Lee等人通过对M8Ⅰ化合物进行改造,发现了抑制效果更好的comp-3等化合物[11]。Demeestere等人合成了MMP-8的纳米抗体并验证了其有效性[22]。此外使用MMP-8shRNA沉默MMP-8的表达是一种较为可靠的抑制方式。

三、急性肺损伤(acute lung injury, ALI) (一) ALI及其严重的形式

成人呼吸窘迫综合征ARDS(adult respiratory distress syndrome)是一组以肺换气功能及肺组织受损,导致低氧血症和肺动脉楔压增高的临床综合征,死亡率高达40%[23]。ALI的特点如下:①肺内严重的炎症反应导致肺泡细胞及血管内皮细胞受损。②大量白细胞及炎症细胞浸润,释放炎症介质与细胞杀伤物质。③肺泡内聚集大量富含蛋白质的液体。肺泡表面活性物质合成受损,细胞代谢功能障碍。④局部高凝状态[24, 25]

(二) 治疗ALI的新思路

炎症反应是机体对侵害的有力反击,在几分钟内就召集白细胞等免疫细胞到达损伤部位,这一过程需要牺牲肺组织的完整性:在穿过血管内皮后,为了到达肺泡,白细胞只能释放大量的裂解酶来穿透细胞外基质构成的基底膜[26]。过去对干预ALI的研究往往集中在抑制炎症反应、减轻细胞受损方面,但发现抑制早期炎症反应反而导致预后不佳。近年来,肺的自我修复功能逐渐得到重视。这些修复过程包括:水肿与炎症的消散、细胞增生、组织重塑[27]。修复作用可能在损伤的初期就启动,并在后期的恢复阶段发挥重要作用。故一味地早期拮抗炎症反应来阻止损伤作用,可能极大地妨碍了后期修复过程。目前,对促进ALI时肺自我修复过程的研究不断增多。

(三) MMP家族与急性肺损伤

MMP家族在多种器官组织及细胞的生理、病理过程中发挥作用,尤其是在肺组织中,从气管、支气管、肺泡发育到急性、慢性多种肺疾病,MMP家族与TIMP均参与其中[28]。MMP-1、2、3、7、8、9、12、13均被显示与急性肺损伤有关,其中对MMP-1、2、3、8、9的研究较多。

(四) MMP-8在急性肺损伤中的表达特点

近年来研究表明MMP-8在急性肺损伤中有不同于其他MMP的独特作用。MMP-8主要降解的Ⅰ型胶原,是肺ECM的主要成分。MMP-8作用于ECM后使其通透性增高,物理屏障作用减弱,易于PMN迁移,而结合在ECM上的细胞因子与炎症介质也随胶原降解释放出来,发挥免疫调节作用,例如Ⅰ型胶原分解后产生的乙酰化三肽IL-8生物学功能相似[29]。在各种ALI中MMP-8表达均明显增高。在儿童ALI中,MMP-8与MMP-9均明显升高,但与MMP-9随着病程时间逐渐失活不同的是,MMP-8出现时间早,而且在整个疾病过程中均保持高活性,这一现象可能是在病程后期,肺泡上皮细胞、腺上皮细胞等产生的分子量较小的MMP-8异构体逐渐替代了PMN来源的MMP-8所致[11, 30, 31]。在成人ALI中,亦观察到MMP-8的表达增加[32]。脓毒症合并ARDS的患者中,LCN2, BPI, CD24, MMP-8的表达均显著增高,且MMP-8升高最为明显。同时,MMP-8的水平与患者死亡率及预后无明显相关性[30, 32, 33]

(五) MMP-8在急性肺损伤中的作用

多项研究指出MMP-8在急性肺损伤中起保护性作用[10, 34]。在通过LPS、博来霉素、高氧制造的小鼠急性肺损伤动物模型研究中发现MMP-8可以减少肺内PMN浸润,抑制炎症、减轻水肿、减轻肺损伤、降低死亡率,这一现象是通过灭活巨噬细胞炎症蛋白1α(macrophage inflammatory protein-1α,MIP-1α)而实现的,MMP-8本身并不影响PMN的趋化、迁移与外周PMN计数[7, 34, 35]。有争议的是,有研究发现MMP-8抑制剂可以减轻脓毒症损伤,敲除MMP-8基因的小鼠对LPS应答减弱,呼吸机所致的肺损伤小鼠模型中,MMP-8起促炎作用,敲除MMP-8基因或者使用MMP-8抑制剂可减轻小鼠肺水肿、改善气体交换[36~38]

MMP-8是一种多功能的蛋白分子,具有降解细胞外基质、参与肿瘤转移、调节炎症反应等多种生物学作用,其在急性肺损伤发病及修复过程中的地位逐渐得到重视,具有成为临床治疗新靶点的潜力。但MMP8在急性肺损伤中作用的具体信号通路尚不明确,其多重生物学功能尚未达成共识,有待进一步研究明确。

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