文章信息
- 刘毅, 李东民, 韩孟杰.
- Liu Yi, Li Dongmin, Han Mengjie
- 2020-2022年HIV检测服务研究进展
- Progress in research of HIV testing services between 2020 and 2022
- 中华流行病学杂志, 2023, 44(11): 1831-1836
- Chinese Journal of Epidemiology, 2023, 44(11): 1831-1836
- http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20221205-01040
-
文章历史
收稿日期: 2022-12-05
随着新型冠状病毒感染疫情(新冠疫情)的蔓延,截至2022年12月底全球累计报告病例近6.6亿例,波及210个国家和地区[1-2]。新冠疫情期间,全球各地的卫生服务体系受到了不同程度的冲击[3],艾滋病防治工作也受影响,特别是HIV检测服务在多个国家出现减少或中断的情况[4-6]。新冠疫情带来的短期效应,如医疗机构超负荷运转、HIV检测服务短缺,会对HIV流行造成长期影响[7]。有模型估计,在新冠疫情期间坚持提供HIV检测服务(10%~90%的水平)可以避免1.6%~17.2%的HIV新发感染[8-9]。本文对国内外关于新冠疫情对不同HIV检测途径的影响、相关因素以及提高HIV检测的策略措施进行综述,为优化传染病流行时期的HIV检测服务提供依据。
一、新冠疫情对HIV检测的总体影响新冠疫情出现以来,全球HIV防治服务数量增速明显减缓,HIV检测服务可能是艾滋病防治工作中受影响最大的环节,2020年HIV检测服务数量的增幅可能是2009年以来的最低值[10-12]。44个艾滋病高负担国家的HIV检测数量在新冠疫情期间减少了26.0%~44.0%[13]。南非多个城市HIV检测数量在新冠疫情初期下降47.6%,但随着时间的推移和防控措施的放松逐渐恢复增长[12]。受美国CDC资助的美国部分州、波多黎各和美属维尔京群岛的卫生部门HIV检测数量2020年平均减少了56.0%[14]。我国HIV检测服务也受到了影响。江苏省在2020年1-3月的HIV检测数量同比下降了49.0%[15]。新冠疫情的前3周我国HIV检测数量总体下降了35.0%[16]。
二、新冠疫情对不同HIV检测途径的影响目前HIV检测服务的获取途径主要有医疗机构主动提供检测服务,如医务人员主动提供HIV检测咨询(PITC)、选择退出检测(Opt-Out);检测服务需求者主动寻求检测如自愿咨询检测(VCT)、选择参加(Opt-In)和HIV自我检测(HIV自检)。
1. 对医疗机构主动提供检测服务的影响:国外医疗机构HIV主动检测服务数量大幅下降。多家医疗机构将资源和人员转移到应对新冠疫情当中[17-18],中断了HIV检测服务。英国性病服务门诊数据显示,其2020年1-4月提供的“Opt-Out”HIV检测次数较2019年同比下降了77.1%[19]。美国佛罗里达州医疗系统的“Opt-Out”HIV检测量较新冠疫情之前下降了35.9%[20]。我国相关研究也相似,江苏省接受PITC的MSM人数较新冠疫情前下降了59.0%[21],宁波市通过PITC发现的病例数较2019年同期下降28.8%[22],以PITC报告为主的南宁市,2020年1-2月报告的HIV/AIDS病例数减少28.1%[23]。
2. 对检测需求者主动寻求检测的影响:HIV高风险人群主要通过主动寻求检测来了解自己的感染状况,在新冠疫情期间,主动寻求检测数量明显下降[24-27]。澳大利亚墨尔本市性健康中心的HIV咨询人数在新冠疫情期间下降了40.0%,HIV检测次数下降了31.0%[28-29]。波兰2020年VCT服务数量比前一年减少了44.0%,VCT使用率由75.3次/10万~108.9次/10万降至60.0次/10万[30]。在东欧和中欧地区,仅6个国家的HIV诊所正常运转,10个国家的诊所仅维持分发抗病毒药物[31]。美国阿肯色州、密苏里州和俄克拉何马州的性健康中心VCT数量减少了58.7%[32]。非洲地区采取严格管控的国家,VCT数量下降接近50.0%[33]。我国在新冠疫情期间也采取了严格的管控措施,宁波市2020年1-3月VCT数量较2019年同期下降31.5%,暗娼、MSM、外来务工人员和吸毒者的检测人数均在近10年来首次出现不同程度下降[22]。
3. 对HIV自检的影响:新冠疫情期间,HIV自检需求量总体呈上升趋势,提供HIV自检试剂盒成为医疗机构、社会组织等开展HIV检测的主要方式[34-35]。美国一项调查中有超过1/2的受访者认为,HIV自检有利于在新冠疫情期间获取HIV检测,98.5%的受访者愿意推荐他人使用HIV自检试剂盒[36]。2020年4-9月,英国通过互联网获取HIV检测的比例由2019年同期的25.0%增加到63.0%[19]。新冠疫情初期,我国HIV自检试剂盒在线购买下降超过50.0%,在防控政策放松后迅速恢复,HIV自检试剂盒销量2020年下半年出现增长,到2021年增长超100.0%[37-38]。国内一项在线调查显示,新冠疫情初期,只有64.9%(277/427)的MSM HIV检测需求得到满足,其中通过HIV自检途径完成检测的比例为84.1%(233/277)[39]。
三、新冠疫情期间影响HIV检测的因素1. 检测意愿:Jiang等[40]的研究发现,新冠疫情期间,MSM更愿意使用HIV自检试剂盒,使用PITC和VCT服务的人数明显下降。有检测需求者担心因前往医院感染新型冠状病毒而受到歧视[41]。HIV高风险人群认为自身免疫系统脆弱,害怕因外出或者前往服务机构感染新型冠状病毒[32, 36, 42-43]。这都造成了医疗机构HIV检测数量的下降。国内研究发现,40.1%的调查参与者由于担心感染新型冠状病毒而放弃使用医疗机构HIV检测服务[40]。与医疗机构的HIV检测服务相比,HIV自检因其简单化和隐私性更易被检测需求者接受[44]。菲律宾对MSM的调查显示,新冠疫情期间经历隔离的调查对象使用HIV自检的意愿增加(aOR=4.25,95%CI:2.46~7.43)[45]。因此,需要加强HIV检测的宣传,鼓励有检测需求者在做好防护措施的情况下,前往机构接受HIV检测。
2. 性伴数量:多项研究显示,新冠疫情期间约1/2的受访者约见性伴的次数减少[46-48],HIV高风险人群性伴的平均数量也出现了明显下降[29]。MSM的性接触活动减少,降低了相关人群的HIV检测需求,也降低了感染HIV的可能性[49]。但也有文献报道,被要求居家的MSM平均增加了2.1个肛交性伴[50],这可能在一定程度上会增加MSM的HIV检测需求和感染风险。
3. 新冠疫情防控措施:新冠疫情期间各国政府采取了不同的防控政策[51-54]。居家隔离、旅行限制、交通管制以及对前往医疗机构等公共场所的限制措施阻碍了医疗机构HIV检测服务的获取[11, 55]。MSM在新冠疫情期间获取VCT服务更困难(OR=1.98,95%CI:1.14~3.42)[56]。同时,部分HIV防治工作人员因防控措施而无法正常工作,造成了HIV检测服务提供不足[57]。相比而言,由于不完全依赖于固定的场所,HIV自检受到的影响则较小[58]。
4. 医疗机构服务:医疗机构HIV检测数量下降,主要还是HIV检测服务供应不足所导致。部分医院暂时关闭常规临床检测服务、转移大部分医疗资源或减少非急诊服务,以满足新型冠状病毒感染防治需求[59-61]。在俄罗斯、埃及、东欧和中欧等国家或地区,部分HIV检测服务机构被改为新型冠状病毒防治中心[31, 62-63]。在我国广西壮族自治区的调查中,超过1/2的HIV防治工作人员认为其所在机构的服务受到影响,25.0%的人员认为其所在机构HIV防治工作无法维持[57]。医疗机构向新型冠状病毒感染防治的资源倾斜影响了医疗机构HIV检测服务的提供,部分人群失去了获得HIV检测服务的机会。
5. 人员调动:HIV防治工作人员被抽调从事疫情防控工作影响了医疗机构提供HIV检测服务[20, 23, 28]。东欧和中欧地区11个国家的HIV门诊医生同时参与新型冠状病毒感染防治工作[31]。印度的一项调查中,45%的MSM报告在新冠疫情期间HIV防治工作人员数量出现下降[64]。新冠疫情期间,我国各级CDC的HIV防治工作人员也被抽调或兼职参与新冠疫情防控工作中[22, 65]。
6. 经济因素:新冠疫情扩大了不平等,使低收入群体和高危人群更难以获得政府提供的医疗机构HIV检测服务[50, 66-67]。肯尼亚“协助项目”参与者在新冠疫情期间由于无法负担新冠疫情防控相关的支出而放弃前往HIV诊所接受检测[68]。新冠疫情还加剧了区域不平等,尽管在流行早期城市的HIV检测下降幅度大于农村(发生率OR=0.52,95%CI:0.44~0.61)[12],但城市能够较快地恢复HIV检测服务,并以HIV自检试剂盒作为补充手段[69]。这导致了HIV自检数量出现了一定上涨。而贫困地区人群对HIV自检的认识较少,缺乏获取HIV自检试剂盒的途径,而失去了获得HIV检测的机会。
7. 保险保障:新冠疫情期间,HIV/AIDS患者、HIV高风险人群容易失去HIV检测服务机会[70]。因为这部分人群获得医疗保险的机会有限或没有既定的医疗保险[71],其获取医疗机构HIV检测服务的机会也较小。既往研究中,缺乏医疗保险保障的人更愿意选择使用HIV自检试剂盒(aOR=1.22,95%CI:1.06~1.40)[72]。因此,当医疗机构的HIV检测服务在新冠疫情期间大量中断时,这些人群可能会选择HIV自检。
8. 社会组织运转:MSM社会组织是MSM获取HIV检测服务的重要途径[73]。社会组织在一定程度上可以填补医疗机构HIV检测服务的不足[74]。但在新冠疫情期间,社会组织原有的服务流程被限制,导致HIV检测数量减少[42]。公益服务项目暂停造成部分依赖政府项目支持的社会组织预算短缺,无法维持正常运转[17],这部分社会组织的HIV检测服务出现中断。
四、新冠疫情期间提高HIV检测的策略与措施1. 新型冠状病毒感染防治与HIV检测相结合:许多国家和地区出台了加强HIV防治的诸多举措。各地出现了提高HIV检测率的新手段,尽管这不足以减轻新冠疫情对HIV检测的负面影响[13, 31, 75-76]。美国加利福尼亚州将HIV检测纳入低收入社区的新型冠状病毒核酸检测点中[77]。美国芝加哥大学医学院急诊科在新型冠状病毒筛查项目中加入HIV检测,弥补了HIV防治服务的减少[78]。我国也有类似的方案,云南省元谋县、四川省会理市等地将新型冠状病毒疫苗接种与HIV主动检测服务相结合,其2021年的HIV检测率达到历年最高水平。在HIV感染流行的高风险地区,探索将HIV检测与公共卫生服务相结合对扩大HIV检测有一定借鉴意义,但其是否可作为推广策略尚需进一步研究。
2. 加强检测服务提供创新:新冠疫情改变了检测提供者和公众对HIV自检和基层社区服务等创新的看法。这些创新在一定程度上减轻了医疗机构和实验室设施的负担,可能对HIV检测治疗产生重要影响,改善对边缘化人群的服务提供[42, 79]。在巴西、美国等国家,医疗机构通过远程医疗系统为HIV高风险人群提供基本的咨询服务[13, 80]。
3. 加强HIV自检推广:加强对人群HIV检测的宣传,鼓励更多的人使用HIV自检试剂盒。HIV自检试剂盒使用率高的国家,其整体检测水平受新冠疫情影响较小。多项研究表明,在新冠疫情期间,HIV自检的需求量增加[36, 39-40],其原因是自检试剂盒可以通过网络等途径获取,并在家庭内使用,最大限度避免新型冠状病毒暴露[81]。所以,加强HIV自检宣传推广,提高HIV自检的使用率能够更好地应对传染病流行对HIV检测的影响。
4. 增强社会组织活力:调查研究显示,社会组织成员之间良好的“连通性”能够提高其服务群体在新冠疫情期间的HIV检测意愿[39]。因此,社会组织在为群体提供服务的同时,促进社会组织成员良好的沟通和信息交流,有助于提高社会组织HIV防治活动的稳定性,维持其在传染病流行时期的HIV检测率。
五、小结总体上,新冠疫情在一定程度上影响了HIV检测服务的开展。特别是PITC和VCT等通过医疗机构和社会组织提供的检测在新冠疫情期间数量明显下降。这主要受到医疗机构服务、新冠疫情防控措施,人群检测意愿、性伴数量等供需两端多种因素的影响。为了应对这种负面影响,部分地区开始探索基于新冠疫情防控措施的HIV检测手段。HIV自检的需求量在新冠疫情期间呈现上升趋势,提示HIV自检可能是维持传染病大流行期间HIV检测的有效手段。现阶段国内关于新冠疫情对HIV检测影响的研究还比较少,需要开展更深入的研究调查,为制定HIV检测应对策略提供参考。
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