国际神经病学神经外科学杂志  2019, Vol. 46 Issue (3): 263-267  DOI: 10.16636/j.cnki.jinn.2019.03.007

扩展功能

文章信息

夏禹, 尹文文, 余先锋, 黄超娟, 张伟, 李琳琳, 孙中武
XIA Yu, YIN Wen-Wen, YU Xian-Feng, HUANG Chao-Juan, ZHANG Wei, LI Lin-Lin, SUN Zhong-Wu
轻型缺血性脑卒中患者脑动脉狭窄及其相关因素
Cerebral artery stenosis in patients with minor ischemic stroke and its related factors
国际神经病学神经外科学杂志, 2019, 46(3): 263-267
Journal of International Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2019, 46(3): 263-267

文章历史

收稿日期: 2018-11-16
修回日期: 2019-05-14
轻型缺血性脑卒中患者脑动脉狭窄及其相关因素
夏禹 , 尹文文 , 余先锋 , 黄超娟 , 张伟 , 李琳琳 , 孙中武     
安徽医科大学第一附属医院神经内科, 安徽省合肥市 230022
摘要目的 探讨轻型缺血性脑卒中(MIS)患者脑动脉狭窄(CAS)及其相关因素。方法 选取2015年1月至2018年7月安徽医科大学第一附属医院神经内科住院的402例急性MIS患者(NIHSS评分≤ 5分)作为研究对象,急性期即行国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)、卒中预测工具Ⅱ(SPI-Ⅱ)评分,调查血管危险因素,并通过头颈计算机断层扫描动脉造影(CTA)检测CAS情况,按动脉狭窄部位和程度将其分为颅内和/或颅外动脉狭窄,轻度、中度、重度狭窄或闭塞,按照年龄分为青年组(≤ 44岁)、中年组(45~59岁)、老年组(>59岁),对MIS伴CAS的血管危险因素进行统计学分析,并对SPI-Ⅱ评分与CAS程度进行相关分析。结果 402例MIS中331例存在CAS(82.34%)。颅内狭窄141例(42.60%),颅外狭窄77例(23.26%),颅﹣内外狭窄113例(34.14%);轻度狭窄111例(33.53%),中度狭窄63例(19.03%),重度狭窄或闭塞157例(47.43%)。青年组CAS 25例(7.55%),中年组CAS 107例(32.33%),老年组CAS 199例(60.12%);中老年组颅内CAS 233例,青年组颅内CAS 21例。有无CAS两组血管危险因素的单因素Logistic回归分析发现,CAS组年龄、糖尿病史、高脂血症史、高同型半胱氨酸血症、收缩压、D-二聚体显著升高,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析发现,CAS组年龄、糖尿病史、高脂血症史、高同型半胱氨酸血症、D-二聚体显著升高,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇显著降低,差异有统计学意义[OR=1.053,95%CI(1.027-1.079),P < 0.001;OR=2.418,95%CI(1.107-5.284),P=0.027;OR=2.289,95%CI(1.204-4.353),P=0.012;OR=2.071,95%CI(1.129-3.796),P=0.019;OR=3.446,95%CI(1.243-9.554),P=0.017;OR=0.358,95%CI(0.136-0.942),P=0.037]。中老年组颅内动脉狭窄所占比例显著高于青年组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.261,P=0.039)。SPI-Ⅱ评分与CAS程度有显著正相关(rs=0.108,P=0.031)。结论 80%以上MIS患者存在CAS,以颅内血管狭窄为主;各年龄组CAS分布不同,以中老年组颅内动脉狭窄为主。MIS患者CAS危险因素除了年龄、血压、血糖、血脂外,同型半胱氨酸和D-二聚体亦值得关注。SPI-Ⅱ评分可能对预测MIS患者CAS有重要价值。
关键词轻型缺血性脑卒中    脑动脉狭窄    因素    
Cerebral artery stenosis in patients with minor ischemic stroke and its related factors
XIA Yu , YIN Wen-Wen , YU Xian-Feng , HUANG Chao-Juan , ZHANG Wei , LI Lin-Lin , SUN Zhong-Wu     
Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate cerebral artery stenosis (CAS) in patients with minor ischemic stroke (MIS) and its related factors. Methods A total of 402 patients with acute MIS (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale[NIHSS] ≤ 5) who were hospitalized in the Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, from January 2015 to July 2018 were selected as study subjects. NIHSS and Stroke Prognosis Instrument Ⅱ (SPI-Ⅱ) scores were evaluated for the patients in acute phase to investigate vascular risk factors, and the CAS condition was evaluated by head and neck computed tomography angiography. The patients were divided into intracranial and/or extracranial artery stenosis groups as well as mild, moderate, and severe stenosis or occlusion groups, according to the location and degree of arterial stenosis, and were divided into young (≤ 44 years), middle-aged (45-59 years), and elderly (>59 years) groups according to the age. A statistical analysis was performed on vascular risk factors for patients with MIS and CAS, and a correlation analysis was performed on the association between SPI-Ⅱ score and CAS degree. Results CAS was found in 331 (82.34%) out of 402 cases of MIS. Intracranial, extracranial, and intra-and extracranial stenosis were present in 141 cases (42.60%), 77 cases (23.26%), and 113 cases (34.14%), respectively; mild, moderate, and severe stenosis or occlusion was present in 111 cases (33.53%), 63 cases (19.03%), and 157 cases (47.43%), respectively. The young, middle-aged, and elderly groups had 25 cases (7.55%), 107 cases (32.33%), and 199 cases (60.12%) of CAS, respectively; the middle-aged and elderly groups together had 233 cases of intracranial CAS, and the young group had 21 cases of intracranial CAS. A univariate logistic regression analysis based on presence or absence of vascular risk factors for CAS in either group revealed significantly increased age, proportion of patients with a history of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, or hyperhomocysteinemia, systolic blood pressure, and D-dimer level, but significantly reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level in the CAS group (P < 0.05). A multivariate logistic regression analysis showed significantly increased age, proportion of patients with a history of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, or hyperhomocysteinemia, and D-dimer level, but significantly reduced HDL-C level in the CAS group (odds ratio[OR]=1.053, 95% confidence interval[CI]:1.027-1.079, P < 0.001; OR=2.418, 95%CI:1.107-5.284, P=0.027; OR=2.289, 95%CI:1.204-4.353, P=0.012; OR=2.071, 95%CI:1.129-3.796, P=0.019; OR=3.446, 95%CI:1.243-9.554, P=0.017; OR=0.358, 95%CI:0.136-0.942, P=0.037). The proportion of patients with intracranial artery stenosis was significantly higher in the middle-aged and elderly groups than in the young group (χ2=4.261, P=0.039). There was a significantly positive correlation between SPI-Ⅱ score and CAS degree (rs=0.108, P=0.031). Conclusions More than 80% of patients with MIS have CAS (mainly intracranial stenosis); the CAS distribution varies between different age groups, with intracranial artery stenosis as the dominant type identified in the middle-aged and elderly groups. In addition to indices such as age, blood pressure, blood glucose, and blood lipids, homocysteine and D-dimer are also noteworthy risk factors for CAS in patients with MIS. SPI-Ⅱ score may be of great value in predicting CAS in patients with MIS.
Key words: minor ischemic stroke    cerebral artery stenosis    factor    

轻型缺血性脑卒中(minor ischemic stroke, MIS)是指症状轻微,仅表现为轻度神经功能缺损的缺血性卒中患者[1]。丹麦的一项前瞻性队列研究[2]表明,MIS或短暂性脑缺血发作(transient ischemic attack, TIA)是最常见的缺血性脑动脉疾病,MIS所占比例高达35%。在中国,每3个急性缺血性脑血管病患者中,就有1人是MIS[3]。研究[4, 5]表明,MIS发病7 d、1月后卒中复发率高达12%、15%,且多种血管因素与MIS或TIA的复发显著相关,尤其与脑动脉狭窄(Cerebral Arterial Stenosis, CAS)密切相关。Sato等[6]认为颅/内外血管狭窄或闭塞可能是MIS预后不良的独立危险因素。此外,卒中预测工具II(Stroke Prognostic Instrument II, SPI-II)评分量表广泛用于TIA复发预测,但国内外尚缺乏其预测MIS患者CAS的研究。因此,本文旨在全面评估MIS患者CAS及其相关因素,为进一步干预危险因素,预防MIS复发提供依据。

1 对象和方法 1.1 研究对象

选取2015年1月至2018年7月安徽医科大学第一附属医院神经内科住院的402例急性MIS患者,其中男性286例,女性116例,年龄22~86岁,平均年龄(58.38±11.30)岁。国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, NIHSS)0分48例,1分78例,2分94例,3分66例,4分67例,5分49例,平均分数(2.43±1.55)分。高血压病247例,糖尿病104例,高脂血症163例,高同型半胱氨酸血症167例,房颤史9例,吸烟史106例。MIS诊断符合2016年中国卒中学会指南编写组制定的《高危非致残性缺血性脑动脉事件诊疗指南》中的诊断标准:NIHSS≤5分[7]。排除标准:①出血性脑血管疾病;②进展性卒中;③心、肺、肝、肾等系统严重受损疾病;④对造影剂过敏不宜行头颈计算机断层扫描动脉造影(computed tomography angiography, CTA)检查。

1.2 研究方法 1.2.1 SPI-II评分

患者入院后即按照SPI-II评分规则进行评分,内容包括年龄、重度高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、充血性心衰、既往卒中、卒中,根据评分分为低危组(0~3分)、中危组(4~7分)、高危组(8~15分)[8]

1.2.2 血管危险因素调查

记录相关的血管危险因素,包括性别、年龄、高血压史、糖尿病史、高脂血症、高同型半胱氨酸血症、房颤史、吸烟史;测量收缩压(systolic blood pressure, SBP)、舒张压(diastolic blood pressure, DBP);实验室检测空腹血糖(blood sugar, BS)、甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C)、极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, VLDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL)、尿酸(uric acid, UA)、超敏C反应蛋白(hypersensitive C-reaction protein, CRP)、同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine, HCY)、D-二聚体(D-dimer, D-D)。

1.2.3 颅内外动脉狭窄判定标准

入院后即行头颈CTA检测,根据CTA结果将MIS伴CAS分为颅内和/或颅外动脉狭窄,颅内动脉包括颈内动脉颅内段、大脑前动脉、大脑中动脉、大脑后动脉、椎动脉颅内段、基底动脉;颅外动脉包括颈内动脉颅外段、椎动脉颅外段、颈总动脉。血管狭窄率计算按照北美症状性颈内动脉内膜剥脱试验法(NASCET),血管狭窄率=(狭窄远端正常血管直径-狭窄段最窄直径)/狭窄远端最短正常直径×100%。血管狭窄率≤49%为轻度狭窄,50%~69%是中度狭窄,70%~99%是重度狭窄。0为无狭窄,100%为完全闭塞。如果在统计过程中出现两处及以上动脉血管的狭窄,则取狭窄率最高者[9]

1.3 统计学分析

采用SPSS17.0软件进行统计学分析,计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,计数资料用百分数表示。定性资料采用χ2检验。采用二元Logistic回归模型对变量进行单因素及多因素分析,双向有序属性不同资料采用Spearman相关分析。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 MIS患者CAS情况

例MIS中331例存在CAS(82.34%)。颅内狭窄141例(42.60%),颅外狭窄77例(23.26%),颅内外狭窄113例(34.14%);轻度狭窄111例(33.53%),中度狭窄63例(19.03%),重度狭窄或闭塞157例(47.43%)。青年组CAS 25例(7.55%),中年组CAS 107例(32.33%),老年组CAS 199例(60.12%),中老年组颅内CAS 233例,青年组颅内CAS 21例。

2.2 无CAS组与CAS组血管危险因素的单因素Logistic回归分析

与无CAS组相比,CAS组在性别、高血压史、房颤史、吸烟史,DBP,BS、TG、TC、LDL-C、VLDL-C、UA、hs-CRP、HCY上差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与无CAS组相比,CAS组在年龄、糖尿病史、高脂血症史、高同型半胱氨酸、收缩压、D-二聚体显著升高,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇上差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表 1

表 1 单因素Logistic回归分析
因素 OR 95%CI P
男/女(例) 0.610 0.329~1.129 0.116
年龄(岁) 1.056 1.032~1.081 < 0.001
高血压史(例) 1.595 0.951~2.673 0.077
糖尿病史(例) 2.773 1.325~5.804 0.007
高脂血症史(例) 2.746 1.511~4.991 0.001
高同型半胱氨酸(例) 1.736 1.004~3.003 0.048
房颤史(例) 0.418 0.102~1.715 0.226
吸烟史(例) 1.284 0.700~2.356 0.420
SBP (mmHg) 1.017 1.003~1.030 0.016
DBP (mmHg) 0.994 0.975~1.012 0.510
BS (mmol/L) 1.115 0.978~1.271 0.102
TG (mmol/L) 1.303 0.958~1.773 0.092
TC (mmol/L) 0.898 0.749~1.076 0.244
LDL-C (mmol/L) 0.890 0.703~1.128 0.336
VLDL-C (mmol/L) 1.054 0.790~1.406 0.721
HDL-C (mmol/L) 0.311 0.134~0.724 0.007
UA (μmol/L) 1.000 0.997~1.002 0.876
hs-CRP (mg/L) 1.010 0.980~1.041 0.530
HCY (umol/L) 1.000 0.970~1.030 0.987
D-D (μg/ ml) 3.694 1.227~11.117 0.020
2.3 血管危险因素的多因素Logistic回归分析

CAS组年龄、糖尿病史、高脂血症史、高同型半胱氨酸血症、D-二聚体显著升高,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表 2

表 2 多因素Logistic回归分析
因素 回归系数 OR 95%CI P
年龄 0.051 1.053 1.027~1.079 < 0.001
糖尿病史 0.883 2.418 1.107~5.284 0.027
高脂血症史 0.828 2.289 1.204~4.353 0.012
高同型半胱氨酸 0.728 2.071 1.129~3.796 0.019
SBP 0.010 1.010 0.996~1.025 0.146
HDL-C -1.028 0.358 0.136~0.942 0.037
D-D 1.237 3.446 1.243~9.554 0.017
2.4 SPI-II评分与CAS程度的Spearman相关分析

SPI-II评分与CAS程度有显著正相关,这提示随着SPI-II评分危险等级的上升,发生CAS的程度越重。见表 3

表 3 SPI-II评分与CAS程度的关系
SPI-II评分 例数 CAS程度
正常 轻度 中度 重度或闭塞
低危组 164 40 40 23 61
中危组 192 30 57 30 75
高危组 46 1 14 10 21
rs 0.108
P 0.031
3 讨论

研究表明[10, 11],MIS在90 d内卒中复发风险为10%~19%(平均15%),急性缺血性卒中90 d内复发风险为2%~7%(平均5%),显著低于MIS,相对而言MIS是亟待治疗的急症。MIS早期神经功能恶化可能与持续低灌注状态的缺血半暗带有关,提示CAS导致不能建立有效的侧支循环进而引起持续的缺血缺氧,最终导致MIS患者不良结局的发生[12]。本研究发现402例MIS中331例存在CAS(82.34%)。颅内狭窄141例(42.60%),颅外狭窄77例(23.26%),颅-内外狭窄113例(34.14%);轻度狭窄111例(33.53%),中度狭窄63例(19.03%),重度狭窄或闭塞157例(47.43%)。青年组CAS25例(7.55%),中年组CAS107例(32.33%),老年组CAS 199例(60.12%),中老年组颅内CAS 233例,青年组颅内CAS 21例。这提示MIS患者广泛存在CAS,且中老年患者颅内CAS更值得关注。

Mannu等[13]认为年龄与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的形成呈正相关,是颈动脉狭窄的危险因素,特别是老年患者。我们发现高龄是MIS患者发生CAS的独立危险因素,故中老年MIS患者是血管筛查的主要对象。Kim等[14]报道称,高血压与颅内动脉狭窄明显相关。脑血管的供应主要依赖于收缩压,收缩压升高与脑动脉粥样硬化密切相关。我们发现收缩压升高与MIS患者CAS密切相关,而与舒张压无关,所以更应关注MIS的收缩压,但应避免过度降压导致低灌注损伤,可遵循3G血压管理理念(平缓、晨起、长期达标)。Moustafa等[15]和Mazighi等[16]认为,糖尿病、高脂血症是CAS的独立危险因素。Sacco等[17]发现,HDL-C对老年缺血性卒中有保护作用,HDL-C越高,发生脑血管狭窄可能性越小。这与我们的研究结果基本一致。目前,HCY是公认的血管性疾病的危险因素,HCY水平与颈动脉内膜中层厚度及斑块形成相关,但其与MIS患者CAS的关系尚不清楚。我们的研究发现,高HCY血症是MIS患者CAS的独立危险因素。HCY可能是通过以下4个机制促进CAS形成:①损伤血管内皮细胞;②损害血管平滑肌细胞;③影响凝血和纤溶系统;④与血脂的协同作用[18]。因此,对于MIS患者,需高度重视高HCY血症,及时治疗,预防CAS形成。D-二聚体是交联纤维蛋白降解后的特征性产物,凝血酶、凝血因子XII、纤溶酶参与其中,是血栓形成和纤溶亢进的分子标志物。D-二聚体亦可促进局部炎症细胞释放某些细胞因子(如IL-1),促进动脉粥样硬化及斑块形成。脑梗死早期脑血管内皮细胞受损、纤溶活性降低、血小板活化,进而导致血流速度减慢、血管官腔狭窄甚至闭塞,凝血功能增强同时合并纤溶亢进,导致大量纤溶酶出现,交联纤维蛋白被降解,产生大量D-二聚体[19, 20]。这说明D-二聚体的增高可能提示血管狭窄的存在。本研究没有发现性别、高血压史、房颤史、吸烟史,DBP,BS、TG、TC、LDL-C、VLDL-C、UA、hs-CRP、HCY导致CAS,这可能是因为患者既往病史记录的精确度不够,如对于多数患者,我们仅记录吸烟与否,未全面深入了解患者戒烟情况及每日吸烟支数等,这需要进一步的挖掘。

SPI-II评分广泛应用于TIA复发风险预测。本研究首次探讨了MIS患者SPI-II评分与CAS程度的关系。结果表明,SPI-II评分与CAS程度有显著正相关,随着SPI-II评分危险等级的上升,CAS程度越重。SPI-II评分预测价值可能体现在:①SPI-II包括年龄、重度高血压、糖尿病、既往卒中四项血管狭窄危险因素;②冠心病、充血性心衰的存在使心脏输出量减低,脑部供血不足,从而损伤脑血管内皮细胞、引起血小板聚集、血栓形成,最终导致官腔狭窄或堵塞;③急性卒中可能提示CAS形成。SPI-II评分量表是一个简便、实用的临床量表,便于临床医生初步快速判断MIS患者CAS情况,及时进行早期干预。

综上所述,MIS患者广泛存在CAS,以颅内狭窄为主;各年龄组CAS分布不同,以中老年组颅内动脉狭窄为主。MIS患者CAS危险因素除了传统的年龄、血压、血糖、血脂外,同型半胱氨酸和D-二聚体亦值得关注。SPI-II评分可能对预测MIS患者CAS有重要价值,这为进一步干预危险因素,预防卒中复发,减少致残提供依据。

参考文献
[1]
Fischer U, Baumgartner A, Arnold M, et al. What is a minor stroke?[J]. Stroke, 2010, 41(4): 661-666. DOI:10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.572883
[2]
Von Weitzel-Mudersbach P, Andersen G, Hundborg HH, et al. Transient ischemic attack and minor stroke are the most common manifestations of acute cerebrovascular disease:a prospective, population-based study——the Aarhus TIA study[J]. Neuroepidemiology, 2013, 40(1): 50-55. DOI:10.1159/000341696
[3]
Ju Y, Zhao XQ, Wang CX, et al. Neurological deterioration in the acute phase of minor ischemic stroke is an independent prediction of poor outcomes at 1 year:results from the China National Stroke Registry(CNSR)[J]. Chin Med J (Engl), 2013, 126(18): 3411-3416.
[4]
Coull A, Lovett JK, Rothwell PM, et al. Population based study of early risk of stroke after transient ischemic atack or minor stroke:implications for public education and organisation of services[J]. BMJ, 2004, 328(7435): 326. DOI:10.1136/bmj.37991.635266.44
[5]
Ois A, Gomism M, Rodriguez-Campello A, et al. Factors Associated with a High Risk of Recurrence in Patients with Transient Ischemic Attack or Minor stroke[J]. Stroke, 2008, 39(6): 1717-1721. DOI:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.505438
[6]
Sato S, Uehara T, Ohara T, et al. Factors associated with unfavorable outcome in minor ischemic stroke[J]. Neurology, 2014, 83(2): 174-181.
[7]
中国卒中学会指南编写组. 高危非致残性缺血性脑动脉事件诊疗指南[J]. 中国卒中杂志, 2016, 11(6): 481-491. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5765.2016.06.011
[8]
中华医学会神经病学分会, 中华医学会神经病学分会脑血管病学组. 中国缺血性脑卒中风险评估量表使用专家共识[J]. 中华神经科杂志, 2016, 49(7): 519-525. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1006-7876.2016.07.003
[9]
Ferguson GG, Eliasziw M, Barr HW, et al. The North American Symptomatic Carotid EndarterectomyTrial:surgical results in 1415 patients[J]. Stroke, 1999, 30(9): 1751-1758. DOI:10.1161/01.STR.30.9.1751
[10]
Epstein FH, Boas EP. The prevalence of manifest atherosclerosis among randomly chosen italian and jewish garment workers; a preliminary report[J]. J Gerontol, 1955, 10(3): 331-337. DOI:10.1093/geronj/10.3.331
[11]
Dawn K, Peter P, Arthur P, et al. Incidence and short-term prognosis of transient ischemic attack in a population-based study[J]. Stroke, 2005, 36(4): 720-723. DOI:10.1161/01.STR.0000158917.59233.b7
[12]
Eggers CCJ, Bocksrucker C, Seyfang L, et al. The efficacy of thrombolysis in lacunar stroke-evidence from the austrian stroke unit registry[J]. Eur J Neurol, 2017, 24(6): 780-787. DOI:10.1111/ene.13288
[13]
Mannu GS, Kyu MM, Bettencourt-Silva JH, et al. Age but not ABCD(2) score predicts any level of carotid stenosis in either symptomatic or asymptomatic side in transient ischaemic attack[J]. Int J Clin Prac, 2015, 69(9): 948-956. DOI:10.1111/ijcp.2015.69.issue-9
[14]
Kim DE, Lee KB, Jang IM, et al. Association of cigarette smoking with intracranial atherosclerosis in the patients with acute ischemic stroke[J]. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 2012, 114(9): 1243-1247. DOI:10.1016/j.clineuro.2012.03.012
[15]
Moustafa RR, Izquierdo-garcia D, Jones PS, et al. Watershed infarcts in transient ischemic attack/minor stroke with >or=50% carotid stenosis:hemodynamic or embolic?[J]. Stroke, 2010, 41(7): 1410-1416. DOI:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.580415
[16]
Mazighi M, Tanasescu R, Ducrocq X, et al. Prospective study of symptomatic atherothrombotic intracranial stenoses:the GESICA study[J]. Neurology, 2006, 66(8): 1187-1191. DOI:10.1212/01.wnl.0000208404.94585.b2
[17]
Sacco RL, Benson RT, Kargman DE, et al. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and ischemic stroke in the elderly:the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study[J]. JAMA, 2001, 285(21): 2729-2735. DOI:10.1001/jama.285.21.2729
[18]
Li Y, Yin HJ. Study on the relationship between plasma homocysteine, high-sensitivity rotic plaque[J]. Med Inf, 2014, 27(8): 197-198.
[19]
Marci M, Lozzi A, Miconi R, et al. D-dimer assays in patients with carotid atherosclerosis in clinical practice[J]. Min Cardioangiol, 2000, 48(4-5): 97-102.
[20]
Krupinski J, Catena E, Miguel M, et al. D-dimer local expression is increased in symptomatic patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy[J]. Int J Cardiol, 2007, 116(2): 174-179. DOI:10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.02.014