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文章信息
- 涂雪松
- 脑微出血的临床意义
- 国际神经病学神经外科学杂志, 2014, 41(4): 359-362
- Disease Surveillance, 2014, 41(4): 359-362
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文章历史
- 收稿日期:2014-05-13
- 修回日期:2014-07-21
脑微出血(cerebral microbleeds,CMBs)是指在MRI的SWI序列上直径2~5 mm的异常低信号区[1]。CMBs通常无症状,因此,临床上不易发现,即使进行神经影像学检查也不易发现,但Guo等[2]的研究显示,在对CMBs的MRI诊断上,三维快速回波磁敏感加权成像(three-dimensional fast field echo susceptibility-weighted imaging,3D-FFESWI,SWI)序列高于MRI梯度回波T2加权成像(GE-T2*WI)序列。CMBs是一种脑小血管病,又与某些脑部疾病有相关性,因此,为了加强临床医生对CMBs的认识,现将有关材料进行综述。 1 CMBs与卒中
Bokura等[3]对健康人群平均3.6年的随访结果显示,CMBs既可用来预测缺血性卒中,又可用来预测出血性卒中。 1.1 缺血性卒中
Song等[4]的研究发现,CMBs的存在及数量与非瓣膜心房颤动相关性缺血性卒中危险因素的评分显著相关。非瓣膜心房颤动相关性缺血性卒中的危险因素评分越高,未来发生非瓣膜心房颤动相关性缺血性卒中的可能性越大。Thijs等[5]的随访结果表明,伴有CMBs的缺血性卒中,未来再次发生缺血性卒中可能性比发生出血性卒中的可能性要高。Charidimou等[6]的研究表明,CMBs与缺血性卒中的复发相关。据张继红等[7]的统计,CMBs在缺血性卒中中的发生率为30.7%(80/261),提示CMBs与缺血性卒中具有相关性。Charidimou等[6]的研究显示,年龄、高血压、既往卒中史,在深部或幕下CMBs组、CMBs阴性组、脑叶CMBs组间分别存在显著差异,说明,Essen卒中风险评分(Essen Stroke Risk Score,ESRS)与CMBs存在相关性。综合以上研究,可知深部或幕下CMBs与非瓣膜心房颤动相关性缺血性卒中复发相关,是其的预测因素。
Qiu等[8]的研究显示,抗凝、抗血小板、溶栓治疗与CMBs的发生密切相关。Cordonnier等[9]建议,当发现有多个CMBs时,最好不要开展缺血性卒中的一级预防。Benbassat等[10]对伴有CMBs的急性缺血性卒中的三种治疗方法的风险-效益比进行了比较,结果发现,与不治疗、使用抗凝药物相比,服用阿司匹林的风险低,效益高,表明服用阿司匹林是治疗伴有CMBs的急性缺血性卒中的合适选择。 1.2 脑出血
Yamashiro等[11]的研究显示,对CMBs较多的病例如行抗凝、抗血小板、溶栓治疗,自发性脑出血的风险增加。该研究结果提示:CMB与治疗性脑出血的发生有关;对CMBs较多的病例,不宜行抗凝、抗血小板及溶栓治疗。Gregoire等[12]的对照研究显示,在由抗血小板聚集治疗引发的脑出血患者中,CMBs的检出率高,说明CMBs与抗血小板聚集治疗引发的脑出血的发生有一定关联。Vernooij[13]指出,目前有关CMBs与出血性卒中的相关性的研究,还缺乏多中心、大样本的对照试验。 2 CMBs与动静脉畸形的相关性
Guo等[14]的统计显示,动静脉畸形(AVM)内的CMBs与动静脉畸形引起的ICH有关,说明CMBs是AVM发生出血的危险因素。 3 CMBs与血管性认知损害的相关性
CMBs与血管性认知损害(vascular cognitive impairment,VCI)的相关性已得到大多数学者的认可。Qiu等[15]发现,CMBs与认知功能有相关性。Goos等[16]认为,CMBs的出现预示着未来可能会发生认知障碍。 CMBs会导致卒中患者发生认知功能损害。Gregoire等[17]对一组急性脑梗死病例进行了长期跟踪,结果发现,基线存在CMBs组的额叶执行功能损害发现率为78%,而基线不存在CMBs组的则为29%,两者相差显著,表明,CMBs与卒中患者的认知功能损害相关联。
不仅如此,CMBs还会引起正常人群发生认知功能损害。Takashima等[18]对368名健康人群进行了调查,结果发现,有CMBs的人群简易智能精神状态检查量表(Mini-Mental Status Examination,MMSE)的评分低,表明,CMBs的出现与正常人群的认知损害有关。
有学者提出,CMBs是通过影响脑内胆碱能神经递质的运输导致VCI发生的[19]。Charidimou等[20]提出,CMBs可能是通过对皮质-皮质下通路及对白质传导束的损伤,导致血管性认知损害(vascular cognitive impairment,VCI)发生的。
Nardone等[19]的研究发现,CMBs与皮质下血管性痴呆患者的总体认知功能下降有关。Yakushiji等[21]以1279名无神经功能缺损的人群为样本,对CMBs部位与认知功能障碍之间的关系进行了研究,结果发现,皮质和混杂部位CMBs与认知功能障碍无关,深部CMBs与认知功能障碍有关。Viswarnathan等[22]的研究显示,尾状核出现CMBs与痴呆的程度有关。Poles等[23]以3979名非痴呆人群为样本,对CMBs的部位与认知损害之间的关系进行了研究,结果发现,皮质CMBs更易引起认知损害。
将CMBs分为轻度(1~2个)、中度(3~10个)、重度(>10个)[24],进行CMBs数量与认知损害间的关系的研究,Patel等[25]的研究显示,在无神经功能缺损的腔隙性脑梗死或脑白质疏松患者中,只有当CMBs数量≥9个时,CMBs数量才与认知损害具有显著相关性。van der Flier 等[26]的研究显示,在血管性痴呆患者中,中、重度的CMBs与认知功能恶化相关。Poles等[25]的研究显示,在非痴呆人群中,CMBs数量越多,认知损害越重。Ayaz等[27]进行的一项为期4年的对照研究结果表明,与正常组相比,轻度认知损害组的CMBs的检出率较高,CMBs的数量和认知损害的程度均随着时间的推移而增加或加重。 4 CMBs与脑白质疏松的相关性
Smith[28]提出,脑白质疏松(leukoaraiosis,LA)发生的主要机制是缺血和炎症,和CMBs并不完全相同。Yamada等[1]的研究显示,CMBs的数目与脑室周围高信号(periventricular hyerintensity,PVH)和深部白质高信号(deep white matter hyperintensity,DWMH)的严重密切相关。Gregoire等[29]报道,CMBs常与LA同时出现。但两者是否具有相关性,还需进一步研究。 5 CMBs与卒中后抑郁的相关性
Choi-Kwon等[30]对508例急性缺血性卒中进行了统计,结果发现,CMBs与急性缺血性卒中3个月后的卒中后抑郁(poststroke depression,PSD)有相关性。Tang等[31]的研究显示,CMBs与卒中后的情感障碍有一定的相关性。 6 CMBs与出血性转化的相关性
据Fiehler等[32]的统计,伴CMBs的急性缺血性卒中溶栓治疗后的有症状脑出血(symptomatic intracranial,SICH)的发生率为5.8%(5/86),不伴CMBs的急性缺血性卒中溶栓治疗后的SICH的为2.7%(13/484),两者相比,差异不显著,研究者据此提出,伴有少量CMBs的急性缺血性卒中患者行溶栓治疗是安全的。目前,有关CMBs与出血性转化(hemorrhage transformation,HT)的相关性,存在争议。 7 小结
CMBs正逐渐地被人们所关注,研究工作也取得了一定的成果,如在神经影像学领域,人们发现,如果采用用较长的回波时间(echo times,TE)和提高磁场强度及空间分辨率,能提高MRI检查的阳性率。但对CMBs的认识,总的来说,未知领域多,研究工作还有很大空间,如在基础领域(CMBs的病因、发生机制及危险因素);如在临床领域(CMBs与卒中、HT、LA的相关性);如在生化领域(CMBs与某些生化改变的相关性)等等。因此,未来的研究任务还很多。但我们相信,在医务工作者的努力下,上述未知领域一定会取得突破性研究成果。
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