总有机碳同位素(δ 13 CTOC)组成变化是近年来重建古植被、 古环境和古气候状况常用的有效指标之一,已被广泛应用于各类地质体中,如湖泊沉积物[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]、 海洋沉积物[7]、 黄土/古土壤[8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]等。以往海洋沉积物的研究已经很明确地揭示出全球新生代生态环境演变的基本格局,即伴随着3次显著的降温和两极冰盖的起源与发展,全球气候阶段性地从温室转变为冰室状态,全球碳储库和生态系统也相应发生了重要转型[16, 17, 18]。但是陆地生态系统对此的响应尚不清晰,主要原因是来自陆地上的新生代长序列生态环境记录目前仍凤毛麟角。 澳大利亚东南部吉普斯兰德盆地煤层中[19]以及西宁盆地谢家剖面[20]中的有机碳同位素记录分别从宏观上揭示了区域内中晚始新世-中中新世期间的生态环境演化信息,发现有机碳同位素变化受控于裸子植物含量变化,从而与全球温度变化呈现正相关关系。但目前相对成熟的诸多短序列的湖相记录研究结果表明有机碳同位素与温度的关系不尽相同[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26],尤其在高纬或高海拔地区二者可能呈反相关关系[2, 25, 26],所以亟须提供更多长序列的有机碳同位素记录,以全面理解其演变规律及其驱动机制。
青藏高原东北隅的兰州盆地,位于三大气候带的交汇处,对气候和环境的变化相对敏感,同时盆地内沉积了连续厚层的新生代沉积物,为研究高原隆升和古气候变化提供了良好素材。本文拟对沉积于中始新世-中中新世之间的地层进行高分辨率有机碳同位素记录研究,进一步探讨其与全球温度变化之间的关系,抛砖引玉,以期为深入理解其驱动机制提供数据支撑。
1 研究区概况兰州盆地位于青藏高原的东北隅和黄土高原的西缘( 图1),是大型陇中沉积盆地的一个次级盆地。该盆地位于东部季风区、 西北干旱区和青藏高寒区三大自然带的交汇处,对气候变化较为敏感,属温带半干旱大陆性气候,年平均气温约为9℃,年平均降雨量约为300mm。在植被区划上属黄土高原西部荒漠草原带,以短花针茅草原(Stipa breviflora Form.)、 无芒隐子草草原(Cleistogenes songorica Form.)、 灌木亚菊草原(Ajania fruticulosa Form.)等耐旱的草原植被类型为主[27]。
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图 1 研究区地质图与永登剖面位置 Fig.1 The geological map of the study area, A-B shows the location of the Yongdeng section |
兰州盆地新生代地层分布广泛,厚度较大,成因类型复杂,是研究新生代构造运动和新生代环境演化的良好载体[28, 29, 30, 31, 32]。甘肃省区域地质调查队(1984)将该区白垩系河口群以上的新生代地层划分为4个组,分别是西柳沟组、 野狐城组、 咸水河组和临夏组。其中,西柳沟组为一套橘红色块状砂岩,偶夹砾岩; 野狐城组由含石膏夹层的紫红色厚层粉砂质泥岩夹砖红色、 浅紫红色粉砂质砂岩组成; 咸水河组下部为红色泥岩夹灰黄色砂岩,中部为红色泥岩与砂岩互层,上部为厚层灰黄色泥岩与砂砾石层互层; 临夏组底部为红色砂岩与红色砂、 砾、 粘土混合层互层,中上部为大段红色泥岩与薄层红色或灰白色砂岩互层[33, 34, 35, 36]。
岳乐平等[33]曾对甘肃永登剖面(见 图1)进行了详细的磁性地层研究,揭示出西柳沟组顶界年龄约为51Ma,野狐城组沉积于51.0~31.5Ma,咸水河组(未见顶)顶部年龄约为15Ma。2014年9月笔者对该剖面(剖面起点A,深度0m:36°20′58 . 86″N,103°28′42 . 84″E; 终点B,深度1310m:36°22′5 . 46″N,103°29′52 . 86″E) 进行了地层的核查与有机碳同位素样品的采集,野外实测整个剖面厚1310m( 图2),依据上述各组岩性特征及主要标志层位,界定西柳沟组与野狐城组界限位于厚度150m处,野狐城组与咸水河组界限位于551.5m处。由于剖面底部地层沉积物以粗粒度的砂岩为主,本文主要对厚度为330~1310m部分地层的有机碳同位素结果进行分析讨论,根据上述磁性地层结果对采样地层进行了年代的重新分配,沉积时代介于44~15Ma之间。
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图 2 兰州盆地永登剖面岩性与有机碳同位素记录 红色实线为5点平滑结果; 黑色实线为平均值 Fig.2 The lithology and results of δ 13 CTOC of Yongdeng section, Lanzhou basin. Red line shows the smooth results by five samples, black lines show average ones |
野外对研究剖面进行了有机碳同位素样品的采集,先去除表层风化物,在新鲜岩面上按2m间隔采集,尽可能选取细粒的泥岩和粉砂岩,在粒度较粗的层位则适当放大采样间隔,本文研究部分(厚度330~1310m)共采集样品376块。样品在室内低温40℃烘干后研磨成均匀粉末状(小于200目)。每样称取3g左右用过量盐酸(2mol/L)充分反应24小时,以确保完全去除无机碳,而后用蒸馏水洗至中性,在40℃烘箱内烘干,再度研磨后,称取约40mg样品,放入锡杯中包好待测[9, 12]。上机测试使用 Thermo公司生产的 Delta V型气体稳定同位素比质谱仪,通过CONFLO Ⅲ连接附件Flash EA 1112元素分析仪,采用EA-IRMS在线分析技术[37, 38, 39]对样品进行δ 13 CTOC值的测定。对于少数样品燃烧产生的CO2峰值与参考气体(CO2)峰差异较大的,酌情增减进样量进行重测。
样品的前处理在中国科学院青藏高原研究所(北京部)大陆碰撞与高原隆升重点实验室进行,上机测试在中国科学院青藏高原研究所(拉萨部)完成。测试时每批样品至少测试3个标准样品和2个平行样品,样品的重复分析误差 < 0.2 ‰ ,结果采用VPDB(Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite)标准。
4 实验结果永登剖面厚度330~1310m部分有机碳同位素结果如 图2所示,据其变化剖面自下而上大致可以划分为3个主要阶段:
阶段Ⅰ(厚度330~500m,44.0~33.2Ma):
此阶段有机碳同位素平均值为-24.6 ‰ ,为整个剖面最轻。变化幅度较大,初期偏负,最小值为-26.9 ‰ ,而后持续波动性变重,至约450m左右达到本阶段最大值-20.8 ‰ ,之后逐渐负偏。
阶段Ⅱ(厚度500~750m,33.2~25.5Ma):
厚度500m处δ 13 CTOC较之前快速正偏,维持至540m后略微变轻,后虽有波动,但整体较为稳定。此阶段δ 13 CTOC平均值为-23.7 ‰ ,较之上下两个阶段为最重,最大值为-21.2 ‰ ,最小值为-26.7 ‰ 。
阶段Ⅲ(厚度750~1310m,25.5~15.0Ma):
厚度750m后δ 13 CTOC较之阶段Ⅱ有所负偏,平均值为-24.4 ‰ 。整个阶段变化相对稳定,结果介于-21.7 ‰ 至-26.8 ‰ 之间。
5 讨论 5.1 有机碳同位素变化与温度的关系将永登剖面有机碳同位素结果按年代标尺建立变化序列,如 图3a所示,与全球氧同位素( 图3b)[17]进行对比( 图3),可以发现两者呈现出较为一致的变化趋势。
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图 3 兰州盆地永登剖面有机碳同位素(a)与全球氧同位素(b)[17]记录的对比 Fig.3 The comparation between δ 13 CTOC of Yongdeng section and marine δ 18 O[17] |
44~15Ma期间,全球深海 δ 18 O发生了两次明显的变化,永登剖面沉积物δ 13 CTOC对这两次事件均有明显响应。约33.5Ma时全球深海 δ 18 O突然增高,在很短的时间内增加1 ‰ ,温度出现快速的台阶式急剧下降,南极发育大规模冰川,南极冰盖进一步扩大,被称为著名的“Oi-l 变冷事件”[17],此时永登剖面δ 13 CTOC迅速偏正,由约-26 ‰ 快速变化为-22 ‰ 左右。另一次显著的变化发生在约25.5Ma,全球 δ 18 O突然降低,全球温度快速回升,为“晚渐新世增温事件”[17],该时期永登剖面δ 13 CTOC快速负偏,由-23 ‰ 变至-25 ‰ 左右。在重大事件对比上,永登剖面沉积物δ 13 CTOC与全球 δ 18 O之间存在较好的一致性。
长期演化方面,永登剖面δ 13 CTOC与全球 δ 18 O也呈现出一致的趋势。44.0~33.2Ma期间永登剖面δ 13 CTOC最轻,平均值为-24.6 ‰ ,并且初期值偏负,而后持续正偏变重,后期再度变轻( 图3a),全球氧同位素亦表现出持续增加后期突然降低同样的趋势变化( 图3b); 33.2Ma后δ 13 CTOC变重,平均值为-23.7 ‰ ,δ 18 O也从33.2Ma突然升高后维持整体偏高的水平; 25.5Ma后δ 13 CTOC再度负偏,δ 18 O亦有同样的表现( 图3)。
由上述可见永登剖面有机碳同位素与海洋沉积物氧同位素所反映的全球温度变化无论从事件上还是趋势变化上都呈现出较为一致的负相关关系。
5.2 永登剖面有机碳同位素变化可能机制探讨本文分析样品采自永登剖面野狐城组的上部和咸水河组(见 图2),这两个组在宏观上都表现为河流相-咸水或淡水湖相沉积[33, 34, 35, 40],以泥岩为主,包含有多层的砂砾岩。岩性的不同对有机质的保存可能存在一定的影响,但野外采样时尽可能地选取细粒的泥岩和泥质粉砂岩,并且分析结果可以看出有机碳同位素与岩性变化并非一一对应( 图2),因此,该研究中基本可以忽略岩性的不同对有机质保存的影响。
富含有机质的颗粒物质在经过成岩转变的过程中会进行不同程度的、 选择性的降解,从而对沉积物的同位素组成产生一定的影响。有研究发现富含13 C的有机化合物会优先降解使得沉积物中δ 13 CTOC变轻[41, 42, 43],如对百慕大Mangrove湖沉积物研究发现,选择性成岩作用造成δ 13 CTOC发生2 ‰ 的改变,但这种情况通常发生在有机碳含量超过20 % 的前提下,对于有机碳含量低于2 % ~3 % 的沉积物而言,这种改变微乎其微[44]。永登剖面的样品有机碳含量均不超过1 % ,对于成岩作用的影响基本可以忽略。
已有研究表明全球CO2浓度[45, 46]、 区域性的气候因素,包括气温、 降水等[8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53]是影响植被群落的组成,进而影响沉积物中有机碳同位素的主要因素。本文研究的永登剖面,其有机碳同位素的变化与全球温度变化具有较好地一致性( 图3),因此温度可能是主控该研究区有机碳同位素变化的决定性因素。温度可能通过两种途径对其产生影响,一是改变植物碳同位素的分馏,二是改变贡献有机质的植被碳同位素组成。
目前研究认为温度主要通过影响光合作用的酶的活性[54]、 影响呼吸作用等[55]来影响碳同位素的分馏。温度增高时,参加光合作用的酶的活性增强,光合速率增大,CO2同化加速,植物叶片内部的CO2浓度变低,碳同位素分馏降低,植物δ 13 C值增大[54]; 或者温度增高的时候植物呼吸速率增强,呼吸过程中12 C较13 C优先以CO2形式释放,植物相对富集13 C,从而导致植物δ 13 C值变大[55]。上述方式均表明温度与δ 13 C呈现正相关关系,与永登剖面所呈现的现象不符。
河湖相沉积物中有机碳的来源主要包括两个方面: 内生有机质和外生陆源有机质。内生湖沼有机质主要来源于沉水植物、 挺水植物、 浮游植物和湖中的低等菌藻类。沉水植物的δ 13 C值偏重,变化范围为-20 ‰ ~-12 ‰ [56]; 挺水植物的δ 13 C值偏轻,变化范围为-30 ‰ ~-24 ‰ [57]; 浮游植物与陆生C3植物接近,约-27 ‰ ; 低等菌藻类变化较大,但总体偏轻[58]。一般情况下湖沼中沉水和挺水植物占的比重大,是内源有机质的主要贡献者,浮游和低等菌藻类只在极其特殊的情况下才有可能产生大的贡献,并且在埋藏后的成岩过程中其有机质因富含蛋白质而最不易保存,因此内生有机质主要考虑沉水植物和挺水植物。外生陆源有机质主要源于C3植物和C4植物,前者的δ 13 C在-34 ‰ ~-22 ‰ (平均-27 ‰ ),后者为-19 ‰ ~-9 ‰ (平均-13 ‰ )[45,46,54,59~63]。在永登剖面沉积期间,即15Ma之前,有研究表明C4植物极少或可能还没有出现[45~47,64~67],因而外生陆源有机质主要源于C3植物。
温度的改变可能通过改变挺水植物、 沉水植物与C3植物的相对含量来影响有机质碳同位素的大小。温度高的时候,蒸发量大,湖水收缩,陆源和挺水植物对有机质贡献增多,而沉水植物对有机质贡献相对缩小,因而导致沉积物中有机质13 C值偏轻。这种关系在永登剖面岩相特征上也有体现,δ 13 CTOC值整体偏负的野狐城组中上部由含大量石膏、 芒硝夹层的紫红色泥岩、 砂岩组成,沉积相分析为咸水的盐湖[33, 34, 35, 36],是炎热干旱环境下的产物。相反,温度降低的时候,蒸发量相对减小,湖水面积相对增加,导致沉水植物贡献相对增加,沉积物中有机质13 C值相对正偏; 同时温度降低的时候湖水硬度增加导致水体中作为水生生物碳源HCO-3含量增加,也导致沉积物δ 13 CTOC值相对偏重[22]。如永登剖面δ 13 CTOC值相对偏正的33.2~25.5Ma期间,对应咸水河组的下部,为红色泥岩和砂岩互层,沉积相分析为淡水的湖盆[33, 34, 35, 36, 40],孢粉结果表明多为暖温带和亚热带的阔叶树种,耐旱的麻黄等分子少见[68],并且杨属植物化石[69]的发现都同样揭示出当时环境较为温和。
西宁盆地谢家剖面38~17Ma有机质碳同位素总体负偏并有几次显著低值对应深海氧同位素的高值,与全球温度变化呈正相关关系[20]。谢家剖面沉积主要为河漫滩相和洪泛平原相,可能较之永登剖面更靠近山前,沉积物中的有机质主要来源于陆生的C3植物,而温度主要通过改变C3植物中裸子植物和被子植物的相对构成来影响有机质碳同位素的大小[20],因而两者的关系呈现出与永登剖面不同的变化趋势。
综上所述,准确判断有机质的来源对于有机碳同位素结果的解译具有极其重要的意义。碳氮比(C/N)是第四纪尤其是全新世湖泊研究中常用的指标,但对于沉积年代较久的地层,由于有机质的分解常导致沉积物中C/N相对降低[70, 71, 72],因而结合其他指标诸如孢粉学、 生物标志化合物以及地球化学等指标的测试,可能将对有机碳同位素指标的指示意义及其机理提供更多参考。
6 结论通过对兰州盆地野狐城组上部与咸水河组地层的总有机碳同位素测定,发现44~15Ma之间有两次大的转变,分别在33.2Ma和25.5Ma时有机碳同位素平均值由-24.6 ‰ 变重至-23.7 ‰ ,而后变轻至-24.4 ‰ ,这与其间全球氧同位素变化呈现出较一致的对应关系,表明兰州盆地有机碳同位素变化可能受控于全球温度变化,温度高的时候,其值偏负,推测温度的变化改变了沉水、 挺水植物以及陆源输入的C3植物的组成进而影响了沉积物中有机碳同位素的轻重。
本文主要对永登剖面中始新世-中中新世期间有机碳同位素的结果给予展现,并发现其与温度之间存在一定的负相关关系,表明有机碳同位素在恢复气候环境变化方面是个很有潜力的指标,但对其机理的解释有待多指标研究的进一步开展,以提供更全面的环境信息。
致谢 张涛、 徐马强、 李兵参与了野外样品采集工作,朱志勇在上机测试过程中给予了细心的指导; 审稿人对本文提出了诸多建设性的意见和建议,杨美芳编辑及杨石岭研究员在成文及送审过程中给予热忱帮助,一并感谢。
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Abstract
The relative abundance of organic carbon isotope(δ 13 CTOC)in sediment is an effective proxy for paleo-environment reconstruction. The researches about the Cenozoic long-term δ 13 CTOC and paleo-environmental evolution on the continent are rare probably due to lack of continuous sediment records. The Lanzhou Basin in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau is filled with continuous fluvial-lacustrine sediments from the Eocene to the Middle Miocene. Yongdeng section lies at the northwestern of the Lanzhou Basin, and the thickness of the whole section is 1310m(0m:36°20'58.86"N, 103°28'42.84"E, 1310m:36°22'5.46"N, 103°29'52.86"E). We collected 376 fine mudstone or siltstone samples for δ 13 CTOC analysis from 330m to top 1310m in thickness(age between ca .44Ma and 15Ma)with an interval 2m or so(enlarged appropriately at coarse grained lithology)from the Yongdeng section. The results show the relatively lightest δ 13 CTOC from 44Ma(the average is -24.6 ‰), then a sudden increase in its value occurred at 33.2Ma, and the heaviest δ 13 CTOC remains stable till 25.5Ma(the average is -23.7 ‰), after which lighter δ 13 CTOC is observed(the average is -24.4 ‰). Moreover, the heavy/light δ 13 CTOC correlates well with the low/high global temperature both in long term trend and fluctuating phase or event, which indicates that the change of the δ 13 CTOC in Lanzhou basin could be controlled by the global temperature. We assume the reason is that the change in temperature could potentially influence the relative contribution of organic matter from terrestrial C3 plant and emerged plant(both have lighter δ 13 CTOC)and submerged plant(relatively heavier δ 13 CTOC)in the lake. More detailed and accurate understanding of this mechanism will be strengthened by integration of other proxies into the research.
2015, Vol.35
