2. 730030 兰州,兰州大学第二医院 消化内科;
3. 730000 兰州,甘肃省中医药防治慢性疾病重点实验室
2. Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China;
3. Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
骨质疏松症(osteoporosis, OP)定义为以骨量降低和骨组织的微观结构破坏为特征的全身性、代谢性骨疾病,随之骨的脆性增加[1]。骨强度表现为骨密度(bone mineral density, BMD)和骨质量,骨强度的受损导致骨折的风险增加[2]。OP包括原发性OP和继发性OP,通常原发性OP发生于绝经后妇女和老年人,继发性OP多发生在具有影响骨矿物质代谢的疾病中,如炎性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)。近年来,IBD引发的OP逐渐引起关注和重视[3]。IBD影响骨代谢,并且与骨量丢失、OP和骨折风险增加相关,骨质疏松作为IBD常见的肠外表现,二者在临床上的关联性也越来越紧密。研究表明,IBD患者发生骨折的风险比一般人群高出40%,且OP在IBD患者中的发病率高达41%[4]。随着对它们共同的分子生物学机制及信号转导的深入研究发现,RANK/RANKL/OPG信号轴与OP和IBD的发病机制密切相关。本文基于RANK/RANKL/OPG轴作为OP和IBD共同的切入点,初步探讨IBD合并骨质疏松的发病机制。
RANK/RANKL/OPG信号轴RANK/RANKL/OPG信号轴,于1997年被Simonet等发现,最早主要见于骨代谢、骨质疏松等领域的研究[5]。此后,有文献报道[6],该信号轴与IBD也有很大的相关性。骨形成和骨吸收的失衡导致OP,研究表明该信号轴在平衡骨形成和骨吸收方面起着关键的调节作用[7]。核因子kB受体激活剂(RANK)、RANK配体(RANKL)和骨保护素(osteoprotegerin, OPG)组成该信号轴的三联体,均是的肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)超家族的成员[8]。RANKL能结合表达RANKL受体的破骨细胞前体,被认为是调控破骨细胞生成的关键细胞因子之一,并且在允许浓度的M-CSF存在下,能够在不存在任何其他细胞因子的情况下诱导破骨细胞形成,加快骨溶解[9-10]。研究报道RANKL/OPG比例的异常可能导致IBD患者的骨量减少,血浆中OPG和RANKL含量与BMD和当前的IBD治疗相关[11]。这表明RANK/RANKL/OPG信号通路的激活是联系OP和IBD的关键环节。
RANK/RANKL/OPG信号轴与骨质疏松的关系OP是以全身骨量降低和骨组织的微观结构破坏为特征的全身性、代谢性骨疾病。在以破骨细胞调控的骨质疏松过程中,RANKL/OPG是调节骨吸收和骨形成平衡的一个重要的杠杆。许多炎性反应细胞因子都能促进破骨细胞形成和骨吸收,但RANKL现在被认为是驱动破骨细胞生成和调节破骨细胞活性的最终下游效应细胞因子[12]。破骨细胞前体是单核细胞谱系[通常是CD14,cFms(M-CSF受体)或CD11b]和RANK的一种或多种标志物的细胞,RANKL与RANK的结合是通过启动了TNF受体相关因子和活化T细胞的核因子介导的信号转导途径,在其启动早期,破骨细胞前体分化成前破骨细胞,最终彼此融合成为成熟破骨细胞。参与破骨细胞生成的相关炎性细胞因子[如白介素-1(inter leukin, IL-1)、IL-6和TNF-α]通过上调破骨细胞前体的受体RANK和/或通过减少OPG产生从而增加其对RANKL的敏感性,导致破骨细胞活性增加,加快骨溶解,致骨质疏松。为了拮抗RANKL与RANK的结合,成骨细胞和骨间质细胞也会相应产生OPG,可竞争性的结合RANKL,从而拮抗RANKL-RANK表面相关蛋白的结合,进而降低破骨细胞的分化、成熟能力,促进破骨细胞的凋亡[13-15]。
研究表明,RANKL基因缺失或敲除的小鼠会表现为严重的骨质硬化症,类似地,OPG基因缺失或敲除的小鼠表现出严重的OP和骨溶解,这进一步阐释了该信号轴在骨质疏松过程中关键的调控作用[16-17]。在OP治疗上,有研究已证明OPG能显著改善绝经后骨质疏松症模型的小鼠骨质疏松状态和骨质量。虽然OPG还未能直接被转化用于人体骨质疏松的治疗,但人体的RANKL相关抗体已经被美国食品和药品管理局批准,用于骨折的预防和改善骨质疏松[18]。
骨质疏松和IBD的相关性IBD是影响胃肠道的慢性炎性疾病,有两种主要的临床形式:克罗恩病(Crohns disease, CD)和溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC)。IBD在西方国家发病率较高,近年研究发现在亚洲地区的发病率也有逐渐增高的趋势[19]。CD患者OP和骨质减少的发病率分别为15.8%和36.8%,而在UC中,其发病率分别为3.7%和25.9%,骨质疏松已成为IBD患者发病率较高肠外表现,而且CD患者表现更为显著[20]。多项研究证实,小肠对Ca、维生素D、维生素K等的吸收不良,炎性反应因子,糖皮质激素的使用,遗传等易感因素均参与IBD诱导OP的发生和发展[21-23]。
肠道对Ca2+、维生素D、维生素K等吸收不良肠道吸收不良是IBD患者骨质疏松发生的直接原因之一[21]。骨无机质成分主要由Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2组成,约占干骨重量的60%,Ca吸收障碍或摄入不足时,影响骨代谢,进而诱导OP的发生。Huybers等[24]研究证实,在CD的小鼠模型中,对Ca吸收的相关因子TRPV6、PMCA1b等显著下调,并且随着这些相关因子及转运基因的下调,均表现出不同程度的骨吸收。维生素D在维持骨质量和矿物质内稳态中起关键作用,被认为是一种前骨细胞合成的激素,能促进肠道对Ca吸收,对成骨细胞分化和骨基质合成有关键的调节作用。一项横断面研究显示[20">20],CD患者骨质疏松患病率为15.8%,维生素D水平缺乏或减少的发生率高达75.8%。维生素D3可以调节免疫反应,当其缺乏时,能促进炎性反应发生、发展。因此补充维生素D3和Ca2+已作为一种常规方法来预防炎性反应相关骨量丢失[25]。维生素K作为蛋白质羧化的辅助因子,可诱导γ-羧基谷氨酸残基的产生,与钙发生结合,维持BMD[26-27]。因此,当维生素K缺乏时,会导致骨矿物质密度不同程度的降低,进而导致骨质疏松。Nowak等[28]对符合诊断的63例CD患者和48例UC患者进行的横断面研究,其中CD患者维生素K缺乏症患病率为54.0%,UC为43.7%,IBD引起的营养不良和/或吸收不良可能是IBD中维生素K缺乏的原因之一。
糖皮质激素是IBD并发骨质疏松的重要因素糖皮质激素是最常用的抗炎药物之一,同时也是诱导OP发生的最常见原因,高达20%的骨质疏松患者有糖皮质激素服用史[29]。约有1.2%的美国人使用糖皮质激素治疗各种炎性反应和自身免疫性疾病,在英国,约有0.5%普通人服用糖皮质激素,而55岁以上的妇女占1.7%[30-31]。长期或大剂量使用糖皮质激素可诱导成骨细胞和骨细胞凋亡,并延长破骨细胞的寿命,这与OP的发生有很大的相关性。糖皮质激素被广泛的运用于IBD的治疗,50%IBD患者有至少5年的糖皮质激素服用史,而且20%的在任何1年内至少使用了3g泼尼松[32]。糖皮质激素通过干扰体内正常的钙代谢、减少小肠对钙的吸收、增加肾脏对钙的排泄等作用参与IBD诱导OP的发生。另外,遗传、年龄、雌激素水平、肥胖、吸烟等易感因素均参与了IBD诱导骨质疏松的发生和发展[33-34]。
RANK/RANKL/OPG信号轴与IBD并发骨质疏松的关系RANK/RANKL/OPG信号途径不仅在骨代谢中具有关键的调控作用,最近研究表明,该信号轴与肿瘤、炎性反应等的发生和发展过程也有很大的相关性[3, 35]。RANKL主要由T淋巴细胞产生,RANKL-RANK的结合、活化有助于增强T淋巴细胞和树突状细胞的活性,而OPG由树突状细胞和B淋巴细胞合成,RANKL和多种细胞因子(如TNF-α)诱导OPG的合成。反之,OPG通过中断RANK-RANKL结合从而下调T淋巴细胞和树突状细胞的活性,从而调节炎性反应[36]。与该信号轴相关的炎性因子TNF-a在炎性反应性肠病的急性期显著升高,而TNF-α又能诱导RANKL表达,促进破骨细胞的分化,从而发挥破骨细胞诱导骨丢失的作用,这可能是IBD诱发骨质疏松形成的重要原因之一[37]。TNF凋亡相关的诱导配体(TRAIL)由多种免疫细胞产生,受多种炎性细胞因子如干扰素(interferon, IFN)-α, -β和-γ的调控,而TRAIL在IBD患者中发挥重要的调控肠道免疫细胞的作用,OPG在结合RANKL和TRAIL方面具有相似的亲和力,而OPG和TRAIL结合增多导致OPG与RANKL减少,进而会致使RANK-RANKL结合增多,从而诱导破骨细胞活化,进一步诱导骨质疏松的发生[38-39]。Krela-Kaźmierczak等[40]对198例IBD并骨质疏松患者进行临床研究,发现CD患者血清中RANKL水平升高,而在UC患者中,OPG水平显著降低,而且还发现UC患者血清中较低水平的OPG相关基因c-223C与骨质疏松有极密切的相关性。与IBD相关的重要细胞因子CD4+T能产生RANKL,并能诱导破骨细胞的分化,可以潜在的诱导骨质疏松的形成[41]。
总之,RANK/RANKL/OPG信号轴不仅是研究骨质疏松和IBD的关键,且已成为治疗骨质疏松和IBD共同的切入点,靶向治疗的关键是寻找、确定与IBD和骨质疏松致病机制密切相关的靶向信号转导系统。虽然研究者对RANK/RANKL/OPG信号轴与骨质疏松和IBD相关性之间进行了大量的潜在研究。但是,该信号轴对IBD的发病机制仍然不是十分明确,使信号传导通路的分子靶向治疗IBD和骨质疏松产生双重作用。若能把RANK/RANKL/OPG信号轴作为二者共同致病的关键环节及相关指标,并围绕此关键环节进行更深入地研究,必将为骨质疏松和IBD的早期诊断和规范治疗开拓新的路径。
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| (收稿日期:2017-05-11) |

