公路交通科技  2021, Vol. 38 Issue (6): 104−111

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文章信息

叶妤文, 麦健, 张学峰
YE Yu-wen, MAI Jian, ZHANG Xue-feng
公路桥梁桩基础受竖向荷载桩侧土接触面损伤机理模型试验研究
Experimental Study on Damage Mechanism Model of Pile-soil Contact Surface of Highway Bridge Pile Foundation Subjected to Vertical Load
公路交通科技, 2021, 38(6): 104-111
Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Denelopment, 2021, 38(6): 104-111
10.3969/j.issn.1002-0268.2021.06.014

文章历史

收稿日期: 2021-01-20
公路桥梁桩基础受竖向荷载桩侧土接触面损伤机理模型试验研究
叶妤文1 , 麦健2 , 张学峰3     
1. 广东潮汕环线高速公路有限公司, 广东 广州 510000;
2. 宁夏道路运输事务中心, 宁夏 银川 750002;
3. 交通运输部公路科学研究院, 北京 100088
摘要: 我国公路桥梁建设规模巨大,桥梁基础的安全是公路桥梁安全运营的根本。钻孔灌注桩基础承载能力大、工艺成熟,是公路桥梁广泛采用的基础形式。为掌握公路桥梁桩基础受力过程安全与否,需要摸清桩基础受竖向荷载桩侧土接触面的损伤机理。首先构建桩土作用模型,在桩身任意深度处取一微分桩段由平衡条件建立桩土作用微分方程,通过大量桩基工程试桩试验和本研究进行的室内模型试验及相关研究成果给出公路桥梁钻孔灌注桩基τ-S关系曲线,开展理论分析研究了钻孔灌注桩基础受荷机理和桩土作用传递函数;然后进行桩土接触面损伤机理研究,建立了公路桥梁桩基础受竖向荷载桩侧土接触面损伤指数和损伤传递函数模型,为桩基础受竖向荷载损伤分析提供依据;再进行了25组桩-土接触面损伤模型试验,试验采用5种有代表性土样,每种土样分别模拟10,20,30,40,50 m深度工况,深入研究了公路桥梁桩基础受竖向荷载桩侧土接触面损伤机理。通过试验测试数据与本研究提出的桩土接触面损伤指数和损伤传递函数模型计算结果进行分析比较,验证了该模型的适用性和可靠性;最后对理论研究成果和模型试验研究成果进行分析,并得出初步结论供相关工程设计和研究人员参考。
关键词: 桥梁工程     损伤机理     模型试验     桩土接触面     传递函数    
Experimental Study on Damage Mechanism Model of Pile-soil Contact Surface of Highway Bridge Pile Foundation Subjected to Vertical Load
YE Yu-wen1, MAI Jian2, ZHANG Xue-feng3    
1. Guangdong Chaoshan Ring Expressway Co., Ltd., Guangzhou Guangdong 510000, China;
2. Ningxia Road Transport Affairs Center, Yinchuan Ningxia 750002, China;
3. Research Institute of Highway, Ministry of Transport, Beijing 100088, China
Abstract: The scale of highway bridge construction of China is huge, and the safety of bridge foundation is the essential of safe operation of highway bridges. The bored pile foundations have large bearing capacity and mature technology, which are widely used in highway bridges. In order to know whether the pile foundation of highway bridge is safe or not, it is necessary to find out the damage mechanism of the pile-soil contact surface of highway bridge pile foundation under the vertical load. First, a pile-soil interaction model is built. Taking a differential pile segment at any depth of the pile body, a differential equation for the pile-soil interaction is established based on equilibrium conditions. The τ-S relationship curve of the highway bridge bored pile foundation is given through a large number of pile foundation engineering pile tests, the indoor model tests carried out in this research and related research results, and the theoretical analysis is carried out to study the loading mechanism of the bored pile foundation and the pile-soil interaction transfer function. Then, the damage mechanism of the pile-soil contact surface is studied, the damage index and damage transfer function model of the pile-soil contact surface of highway bridge pile foundation under vertical load are established, which can provide a basis for the pile foundation damage analysis under vertical load. After that, 25 groups of pile-soil interface damage model tests are carried out. Five representative soil samples are used in the tests, each soil sample is used to simulate the working conditions of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 m respectively, and the mechanism of pile-soil interface damage under vertical load is deeply studied. The test data are analyzed and compared with the calculation result of the proposed pile-soil contact surface damage index and damage transfer function model, and the applicability and reliability of the model are verified. Finally, the theoretical research result and model experimental research result are analyzed, and preliminary conclusions are drawn for reference of related engineering designer and researchers.
Key words: bridge engineering     damage mechanism     model test     pile-soil contact surface     transfer function    
0 引言

改革开放以来,我国经济实现跨越式发展,基础设施发展迅速,截止2020年底,我国公路桥梁数量91.28万座,由于钻孔灌注桩基础具有施工工艺成熟、质量可靠、承载能力大等优越性,在桥梁工程中被广泛采用[1-2]。桥梁基础是否安全关系到整个桥梁结构能否安全工作,桩基础与土体相互作用对桥梁极限状态具有重要影响,在设计中需要考虑[3-6]。对于摩擦桩其桩侧摩阻力是桩基传递荷载的主要途径,桩体的失效模式往往表现为位移失效[7-8]。本研究旨在研究钻孔灌注桩基础受竖向荷载桩侧与土体接触面损伤机理。

调研分析表明国内外关于桩土接触面损伤方面研究成果不多[9-11]。张嘎等通过室内模型试验对桩-粗粒砂土基接触面损伤分析模型进行研究,并提出了桩-粗粒砂土接触面损伤指数,并经过模型试验数据验证了模型的可靠性[12]。此项成果中损伤指数适用范围比较狭窄,且损伤指数采用土体剪切应变作为损伤指标,该指标在实际工程应用中量测困难,不便于工程应用。本研究目的是通过桩土作用理论分析推导出桩土传递函数,掌握钻孔灌注桩基础桩土损伤机理,在此基础上建立钻孔灌注桩基础桩土损伤指数和损伤传递函数。

1 理论分析

桩基在竖向荷载作用下桩基受到轴向荷载发生压缩变形,桩土接触面发生相对剪切变形导致相应土体变形受力对桩体产生向上的阻力,即桩基摩阻力。研究桩土接触面损伤机理要分析清楚竖向荷载作用下桩土间荷载的传递路径及相互关系[13-15]

为研究钻孔灌注桩基础桩土荷载传递关系,在桩身任意深度处取一微分桩段见(图 1),由平衡条件可得[7]

(1)
(2)
图 1 桩土作用示图 Fig. 1 Pile-soil interaction diagram

式中,τ(z)为桩侧土体深度z处提供的侧摩阻力Q(z) 为桩体深度z处截面轴向力;U为桩基周长。

若加于桩顶的荷载为Q0,则深度Z处桩身轴力Q(z)为:

(3)

桩微分段产生的弹性变形dS(z)为:

(4)

将式(4)变形后,可得:

(5)

式中,A为桩基横截面面积;E为桩基混凝土弹性模量。

由式(5)和式(2)得到:

(6)

式(6)为钻孔灌注桩基础桩土作用微分方程,该微分方程是反映桩土接触面侧摩阻力与剪切变形量之间的函数关系,该方程只有确立τ-S的关系曲线才能进行求解[16-17]。通过本研究进行的室内模型试验和大量桩基工程试桩试验及相关研究成果表明钻孔灌注桩基础桩土接触面τ-S关系呈现双曲线关系[18]τ-S关系曲线见图 2

图 2 τ-S关系曲线 Fig. 2 τ-S relationship curve

τ-S关系曲线关系式为:

(7)

式中,τ为钻孔灌注桩桩土间侧摩阻力;S为桩土接触面相对变形量; ab为双曲线模型常数。

取桩土接触面相对变形S趋于无限大时,桩土接触面达到极限侧摩阻力τm

(8)

取桩土接触面相对变形S趋于0时:

(9)

假定τ-S关系曲线中原点处的斜率为,式(7)变为:

(10)
2 损伤指数

钻孔灌注桩在上部结构传递竖向荷载下,桩身发生压缩变形,由于钻孔灌注桩基础桩侧土体与桩身紧密接触,桩侧土体也受到向下的摩擦力,产生剪切变形,对桩基产生向上的摩阻力,当竖向荷载逐渐加大时,桩侧摩阻力也逐渐增大;当竖向荷载达到一定值时,部分土层土体摩阻力达到极限,不再增加;当竖向荷载继续增加,桩顶位移快速增加,此时对于竖向荷载即为桩基极限承载力[19]

由以上分析可知,桩侧土体提供的桩侧摩阻力大小跟桩土相对位移量有关,桩土相对位移量增大,则土体提供的桩侧摩阻力就增大,当桩土相对位移量增大到一定值之后,桩侧摩阻力不再增加。因此桩土接触面损伤与桩土相对位移量相关,可将桩土相对位移量作为桩土接触面损伤指标,建立损伤指数如下:

(11)

式中,S(z)为桩土接触面相对滑移量;Scu(z)为桩侧土体极限滑移量,0≤D(z)≤1, D(z)=0表示接触面没有损伤,D(z)=1表示接触面破坏。由式(10)和(11)得桩侧土损伤传递函数模型为:

(12)

式中S0为桩顶位移。

3 模型试验 3.1 试验方案

为掌握钻孔灌注桩基础桩土接触面损伤机理,本研究开展了25组桩-土接触剪切模型试验,试验采用5种有代表性土样进行桩土接触面损伤试验,采用竖向应力等效模拟不同深度土体,每种土体分别模拟10,20,30,40,50 m深度工况,试验加载照片见图 2。桩土接触面试验剪切盒有两个盒体容器组成,分别是桩体盒和土体盒,容器净截面为20 cm×20 cm,容器采用厚度为4 cm的钢板制作而成,两盒体接触面用为3 mm的高强四氟板,容器如图 3所示。

图 3 桩-土摩擦损伤机理试验总体布置 Fig. 3 Pile-soil friction damage mechanism test overall arrangement

3.2 试验结果分析

(1) 桩-土接触面τ-S测试结果

各种土体桩-土接触面损伤模型试验各工况测试τ-S曲线见图 5。从图中可以看出:①各土体极限摩阻力随土体深度增加而增大;②土体摩阻力发挥随桩土相对位移增加而加大,当相对位移达到一定量时,相对位移增加桩土摩阻力不再增大,此时对应的摩阻力即为桩土极限摩阻力;③桩-土接触面曲线呈双曲线形态。

图 4 桩土接触面试验剪切盒 Fig. 4 Shear box for pile-soil interface test

图 5 各工况测试τ-S曲线 Fig. 5 τ-S curves in test under different conditions

(2) 桩土接触面损伤指数结果分析

根据各种土体桩-土接触面损伤模型试验各工况测试数据和式(12)得出各土体桩土接触面D-S曲线见图 6,从图中可以看出:①各土体不同深度工况接触面D-S曲线形状相似;②土体损伤指数随桩土相对位移量S增加而变大,当S达到一定量值时D=1,表示接触面破坏;③在桩土相对位移量相等时,损伤指数随深度增加减小。

图 6 各工况D-S测试曲线 Fig. 6 D-S curves in test under different conditions

(3) 桩土接触面传递函数模型试验验证

根据桩侧土接触面传递函数模型计算出各种土体(级配良好砂土、级配不良砂土、亚黏土、黏性土、亚砂土)各深度工况桩-土接触面τ-S关系曲线,各模型试验实测值与模型计算值结果如图 7~图 11所示。

图 7 级配良好砂土实测数据与模型计算结果比较 Fig. 7 Comparison of measured data of well-graded sand and calculation result of model

图 8 级配不良砂土实测数据与模型计算结果比较 Fig. 8 Comparison of measured data of poor-graded sand and calculation result of model

图 9 亚黏土实测数据与模型计算结果比较 Fig. 9 Comparison of measured data of loam and calculation result of model

图 10 黏性土实测数据与模型计算结果比较 Fig. 10 Comparison of measured data of cohesive soil and calculation result of model

图 11 亚砂土实测数据与模型计算结果比较 Fig. 11 Comparison of measured data of sub-sand soil and calculation result of model

从以上各种土样各工况实测数据与桩侧土接触面模型计算结果对比图中可以看出桩侧土接触面传递函数模型计算值与实测值基本相符,验证了本研究提出模型是适用和可靠的。

4 结论

由理论分析及桩侧土接触面损伤机理模型试验结果分析,得出结论如下:

(1) 模型试验表明土体所处深度对桩土接触面侧摩阻力影响较大,从测试结果来看,桩土接触面侧摩阻力与土体深度成正比。

(2) 大量模型试验测试结果表明桩土接触损伤与桩土相对滑移量正相关,当相对滑移量达到一定值时,接触面破坏。

(3) 本研究提出的损伤指数模型能够很好地反映桩土接触面的损伤程度,与模型试验结果吻合。

(4) 从模型试验结果来看,不同桩侧土体的损伤变形过程是不一样的,且同一土体不同深度其损伤变形也是不同的,因此工程计算分析中应考虑不同土层协调变形和桩侧土体深度效应。

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