2 休斯敦大学地球与大气科学学院, 休斯敦 77204;
3 江苏师范大学, 江苏 徐州 221116)
沉积物中磁性矿物的来源多样,除来自火山灰、外太空物质外,很多来自周围山地和基岩的风化剥蚀,经流水或风搬运到沉积区,之后又可能经历不同程度的风化和生物作用等,形成可供研究的磁性矿物综合体。这些受不同环境过程控制的磁性矿物共同存在,记录了环境变化的各种信号,构成了环境磁学研究的基础。因此,磁学指标在古气候和古环境重建中发挥着极其重要的作用,被广泛应用于推演亚洲季风的演化历史及其驱动机制[1~9]。如在黄土高原的研究中,磁化率已被作为一个东亚夏季风强度的定性或半定量代用指标,使黄土-古土壤序列成为可以与深海沉积物以及极地冰芯相媲美的全球气候变化研究的三大载体之一[8~10]。在黄土或其他风成沉积物中,磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿通常是对磁化率贡献最多的磁性矿物。因此,磁化率的变化也主要反映这类亚铁磁性矿物的变化[11~12]。其中频率磁化率(χfd)对超顺磁或单畴(SP/SD)的临界点附近的颗粒变化最为敏感[13]。因此,频率磁化率可以用来反映非常小的粒度区间内(跨度为几个nm)磁性颗粒含量的变化[12, 14]。而HIRM(高场等温剩磁)被定义为0.5×(SIRM+IRM-300 mT),其中IRM-300 mT代表样品在高的外加磁场下第一次饱和(通常为1 T、1.2 T或1.5 T,本文为1.2 T)后,施加一个反向300 mT的磁场,将饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)中由软磁性矿物(磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿)贡献的剩磁去除。从理论上讲,HIRM消除了磁性强但是矫顽力低的亚铁磁性矿物的贡献。因此,HIRM反映弱磁性、高矫顽力(如赤铁矿)的反铁磁性矿物的含量的变化[11]。
河湖相沉积物磁学参数与沉积环境和气候变化息息相关,虽然河湖相沉积物磁学参数控制因素比黄土复杂,然而由于其测试迅速、对样品没有破坏性以及利用较少的样品量就可以得到较为精确的测试结果等优点,磁学参数在河湖相沉积物古气候研究中具有不可替代的优势[15~16]。印度夏季风(ISM)是亚洲季风的一个重要组成部分,而相较于东亚夏季风的研究,长尺度印度季风的研究主要集中于海洋沉积的研究。例如阿拉伯海ODP722钻孔记录揭示浮游有孔虫和放射虫的丰度在8.5 Ma左右骤然增加,可能表明印度夏季风的出现或者增强[17~18];此外,该钻孔的地球化学记录表明,南亚大陆在晚中新世以来经历了一个变干的趋势,然而在8.5~7.0 Ma期间变干的趋势得以缓解,这可能也是印度夏季风增强的一个证据[4, 19]。阿拉伯海A1钻孔的化学风化指标揭示出南亚气候从11 Ma以来有一个变干的趋势,然而这个趋势在8.5 Ma附近得以缓解[20],与ODP722钻孔碳同位素揭示的模式类似[19]。与海洋记录相比,陆地沉积物记录的中新世印度季风的演化记录比较少且分辨率较低。如,Xie等[21]用生物标志化合物方法发现9~8 Ma札达盆地的气候同亚洲内陆一样都是干旱的;而且对印度季风陆地沉积物的研究更多的是集中在上新世,如Wu等[22]用孢粉对札达盆地的研究发现在早上新世气候是干冷的;Saylor等[23]发现3.5 Ma札达盆地湖泊面积缩小,印度季风增强,并将其归因于青藏高原南部海拔和印度洋温度的降低。为了弥补陆地沉积物记录稀少,尤其是中新世以来的记录的稀缺,我们尝试对中新世以来青藏高原南部的札达盆地进行了环境磁学研究。
1 区域和剖面概况札达盆地位于喜马拉雅山北部,青藏高原的西南部(30°50′~32°20′N,79°00′~80°30′E),为晚新生代断陷盆地[24](图 1a)。盆地呈NW-SE向展布,长约260 km,宽约60 km,海拔在4000~4500 m之间[25]。地层厚度大于800 m,目前剖面露头面积至少为9000 km2。由于札达盆地地理位置特殊,受到来自印度季风的潮湿空气与西风控制的干燥空气的共同影响,所以对印度夏季风的向北扩张和向南退缩非常敏感[23]。
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图 1 研究区位置图 虚线代表现代季风降水边界线,其修改自文献[26] Fig. 1 Locationof the Zhada section and the dashed line represents the boundary of modern monsoon precipitation[26] |
札达剖面有3个沉积环境,自下而上分别为河流-潮上环境、滨湖环境和河流前积、三角洲和扇型三角洲环境[23]。本研究所涉及样品对应河流-潮上环境,样品的年代模型已通过古地磁定年方法建立[24]。我们选择札达盆地的SZ剖面为研究对象(图 1b),其地理位置在31°18′~32°24′N,79°42′~80°54′E之间,地层厚度在0~225.5 m之间,采取样品581个,研究其在9.4~6.0 Ma之间的气候变化。
2 研究方法所涉样品在洁净无尘、温暖干燥的室内自然风干,之后用研钵磨细,以手触无明显颗粒感为宜。将研磨过的样品压实在2×2×2 cm3的古地磁盒子里,在中国地质大学(北京)用卡帕桥磁化率仪器进行磁化率的测量。磁化率是表征物质在外加磁场下被磁化成何种程度的物理量,体积磁化率和质量磁化率是常用的两种表达方式。作为无量纲的体积磁化率在国际研究中使用的相对较少,国际研究一般更多应用的是质量磁化率(主要为低频率质量磁化率)。本文涉及的磁化率,均为质量磁化率。其中低频磁化率(χlf)和高频磁化率测量(χhf)的频率分别是976 Hz和15616 Hz。频率磁化率为低频磁化率和高频磁化率的差值,χfd主要反映处在超顺磁(SP)和单畴(SD)临界值附近的颗粒的变化[12~13]。
本研究涉及到的剩磁均为在室温下获得的,主要包括等温剩磁(IRM)、饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)、高场等温剩磁(HIRM)。IRM指的是在室温下,施加直流磁场后样品所获得的剩磁。当施加的直流磁场到达某一强度时,剩磁达到饱和,不会因为磁场的增加而增加,这种剩磁即为SIRM。当样品在外加直流场中饱和,即获得SIRM后再施加一个反向磁场X而获得的剩磁,称为IRM-x(x指示施加的方向磁场的强度,本文所用反方向磁场为300)。HIRM与其他剩磁的不同之处在于它是通过数学计算而不是直接测量获的,计算公式为:HIRM=(SIRM+IRM- 300 mT)/2[11]。
3 结果与讨论图 2显示低频、高频、频率磁化率和HIRM这4个参数在8.6 Ma前后发生明显变化。8.6 Ma前各参数数值高变幅大,指示磁性矿物具有较高含量及较大变化幅度,而8.6 Ma后各参数急剧降低且8.6~6.0 Ma变化稳定,指示磁性矿物具有很低的含量及极小的变化幅度;与此同时,8.6 Ma前后沉积环境也发生相应的大幅变化,由8.6 Ma时期以前的河流环境为主转变为8.6 Ma以后潮上环境为主。
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图 2 札达盆地磁学参数(a~d)随沉积相变化曲线 沉积环境在水平虚线发生了变化,下部为河流环境,上部为潮上环境;其中沉积环境结果来自文献[23] Fig. 2 Magneticparameters of the studied Zhada section. The horizontal line separates the fluvial from the supra-littora enviroment[23] |
基于上述变化,我们将对札达盆地9.4~6.0 Ma的沉积环境及气候变化分为两个阶段进行探讨,分别为9.4~ 8.6 Ma和8.6~6.0 Ma。在9.4~8.6 Ma阶段,磁学参数值相对较高,其中χlf和χhf分别在(15~150)×10-8 m3/kg之间和(0~150)×10-8 m3/kg之间变动,χfd值在(0~25)×10-9 m3/kg之间变动,HIRM值则在(0~1)×10- 3Am2/kg之间变化。
图 3表明低频磁化率和频率磁化率的相关性很高,说明该段磁化率的增强是由于超顺磁和单畴临界点附近细颗粒磁性矿物含量增加所致,指示该剖面磁化率增加机制与黄土红粘土磁化率增加机制类似[27~28]。然而,与黄土高原磁化率的增强主要发生在沉积以后不同,该剖面磁化率的增强应该主要发生在沉积从源区搬运到沉降区的过程中。伴随着细颗粒亚铁磁性矿物的增加,风化作用往往也会造成赤铁矿含量的增加,由此出现了这段时期HIRM值比上段高的现象[29]。
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图 3 频率磁化率和低频磁化率的相关性图 其中低频磁化率大于100×10-8 m3/kg的较高值没有包括在内,故只有555个样品 Fig. 3 Thecorrelation of frequency dependent susceptibility and low frequency susceptibility. In order to improve the correlation, we did not include those data that χ is larger than 100×10-8 m3/kg |
8.6~6.0 Ma期间软硬磁性矿物含量同时减小的原因可能有两种:一是磁性矿物在上部的潮上环境发生了还原溶解;二是磁性矿物从源区到沉降区经历了较弱的风化,导致细颗粒亚铁磁性矿物和赤铁矿没有大量生成。这两种原因都有可能造成观察到的磁学参数的降低。图 3的X轴的截距为6.63×10- 8 m3/kg,代表没有细颗粒亚铁磁性矿物生成情况下碎屑粗颗粒磁性矿物磁化率的背景值,该值与8.6~6.0 Ma段低频磁化率的平均值类似(10.61×10- 8 m3/kg),说明8.6~6.0 Ma段细颗粒亚铁磁性矿物含量较低,正是由于这部分磁性矿物含量的降低导致了8.6~6.0 Ma段磁学参数的降低。
札达盆地的物质来源于周围的山脉,由图 1b发现,札达盆地的SZ剖面距物源区只有几公里的距离。在这种情况下,如果季风降水增加,就会导致大量泥沙从周围山地被剥蚀出来并被迅速搬运到沉降区发生沉积,从而没有给沉积物足够的时间发生风化,就能解释潮上环境段沉积物磁学参数发生降低的现象。可以推测,如果第二种解释是正确的,剖面的沉积速率会在8.6 Ma以后发生增加,这与古地磁年代确定的剖面的沉积速率变化是一致的:Saylor等[30]的研究表明,剖面的沉积速率从下部的0.056 mm/a转变为0.14 mm/a,发生了几乎3倍的增加。因此,推测磁学指标在8.6 Ma以后发生降低(图 3和4)的原因不是磁性矿物溶解而是快速的沉积搬运导致较低的风化和较少的磁性矿物生成。Hong等[31]发现札达剖面在8.5~7.0 Ma绿帘石含量快速增加,指示沉积经历了较低的风化,与磁性矿物发生溶解的解释相悖,较好地支持我们的解释。
札达剖面在8.6 Ma发生了快速沉积搬运可能代表一个局域事件也可能代表一个区域事件。由于阿拉伯海钻孔叶蜡同位素数据也记录到了南亚在8.6 Ma发生了气候变湿[17~19](图 4),因此我们认为札达剖面记录了区域尺度的南亚气候变化,即印度夏季风的增强。
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图 4 札达剖面磁学参数记录(a~d)及阿拉伯海ODP722钻孔叶蜡碳同位素记录(e)[19] Fig. 4 Magneticparameter records(a~d)from the Zhada basin and the ODP site 722 leaf wax carbon isotope record(e)[19] |
已有研究提出新生代亚洲季风演化可能是由以下的因素决定的:青藏高原隆升、特提斯海退缩、高纬度冰量变化,以及海洋的热量和盐度变化[1, 4, 23, 32~36];特提斯海的退缩主要发生在新生代早期,显然对印度季风的影响有限[37~38];而北半球冰期出现的时间也要晚于观察到的印度夏季风增强的事件[39~41]。因此,特提斯海退缩和北半球冰量变化都不可能是影响晚中新世印度夏季风变化的主要因素。研究表明印度洋海水表面温度在晚中新世期间发生了降低,较低的海表面温度会导致蒸发降低,显然也不能解释札达盆地记录的印度夏季风的增强[19, 24]。札达盆地古高程研究表明在8.6 Ma该区域高程没有明显增高反而可能有所降低,因此青藏高原南部高程的变化也不可能是所观察到的印度夏季风增强的原因[24]。
然而,许多证据表明青藏高原东北部在晚中新世左右发生了快速隆升[42~45]。我们认为青藏高原北部的隆升有可能加强对北半球冷空气的阻挡,造成所观察到的印度夏季风的增强[6]。此外,模拟研究表明南极冰盖的增加可能会导致亚洲夏季风的增强[46~47]。因此,我们把印度夏季风在8.6 Ma的增强初步归因为南极冰盖的增加或者是青藏高原向东北部的扩张。
4 结论已有研究表明札达盆地沉积环境在8.6 Ma左右由河流环境转变为潮上环境为主,我们发现在8.6 Ma前后磁性参数曲线存在显著差异。8.6 Ma前磁性矿物含量较高且变化幅度较大,而8.6 Ma后磁性矿物含量明显降低且波动幅度较小。我们认为软硬磁性矿物含量在9.4~8.6 Ma期间较高反映了印度夏季风较弱,导致沉积物从源区搬运到沉积区时间较长,有足够的时间发生风化,造成沉积物磁性增强。
我们认为8.6 Ma以后磁学参数值突然降低反映了印度夏季风的增强,较强的季风降水导致大量的沉积物被迅速从源区搬运到沉积区,没有足够的时间发生风化。这一解释与该剖面8.6 Ma后沉积速率发生了3倍增加一致,另外已有研究表明8.6 Ma后沉积物风化程度较低,进一步支持了我们的解释。
札达盆地揭示的印度夏季风在8.6 Ma的增强与阿拉伯海叶蜡碳同位素数据揭示的南亚变干得到缓解时间一致,说明札达剖面记录了区域尺度的季风变化。综合分析可能影响季风演化的多种因素后,我们初步认为造成印度夏季风增强的原因可能是青藏高原向东北的扩张或者是南极冰盖的扩大。这一结果对理解南北半球气候相互作用机制以及高原隆升与亚洲季风变化关系提供了新的可供检验的数据,加深了对印度夏季风变化历史和驱动机制的认识。
致谢: 真诚感谢审稿老师建设性的修改意见!
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2 Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, 10 Texas 77204, USA;
3 Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu)
Abstract
Although magnetic parameters have been successfully applied to understanding the evolution of the East Asian summer monsoon and its forcing mechanisms, few studies applied these parameters to sediments of South Asia. Instead, previous investigations of the evolution of the Late Cenozoic Indian summer monsoon have relied largely on marine sediments. The Zhada basin(30°50'~32°20'N, 79°00'~80°30'E) is situated just north of the high Himalayan ridge crest, bounded by the South Tibetan Detachment System to the southwest. The(paleo) environment of the Zhada basin is very sensitive to strengthening and weakening of the Indian summer monsoon because its climate is primarily controlled by interactions between dry westerly air and moist Indian summer monsoon air. The stratigraphy in the Zhada basin can be divided in three intervals, which were deposited(in stratigraphic order) in a fluvial/supra-littoral, littoral/lacustrine, and mixture of fluvial-supra-littoral and alluvial fan environments. The age model of the section has been established using paleomagnetic dating. We measured multi-magnetic parameters(frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility, SIRM, and HIRM) in SZ section(31°18'~32°24'N, 79°42'~80°54'E) for 0~225.5 m in thickness and 9.4~6.0 Ma in climate change, which comprise the fluvial/supra-littoral interval in order to better understand evolution and forcing mechanism of the Indian summer monsoon. Before 8.6 Ma, there is a relatively high value of magnetism indicators. The reason may be that the content of ultrafine particles and hematite by weathering is increased. These parameters consistently decreased during the supra-littoral interval after 8.6 Ma. We infer that this interval does not have a reduced condition which can result in reductive dissolution of magnetic minerals, because previous research shows that the sediments deposited within this interval were weakly weathered. Instead, we suggest that the decrease of magnetic parameters records a decrease of magnetic minerals due to rapid erosion and limited chemical weathering. In this situation, few pedogenic magnetic minerals will be generated, resulting in decrease in magnetic parameter values. We notice that faster erosion in Zhada basin is synchronous with temporary wetting in South Asia continent as is recorded by Arabian Sea leaf wax carbon isotopes. We argue that these records demonstrate that the Indian summer monsoon intensified at 8.6 Ma. After considering factors which might affect intensity of Asian monsoon(uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, retreat of Paratethys, high latitude ice volume variations, oceanic heat and salinity variations), we infer that this phase of Indian summer monsoon intensification was likely caused by growth of the Antarctic ice sheets and/or NE growth of the Tibetan Plateau.
2018, Vol.38
