中华流行病学杂志  2023, Vol. 44 Issue (7): 1163-1168   PDF    
http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20221129-01012
中华医学会主办。
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文章信息

黄贵花, 李东民.
Huang Guihua, Li Dongmin
男男性行为人群扩大HIV检测策略研究进展
Progress in research of strategies of expanding HIV testing in men who have sex with men
中华流行病学杂志, 2023, 44(7): 1163-1168
Chinese Journal of Epidemiology, 2023, 44(7): 1163-1168
http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20221129-01012

文章历史

收稿日期: 2022-11-29
男男性行为人群扩大HIV检测策略研究进展
黄贵花 , 李东民     
中国疾病预防控制中心性病艾滋病预防控制中心流行病学室, 北京 102206
摘要: 近年来,我国MSM的HIV感染率呈上升趋势。HIV检测是发现感染者的唯一途径,能够有效遏制HIV的传播和降低艾滋病相关死亡风险。目前我国MSM的HIV检测情况不容乐观,扩大HIV检测是该人群艾滋病防控工作的关键措施之一。本文对MSM扩大HIV检测的作用及策略进行综述,为开展该人群HIV检测相关工作提供参考。
关键词: 男男性行为人群    HIV检测    策略    
Progress in research of strategies of expanding HIV testing in men who have sex with men
Huang Guihua , Li Dongmin     
Division of Epidemiology, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
Abstract: In recent years, HIV infection prevalence in MSM has been in increase in China. HIV testing is the only way to identify HIV-infection, effectively curb the spread of HIV and reduce AIDS-related death risks. At present, the situation of HIV testing in MSM is not satisfactory, and expanding HIV testing is the one of the key measures for AIDS prevention and control in this population. This paper summarizes the role and strategies of expanding HIV testing in MSM in order to provide a reference for the improvement of HIV testing in this population.
Key words: Men who have sex with men    HIV testing    Strategy    

MSM社会网络复杂,存在无保护肛交、群交、多性伴及新型毒品滥用等高危行为,具有较高感染和传播HIV的风险[1-3]。研究表明,我国MSM的HIV感染率呈上升趋势[4],经男男性行为传播HIV的比例由2009年的9.1%上升至2020年的23.3%和2022年的25.6%[5-6]。HIV检测是知晓感染情况的唯一途径[7],可降低HIV在人群中的传播风险,减少新发感染[8]。目前,我国在开展传统HIV检测的同时,进一步在重点人群中推广HIV自我检测(自检),以促进HIV感染者的发现[9-10]。2021年我国仅58.9%的MSM进行HIV检测并知晓自己的检测结果[11],可见该人群HIV检测情况不容乐观。本文对MSM扩大HIV检测的作用及策略进行综述,为开展该人群HIV检测相关工作提供参考。

一、MSM扩大HIV检测的作用

1. 促进HIV感染者早发现、早治疗:研究发现,扩大检测能够促进MSM中更多HIV感染者早发现、早治疗[12]。早发现能够使HIV感染者及时开展艾滋病抗病毒治疗,从而减少由于晚发现导致死于艾滋病相关疾病的人数,改善HIV感染者的疾病进程和生存质量,同时降低治疗成本。Sapsirisavat等[13]研究发现,MSM中HIV感染者首次HIV检测时CD4+T淋巴细胞(CD4)计数 < 200个/μl的比例较高,说明这部分MSM在HIV感染后长时间不知晓自身感染状态。英国一项队列研究显示,HIV感染者开始抗病毒治疗的时间晚于指南推荐的时间将损失15个寿命年[14]。陈凯等[15]研究发现,早发现早治疗有利于HIV感染者CD4计数/CD8+T淋巴细胞计数的比值恢复,使HIV感染者的免疫功能得到改善。在奥地利,晚发现的HIV感染者在15个月内治疗费用是较早发现者的3倍,给当地医疗体系带来了严重的经济负担[16]

2. 降低HIV传播风险:既往研究发现,MSM发生无保护肛交和群交等高危性行为的比例较高[17],其中不知晓自身感染状况的MSM与他人发生高危性行为时有可能将HIV传播给他人。Caro-Vega等[18]通过构建数学模型预测扩大HIV检测覆盖率对墨西哥MSM中HIV传播的影响,预计HIV检测覆盖率达到80%能够降低70%的HIV新发感染。据估计,美国37.6%的HIV新发感染来源于不知晓自身感染状态的HIV感染者[19]。研究证明,MSM感染者通过接受艾滋病抗病毒治疗得到病毒抑制可有效阻止HIV传播[20]。如Rodger等[21]研究发现,即使MSM HIV感染者与性伴发生无保护性行为,接受抗病毒治疗并且达到病毒有效抑制者将HIV传播给性伴的可能性为0。由此可见,扩大HIV检测有助于了解MSM的HIV感染状态,能有效避免HIV的二代传播,降低HIV新发感染率。

3. 减少高危性行为的发生:扩大HIV检测有利于提高MSM艾滋病知识知晓率和HIV风险意识,能够有效降低该人群高危性行为的发生[22-23]。我国一项队列研究显示,参与HIV自检的MSM在后续随访中坚持使用安全套的可能性较未参与HIV自检者高[24],可能是MSM在接受HIV检测服务后艾滋病风险意识有所提高,针对该人群的安全套宣传和推广工作发挥了重要作用,从而降低了艾滋病相关危险行为的发生率[25]。郭巍等[26]通过比较MSM中HIV检测前后艾滋病相关高危行为的发生情况,发现HIV检测能较好地为该人群提供准确且有针对性的行为干预信息,对该人群高危性行为的改变有积极作用。Frasca等[27]研究表明,接受HIV检测能使MSM对HIV相关知识和风险有更加全面的认识,在后续的随访中发现研究对象的性伴数量有所减少,发生无保护肛交的可能性更低。

二、MSM扩大HIV检测策略

1. 同伴推动HIV检测:由于缺乏检测意识或HIV风险意识不足,部分MSM极少甚至从未接触过HIV检测服务[23, 28]。一项基于我国社交软件Blued的研究显示,有15.8%的MSM从未听说过HIV检测[29]。MSM缺乏对HIV检测的认识,导致“不知未检”[30-32]。也有的MSM了解HIV检测知识,但感知不到自身处在HIV易感环境中,导致“知而不检”[33-34]。相关研究显示,同伴的鼓励或推荐是MSM寻求HIV检测的重要动机[35]。同伴推动HIV检测策略指MSM动员其社交网络中的圈内成员进行HIV检测,可有效促进更多难以接触或HIV风险较高的MSM进行检测[36]。如美国一项研究中283名MSM通过同伴推动招募了498名MSM进行HIV检测,其中22名MSM为HIV新发现病例[37];中国石家庄市一项研究发现[38],521名MSM中愿意接受其同伴建议进行HIV检测的比例为90.02%,提示通过MSM自身可以有效促进圈内同伴接受HIV检测。近年来,同伴推动HIV检测策略在国外应用较广,在我国并未开始大范围应用,后续可针对该策略在我国MSM中的实际推动情况进行深入研究[38]

2. 众包干预:通过专家和非专家在内的团队共同开发能够促进MSM进行HIV检测的工具,如视频、图片、海报作品等,并以此对MSM进行干预的一种策略,具有可推广、成本低且汇集多人智慧的优势[39-41]。研究发现,以专家为导向的决策无法直接触及目标人群的想法,对目标人群的干预效果有限,而众包干预策略对目标人群的干预效果显著[42]。如尼日利亚一项研究显示,研究对象接受众包干预后HIV检测率从19.6%上升至89.5%,其他性传播疾病的检测率也有所增加,如梅毒检测率由4.7%上升至47.9%,淋病检测率由4.7%上升至43.1%[43]。一项基于我国8个城市的研究发现,众包干预组最近3个月HIV检测率比对照组高8.9%,意向治疗分析显示众包干预组进行HIV检测的可能性是对照组的1.43(95%CI:1.19~1.73)倍[44]。一项基于307名从未接受过HIV检测的MSM研究中,37%的研究对象在观看了众包干预视频的4周内进行了首次HIV检测,且成本比常规干预视频低[45]。此外,Booton等[46]通过建模预测众包干预对我国MSM 20年内HIV感染的影响,估计众包干预能够避免0.9%~2.2%的MSM感染HIV,每年重复干预将达到6.4%~10.7%。

3. “互联网+”HIV自检/二次传递:随着互联网的飞速发展,网络不仅是HIV自检试剂的购买途径,还能够为医务人员和MSM之间的交流提供便捷的平台[47-48]。“互联网+”HIV自检策略是指MSM在互联网申请领取自检试剂并将检测结果回传,通过医务人员告知结果并提供咨询服务,对HIV自检阳性者提供全程复检和转介服务,能有效增加MSM的检测频率[49-50]。在此基础上MSM将领取的自检试剂传递给身边的朋友则为HIV自检的二次传递策略,能够覆盖传统HIV检测服务无法接触到的隐匿MSM,使更多的MSM参与检测[51]。一项关于“互联网+”HIV自检的研究显示,436名MSM通过微信公众号申请自检试剂,有92.2%的研究对象回传检测结果,其中82.8%愿意将HIV自检试剂推荐给朋友[52]。中国广东省珠海市一项研究发现,HIV自检二次传递策略中首次检测的MSM比例为30.2%,HIV感染率为8.1%[51]。乌干达一项基于MSM HIV自检二次传递策略的研究显示,32%的研究对象为首次进行HIV检测,90.8%有HIV检测史的研究对象仅有1次参加HIV检测的经历,且通过二次传递进行HIV检测者的HIV感染率是在传统HIV检测点检测者的2倍[53],说明该策略能有效挖掘隐匿MSM参与HIV检测,促进HIV感染者的发现[23]

4. 社交软件线上干预:研究表明,社交软件已成为MSM主要交友方式之一,能有效触及到传统干预服务所不能接触的隐匿人群[33]。多项研究发现,通过社交软件在线推送HIV检测广告或线上干预动员MSM参与检测,能有效提高HIV检测率[54-55]。如Wang等[56]结合Blued的地理定位功能和平台广告推送功能,对中国北京市MSM进行HIV检测广告推送,以促进当地MSM进行HIV检测,发现HIV检测人数大幅增加;梁军等[57]研究通过Blued、微信、QQ和Aloha社交软件在线动员MSM进行HIV检测,有23.78%的MSM被成功动员到当地社会组织接受HIV检测服务,其中HIV感染率为7.7%。美国一项通过社交软件的广告推送、首页宣传和直接招募等功能动员HIV高风险MSM进行HIV检测的研究显示,参与此项研究的359人中有22例HIV感染者,其中31.8%为新确证感染病例,均成功获得转介及后续医疗服务[58]。因此,通过社交软件线上干预MSM能有效接触到隐匿、HIV感染风险较高的人群,提高检测覆盖率。

5. HIV感染者动员性伴检测:HIV感染者的性伴是感染HIV的高危人群,动员该人群参与HIV检测对于MSM扩大HIV检测具有重要意义[59]。中国浙江省一项研究显示,6 269名MSM HIV感染者成功动员2 126名性伴进行检测,其中HIV感染者277例,78.7%为新确证感染病例[60]。李佑芳等[61]在中国云南省昆明市的一项MSM调查显示,HIV感染者动员其性伴接受HIV检测的成功率为60.17%,性伴中HIV感染率为13.2%。Semple等[62]在墨西哥的一项MSM研究发现,46名HIV感染者动员132名最近4个月与其发生过肛交行为的性伴进行HIV检测,成功率为26.5%,接受HIV检测的性伴中HIV感染率为28.6%。说明通过HIV感染者动员性伴进行检测能够有效的扩大MSM检测覆盖面,挖掘潜在的HIV感染者。

三、小结

综上所述,MSM感染HIV的风险增加,但HIV检测率处在较低水平。由于传统的HIV检测无法接触到隐匿的MSM,我国将HIV自检作为传统HIV检测的补充手段,挖掘既往未检测过或极少进行检测的MSM,促进HIV感染者的发现[63]。针对目前MSM扩大HIV检测的多重障碍,如HIV检测可及性差[64-65]、检测污名化[7, 66]、MSM缺乏HIV检测意识或风险意识薄弱[28],可推广同伴推动检测、众包干预、“互联网+”HIV自检/二次传递、社交软件线上干预和HIV感染者动员性伴检测等策略,同时借助互联网/社交软件、社会组织等途径加强对HIV检测和艾滋病相关风险知识的宣传教育,强调高危行为后检测的重要性,并营造反歧视的检测环境,普及基层检测点开展HIV检测,提高HIV检测服务的可及性[30, 67]。目前,为实现全球终结艾滋病流行的目标,世界各国都在积极探索能够有效促进HIV检测的相关策略,我国应结合各地疫情实际情况,探索适合当地MSM的HIV检测策略,以控制HIV在该人群的流行。此外,MSM圈内不同亚人群有其各自的行为特点,其检测情况有待深入探索,相应的HIV检测策略还需进一步研究。

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