国际神经病学神经外科学杂志  2016, Vol. 43 Issue (3): 224-228

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王龙, 王复郁, 赵学敏, 袁肖征, 余勇
WANG Long, WANG Fu-Yu, ZHAO Xue-Min, YUAN Xiao-Zheng, YU Yong
自发性脑出血患者血清YKL-40动态变化与预后关系研究
Relationship between dynamic change of serum YKL-40 and prognosis in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage
国际神经病学神经外科学杂志, 2016, 43(3): 224-228
Journal of International Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2016, 43(3): 224-228

文章历史

收稿日期: 2016-01-11
修回日期: 2016-05-22
自发性脑出血患者血清YKL-40动态变化与预后关系研究
王龙1, 王复郁2, 赵学敏1, 袁肖征1, 余勇1     
1. 皖北煤电集团总医院/蚌埠医学院第三附属医院神经内科, 安徽省宿州市 234000;
2. 皖北煤电集团总医院/蚌埠医学院第三附属医院药剂科, 安徽省宿州市 234000
摘要: 目的 观察自发性脑出血(ICH)患者血清YKL-40水平与脑出血量、神经功能损伤的关系,分析影响ICH患者预后的危险因素。 方法 选择自发性基底节区脑出血患者100例作为实验组,根据神经损伤程度进一步分为轻度损伤30例,中度损伤46例,重度损伤24例,以及根据脑出血量分为小量出血(<10 ml)35例,中量出血46例(10~30 ml),大量出血19例(>30 ml),另选择同期门诊健康体检者50例作为对照组,分别检测患者第1、3、7和14天血清YKL-40水平。3月后通过mRS评分评价患者预后情况,采用多因素Logistic回归方法分析影响患者预后的独立危险因素。 结果 实验组患者YKL-40水平明显高于对照组(P<0.001)。小量出血、中量出血、大量出血患者的血清YKL-40水平均在7天内逐渐升高,且在第7天达到最大值,随后逐渐下降(P<0.05)。重度神经损伤患者的血清YKL-40水平明显高于中度、轻度损伤患者(P<0.05)。3月时预后良好组为54例,预后不良组为32例。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、入院时NIHSS评分、出血破入脑室、YKL-40是影响自发性脑出血患者预后的独立危险因素。 结论 自发性脑出血患者的血清YKL-40水平与患者的脑出血量及神经功能损伤程度存在相关性,可为自发性脑出血患者临床诊疗及预后判断提供依据。
关键词自发性脑出血     基底节区     YKL-40     神经损伤     预后    
Relationship between dynamic change of serum YKL-40 and prognosis in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage
WANG Long, WANG Fu-Yu, ZHAO Xue-Min, YUAN Xiao-Zheng, YU Yong     
Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Wanbei Coal and Electricity Group, Suzhou 234000, Anhui, China
Abstract: Objective To examine the relationship between serum YKL-40 level and cerebral hemorrhage volume and nerve function damage, and to identify the risk factors that influence the prognosis of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) patients. Methods Patients with cerebral hemorrhage in the basal ganglia region (100 cases) were assigned to the test group. Based on the degree of nerve injury, patients were further divided into the mild injury group (n=30), moderate injury group (n=46), and severe injury group (n=24). In addition, patients were also divided into mild (<10 ml) hemorrhage (n=35), moderate (10-30 ml) hemorrhage (n=46), and severe (>30 ml) hemorrhage (n=19) groups according to the volume of cerebral hemorrhage. Meanwhile, 50 healthy individuals who underwent physical examination during the same period of time were selected as the control group in this study. Serum YKL-40 levels were measured on days 1, 3, 7, and 14 post-admission, and the prognosis of patients was evaluated using the modified Rankin Scale at 3 months post-admission. Independent risk factors that affect prognosis were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. Results Serum YKL-40 levels were significantly higher in the test group than in the control group (P<0.001). Serum YKL-40 levels in the mild, moderate, and severe hemorrhage groups were increased gradually in the first 7 days, reaching a peak on day 7, and then decreased gradually (P<0.05). In addition, serum YKL-40 levels were significantly higher in the severe injury group than in the mild and moderate injury groups (P<0.05). At 3 months post-admission, 54 patients showed good prognostic outcome, while 32 patients showed poor prognostic outcome. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, NIHSS at admission, intraventricular hemorrhage, and YKL-40 were independent risk factors that influence the prognosis of SICH patients. Conclusions Serum YKL-40 is correlated with the volume of cerebral hemorrhage and the degree of nerve function injury, and can be used as a reference for the clinical diagnosis and prognosis of SICH patients.
Key words: spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage     basal ganglia region     YKL-40     nerve injury     prognosis    

自发性脑出血(spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage,ICH)约占脑卒中的20%,15%~30%的ICH患者会遗留严重残疾[1, 2]。虽然随着外科治疗技术的进步,蛛网膜下腔出血、动静脉畸形等继发性脑出血患者死亡率已显著下降,但针对ICH患者目前仍缺乏特异性的早期预测及靶向治疗方法[3, 4]。人类软骨糖蛋白39(YKL-40)是近几年发现新型炎性因子,大量研究表明其具有极强的致动脉粥样硬化形成作用,其含量高低可用于预测心脑血管疾病发生风险[5]。目前对自发性脑出血与YKL-40相关研究报道甚少,本文主要探讨YKL-40与脑出血量、神经功能损伤程度及预后的相关性,为ICH的临床诊治及预测提供客观依据。

1 资料与方法 1.1 研究对象

选取2013年6月~2015年6月在皖北煤电集团总院住院的初发急性自发性基底节区脑出血患者100例为实验组,男58例,女42例,平均年龄(58.47±8.22)岁,所有患者均符合1995年全国第四届脑血管病会议制定的脑出血诊断标准,并经颅脑CT确诊为脑出血患者。选取同期我院门诊健康体检者50例作为对照组,男30例,女20例,平均年龄(58.05±9.03)岁。两组患者一般临床资料比较无显著差异,并签署知情同意书。

排除标准:入院时间超过6 h、急慢性炎症性或感染性疾病或入院治疗期间出现感染症状、严重的肝肾功能不全、使用抗血小板聚集或抗凝药物、有免疫性或肿瘤疾病。

1.2 出血量评判标准

根据多田公式A×B×C×0.5计算出血量,出血量<10 ml为小量出血;10~30 ml为中量出血;>30 ml为大量出血[6]

1.3 神经功能缺损评分

根据美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分标准记录患者采血日评分,0~15分为轻度,16~30分为中度,31~45分为重度[7]。3个月后使用改良Rankin量表(modified rankin scale,mRS)评分。

1.4 样本收集与检测

对照组于体检当天、实验组于发病后第1、3、7和14 d采集静脉血液5 ml,两组均为空腹采集。

采集的血样2000 r/min离心5 min,收集血清置-80℃保存。采用ELISA双抗夹心法测定血清YKL-40水平。

1.5 住院期间治疗及预后评估

根据自发性脑出血治疗指南,所有患者住院期间给予控制血压、降颅内压、预防感染、加强护理等治疗[8]

3月后对出院患者进行随访,共有86例患者完成最终随访,mRS≤3分定义为预后良好,共计54例;mRS>3分定义为预后不良或死亡,共计32例。

1.6 统计学方法

采用SPSS 17.0统计学软件分析。各组进行正态分布及方差齐性检验,以均数±标准差(x±s)表示。计量资料使用t检验,计数资料采用χ2检验,预后因素采用Logistics回归分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 对照组与实验组血清YKL-40水平比较

两组血清YKL-40水平相比较,实验组患者[(431.5±120.8) μg/L]明显高于对照组患者[(80.5±53.2) μg/L],差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。

2.2 不同脑出血量患者不同时间血清YKL-40水平比较

3组不同出血量患者血清YKL-40水平在发病7天内逐渐升高,第7天达到高峰,后逐渐下降;大量出血组同日YKL-40水平高于中量及少量出血组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表 1

表 1 不同脑出血量患者不同时间血清YKL-40水平比较 (μg/L;x±s)
脑出血量例数第1天第3天第7天第14天
小量出血35235.1±43.2266.2±50.2274.5±51.8198.4±20.9
中量出血46285.0±66.6ac335.4±70.8ac379.6±69.5a244.7±48.5ac
大量出血19384.3±75.1bc457.5±96.2bc479.3±114.7b372.3±60.0bc
注:a为与小量出血组比较,P<0.05;b为与中量出血组比较,P<0.05;c为与第7天比较,P<0.05。
2.3 神经缺损不同程度患者不同时间血清YKL-40水平比较

不同神经功能缺损程度患者血清YKL-40水平在发病7天内呈逐渐增高趋势,且第7天达到峰值;重度神经功能损伤组患者血清YKL-40水平明显高于中度、轻度损伤组(P<0.05)。见表 2

表 2 不同神经损伤程度患者不同时间血清YKL-40水平比较 (μg/L;x±s)
神经损伤例数第1天第3天第7天第14天
轻度30212.7±33.5254.1±41.6270.4±45.9190.1±22.5
中度46333.5±54.2ac387.6±61.2ac421.9±65.0a266.3±48.0ac
重度24408.0±71.1bc443.5±83.5bc492.7±95.5b349.5±63.7bc
注:a为与轻度损伤组比较,P<0.05;b为与中度损伤组比较,P<0.05;c为与第7天比较,P<0.05。
2.4 预后良好组与预后不良组一般资料比较

与预后良好组相比,预后不良组在年龄、入院NHISS评分、血肿体积、白细胞计数、YKL-40及出血破入脑室比例的项目上明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表 3

表 3 预后良好组与预后不良组一般资料比较
项目预后不良组(32例)预后良好组(54例)P
年龄(岁)66.2±7.760.6±5.80.001
男性[n(%)]12(37.5)26(48.1)0.546
高血压[n(%)]26(81.3)43(79.6)0.952
糖尿病[n(%)]10(31.3)21(38.9)0.622
高脂血症[n(%)]2(6.3)4(7.4)0.849
入院NHISS评分(分)14.8±7.66.3±5.5 0.000
纤维蛋白原(g/L)3.4±1.53.2±1.00.505
活化部分凝血酶时间(s)33.2±4.732.7±4.50.625
血肿体积(ml)36.7±10.125.2±9.50.000
出血破入脑室[n(%)]13(40.6)5(9.3) 0.006
YKL-40(μg/L) 340.8±85.3232.1±70.00.000
白细胞计数(×109/L)10.7±4.28.0±3.30.001
2.5 Logistic回归分析影响急性脑出血患者预后的危险因素

将2组上述单因素分析结果中差异有统计学意义的因素作为自变量进行Logistic多因素分析,结果显示,年龄、入院时NHISS评分、出血破入脑室、YKL-40是影响自发性脑出血患者预后的独立危险因素。见表 4

表 4 Logistic回归分析
相关因素OR95%CIP
年龄1.0841.025~1.1170.000
出血破入脑室3.3521.518~7.3740.003
入院NHISS评分1.1691.066~1.2800.001
YKL-400.7560.590~0.9650.022
3 讨论

人类软骨糖蛋白39(YKL-40)是18-糖基-水解酶家族成员之一,主要表达在炎症活化的巨噬细胞、胶质细胞及脑脊液中[9]。YKL-40作为一种新型炎症因子,在动脉粥样硬化斑块形成和脑卒中后继发神经功能损伤中发挥重要作用[10, 11]

Barkay等[12]研究发现,急性脑梗死患者缺血半暗带区YKL-40含量在急性期明显增多,恢复期逐渐恢复。Jiang等[13]对172例急性自发性脑出血患者血浆YKL-40与CRP水平与预后分析显示,YKL-40不仅在急性期内高表达,与NHISS评分及CRP水平呈明显正相关,而且ROC曲线结果提示YKL-40与3月内患者预后不良率呈密切相关。本研究对脑出血患者不同时间点YKL-40动态监测发现,第7天YKL-40水平升至峰值,后逐渐下降,于14天左右趋于稳定,且大量出血组YKL-40水平明显高于中量及少量出血组,神经损伤程度越重的患者血清 YKL-40水平越高,与Park等[14]报道结果类似。说明脑出血量和神经损伤程度与血清YKL-40相关。如果通过调控YKL-40表达减轻炎症反应,进而可减轻脑卒中后脑损伤。

自发性脑出血预后不良因素较多,如高龄、血肿体积等,近年来研究发现,部分炎性因子、血浆瘦素水平及低钠血症等亦可影响患者预后。本研究通过Logistic回归分析显示,YKL-40是自发性脑出血患者预后的独立预测因素,与Jiang等[13]报道相似。另外,本研究结果显示,年龄、出血破入脑室及入院NHISS评分亦是脑出血患者早期(90 d)预后不良的独立预测因素,与国内外报道相似[15-17]。有报道显示,年龄>65岁患者死亡率显著增加,且年龄对出血量及神经炎症激活是其与预后相关的原因[18]。本研究中预后不良组患者平均年龄66.2岁,可能与患者血管壁弹性下降、自身防御修复能力差、基础疾病及并发症较多有关。出血破入脑室患者由于血凝块阻塞,导致脑脊液循环受阻,梗阻性脑积水形成,继而颅内压升高压迫脑干、下丘脑等结构,出现脑代谢障碍及脑损伤影响患者预后[19]

YKL-40在急性脑损伤作用机制主要包括:①脑出血后激活脑皮质小胶质细胞活化表达YKL-40增多,破坏血脑屏障引起直接浸润或间接作用造成组织损伤[13]。②YKL-40可通过p38MAPK通路上调促炎因子的表达,继发补体介导的免疫反应,使的血肿周围脑水肿形成,导致脑损伤加重[20, 21]

综上所述,早期检测YKL-40血浆浓度可作为自发性脑出血后继发性神经损伤程度的评判依据,从而可为脑出血的临床治疗及预后评估提供新思路。

本研究也存在一些局限性,首先,一些出血量较大的患者因为就诊后短期内死亡或者转入外科行紧急开颅手术未纳入本次研究范围;第二,脑出血后血肿体积变化是判断早期病情恶化及预后的危险因素[22],而本研究未统计脑出血后血肿变化与YKL-40动态演变及患者预后的相关性。

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