中华流行病学杂志  2022, Vol. 43 Issue (12): 1887-1892   PDF    
http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20220525-00460
中华医学会主办。
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文章信息

程露, 吉宁, 徐建伟, 贾艾楠, 梁晓峰, 吴静.
Cheng Lu, Ji Ning, Xu Jianwei, Jia Ainan, Liang Xiaofeng, Wu Jing
中国农村地区现在吸烟者戒烟意愿及其影响因素研究
Study on the willingness to quit smoking and its influencing factors among current smokers in rural areas in China
中华流行病学杂志, 2022, 43(12): 1887-1892
Chinese Journal of Epidemiology, 2022, 43(12): 1887-1892
http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20220525-00460

文章历史

收稿日期: 2022-05-25
中国农村地区现在吸烟者戒烟意愿及其影响因素研究
程露1,2 , 吉宁2 , 徐建伟2 , 贾艾楠2 , 梁晓峰1,3 , 吴静2     
1. 山西医科大学公共卫生学院, 太原 030001;
2. 中国疾病预防控制中心慢性非传染性疾病预防控制中心, 北京 100050;
3. 暨南大学基础医学与公共卫生学院, 广州 510632
摘要: 目的 了解中国农村地区现在吸烟者戒烟意愿,探索其影响因素,为控烟工作提供参考。方法 本研究数据来源于2018年中国慢性病及危险因素监测,采用多阶段分层整群抽样的方法抽取184 509名≥18岁居民,其中10 241名农村现在吸烟者纳入研究。采用χ2/F检验对戒烟意愿与人口学信息、烟草使用情况、烟草相关危害知识的认知、慢性病患病情况等因素进行单因素分析,多因素分析采用非条件多因素logistic回归分析。结果 3 453名(37.46%)考虑在未来12个月内戒烟。logistic回归分析显示,偶尔吸烟者的戒烟意愿高于每天吸烟者(OR=0.693,95%CI:0.494~0.971),每天吸烟量<1包者的戒烟意愿高于≥1包者(OR=0.628,95%CI:0.511~0.771),12个月内有戒烟经历者的戒烟意愿高于12个月内未戒过烟的现在吸烟者(OR=0.438,95%CI:0.357~0.537),烟草危害认知程度高者戒烟意愿更高(OR=1.056,95%CI:1.028~1.086),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 中国农村地区现在吸烟者戒烟意愿与吸烟状况、吸烟量、戒烟情况、烟草危害认知有关。建议加强对农村地区的健康教育宣传,提供简短的戒烟干预,提高农村现在吸烟者的戒烟意愿。
关键词: 农村    吸烟    戒烟意愿    影响因素    
Study on the willingness to quit smoking and its influencing factors among current smokers in rural areas in China
Cheng Lu1,2 , Ji Ning2 , Xu Jianwei2 , Jia Ainan2 , Liang Xiaofeng1,3 , Wu Jing2     
1. School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China;
2. National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China;
3. School of Basic Medicine and Public Health, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
Abstract: Objective To study the willingness of current smokers to quit smoking in rural areas and related factors to provide a reference for tobacco control. Methods The data were collected from the China Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance in 2018. A multi-stage stratified cluster sampling was used to select 184 509 residents (≥18 years old); among the residents, 10 241 current smokers in rural areas were included in the study. χ2/F test was used to analyze the factors such as willingness to quit smoking and demographic information, tobacco use, cognition of tobacco-related hazard knowledge, the prevalence of chronic diseases, and other factors. Unconditional multifactor logistic regression analysis was used in multivariate analysis. Results A total of 3 453 (37.46%) considered quitting smoking in the next 12 months. Logistic regression analysis showed that occasional smokers were more willing to quit smoking than daily smokers (OR=0.693, 95%CI: 0.494-0.971), and those who smoked less than 1 pack per day were more willing to quit than those who smoked 1 pack or more per day (OR=0.628, 95%CI: 0.511-0.771), those who had quit smoking within 12 months were more willing to quit than those who had not quit within 12 months (OR=0.438, 95%CI: 0.357-0.537), and those with high awareness of tobacco hazards were more willing to quit smoking (OR=1.056, 95%CI: 1.028-1.086). The differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusions The willingness of current smokers in rural areas to quit smoking is related to the smoking situation, smoking intensity, previous smoking cession experience, and knowledge of the specific health effects of smoking. It suggests that health education should be strengthened through more efficient health communication methods in rural areas and provide brief smoking cessation interventions to improve rural smokers' willingness to quit smoking.
Key words: Rural areas    Smoking    Willingness to quit smoking    Influence factors    

根据全球疾病负担研究2019显示,烟草是二级风险中可归因伤残调整寿命年(DALY)的第三大危险因素。因烟草造成的男性可归因死亡为656万人,占2019年所有男性可归因死亡的21.4%,是男性可归因死亡的第一危险因素[1]。在我国16个省级行政区中,吸烟在2017年危险因素归因DALY顺位为第一危险因素[2],2017年中国烟草归因死亡人数达250万人[3],有学者预测,到2050年中国每年将会有约300万人因烟草相关疾病死亡[4]。2018年《中国成人烟草调查报告》显示吸烟人数高达3.06亿,其中农村成年人吸烟率为28.9%,高于城市(25.1%)[5]。《烟草控制框架公约》第14条提到戒烟是减少烟草需求的关键措施之一[6],烟草控制被确定为减少非传染性疾病的“最紧迫和最紧迫的优先”干预措施[7]。为降低吸烟率,改变烟草流行现状,降低烟草相关疾病死亡、疾病负担和经济损失,开展有效的戒烟工作至关重要。而戒烟意愿是产生戒烟行为的重要预测因素[8-9],是准备戒烟、采取戒烟行为的先决条件。我国成年人戒烟意愿远低于其他中、高等收入国家[10],并且国内针对农村地区开展戒烟干预的研究较少,因此本研究旨在探究我国农村地区现在吸烟者的戒烟意愿及其影响因素,为今后控烟策略的制定、农村地区控烟工作的开展提供参考。

对象与方法

1. 研究对象与方法:本研究数据来源于2018年中国慢性病及危险因素监测,按照多阶段分层整群抽样的方法,在全国31个省(自治区、直辖市)的298个监测点,在每个监测点随机抽取3个乡镇(街道、团),每个乡镇(街道、团)随机抽取2个村(居委会、连),每个村(居委会、连)随机抽取1个村民/居民小组(至少60户),每个村民/居民小组抽取45个居民户,累计应调查194 749名,实际完成调查184 876名,样本具有全国和省级代表性。经数据清理后,全国共纳入有效样本数为184 509名。纳入标准:农村地区的常住居民(调查前12个月内在监测点地区累计居住6个月以上);年龄满18周岁;现在吸烟者。排除标准:不吸机制卷烟的现在吸烟者;未回答戒烟意愿的现在吸烟者。从全国184 509名中筛选109 317名≥18岁农村常住居民,其中现在吸烟者有28 375名;剔除戒烟意愿缺失者,剩余10 677名;再剔除不吸机制卷烟者,最后纳入10 241名现在吸烟者为本研究的调查对象。调查对象均签署知情同意书。

2. 调查内容:①人口学信息:性别、年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况、职业、人均年收入等;②烟草使用情况:吸烟状况、每日吸烟量、戒烟情况、戒烟意愿等;③烟草相关危害知识的认知:共7题,包括吸烟可能造成的疾病(3题)、二手烟烟雾可能造成的疾病(3题)和低焦油含量危害(1题);④慢性病患病情况:高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)。

3. 指标定义:人均年收入<3 535元为最低收入人群,3 535~元为较低收入人群,10 000~元为低收入人群,≥24 000元为小康人群;现在吸烟者:调查时仍在吸烟者,包括每日吸烟者和偶尔吸烟者;每日吸烟量:吸机制卷烟的现在吸烟者的每日吸烟量划分为<1、≥1包(1包20支);有戒烟意愿:考虑在未来12个月内开始戒烟的现在吸烟者;无戒烟意愿:未来12个月内无戒烟打算或不想戒烟的现在吸烟者。对现在吸烟者进行烟草危害知识、认识问题调查,回答正确得1分,不知道0分,错误得-1分,共7个问题,计算烟草危害认知总分。

4. 统计学分析:使用SAS 9.4软件进行统计学描述、分析。为使调查结果具有全国代表性,本研究运用复杂抽样加权调整方法,综合考虑抽样、无应答和事后分层权重。采用x±s、频数与构成比分别描述定量与定性资料。定量资料组间比较,若方差齐采用单因素方差分析;若方差不齐,采用Wilcoxon秩和检验。定性资料组间比较采用χ2检验。影响因素分析中,以现在吸烟者是否有戒烟意愿为因变量,单因素影响分析采用组间比较;筛选出单因素分析中有关联的戒烟意愿影响因素作为自变量纳入模型,进行非条件多因素logistic回归分析,变量赋值见表1。所有统计学检验水准均为双侧检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

表 1 回归分析变量赋值
结果

1. 基本情况:本研究纳入10 241名农村现在吸烟者,年龄(54.53±12.85)岁。样本加权后,男性9 655名(96.50%);文化程度以初中(42.34%)、小学及以下(36.65%)为主;东、中、西部地区人群分别占32.52%、37.21%、30.27%。其中6 994名现在吸烟者患有≥1种慢性病。考虑在未来12个月内戒烟3 453名(37.46%),其中已婚/同居3 184名(83.03%),以低收入人群(30.05%)为主。其中有戒烟意愿组的烟草危害认知得分为(2.72±3.06)分,无戒烟意愿的烟草危害认知得分为(2.03±3.24)分。

2. 现在吸烟者戒烟意愿影响因素分析:

(1)单因素分析:性别、年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况、高血压、吸烟状况、每日吸烟量、戒烟情况、烟草危害认知不同的现在吸烟者的戒烟意愿比例差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。其中偶尔吸烟者的戒烟意愿高于每天吸烟者,每日吸烟量<1包者的戒烟意愿高于≥1包者,12个月内戒过烟者的戒烟意愿高于12个月内未戒过烟者,有戒烟意愿组的烟草危害认知平均得分高于无戒烟意愿组。地区、人均年收入、糖尿病、血脂异常、COPD、慢性病患病情况不同的现在吸烟者的戒烟意愿比例差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表2

表 2 不同特征现在吸烟者戒烟意愿的比较

(2)多因素分析:将现在吸烟者是否有戒烟意愿作为因变量,根据单因素分析结果结合专业判断,将性别、年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况、高血压、吸烟状况、每日吸烟量、戒烟情况、烟草危害认知等作为自变量,建立logistic回归模型。结果显示,每日吸烟(OR=0.693,95%CI:0.494~0.971)、每日吸烟量≥1包(OR=0.628,95%CI:0.511~0.771)、12个月内未戒过烟(OR=0.438,95%CI:0.357~0.537)的现在吸烟者有戒烟意愿的可能性更低,男性(OR=1.429,95%CI:1.070~1.908)、初中文化程度(OR=1.275,95%CI:1.058~1.535)、烟草危害认知得分高(OR=1.056,95%CI:1.028~1.086)的现在吸烟者有戒烟意愿的可能性更高。见表3

表 3 农村地区现在吸烟者戒烟意愿影响因素的多因素logistic回归分析
讨论

本研究以我国农村地区现在吸烟者为研究对象,运用logistic回归分析探讨戒烟意愿的影响因素。结果显示,农村地区现在吸烟者考虑在未来12个月内开始戒烟的比例为37.46%,2018年《中国成人烟草调查报告》显示在农村地区18.6%的现在吸烟者考虑在未来12个月内戒烟,7.6%的现在吸烟者考虑在1个月内戒烟,均高于城市地区比例[5]。年龄、婚姻状况、人均年收入等一般人口学特征、慢性病患病情况与戒烟意愿无关联,但性别、文化程度能影响戒烟意愿。初中文化程度现在吸烟者戒烟意愿是小学及以下的1.275倍。与之前的研究结果一致,与文化程度较低人群相比,受过中等或高等教育人群更有可能打算戒烟[11]。教育可以反映个人与健康相关的知识和作出健康意识决定的能力,缺乏教育会限制对吸烟危害的认识,因此需要加强农村地区的干预措施以帮助该群体戒烟[12]

与每日吸烟者相比,在过去一年中尝试戒烟者更可能是不经常或经常的非每日吸烟者[13];与偶尔吸烟者相比,每天吸烟者由于“渴望或戒断”而停止戒烟的比例更高[14]。本研究表明偶尔吸烟者比每日吸烟者更有可能产生戒烟的想法。与每日吸烟≥1包者相比,每日吸烟量<1包的现在吸烟者戒烟意愿更高,这与国内外研究结果一致[15-17]。提示对烟草产品依赖程度越高的吸烟者,产生戒烟意愿的可能性越小[18],减少吸烟频率对于提高戒烟意愿或尝试戒烟有帮助。可能是因为对烟草依赖程度高者,对烟草渴望大,戒断反应大,因此其尝试戒烟的动力和信心小。

有戒烟经历是戒烟意愿的影响因素[19-20],并且曾经尝试戒烟者将来会有更强烈戒烟意愿[11]。有研究表明,与从未尝试戒烟者相比,在过去一年内戒过烟的吸烟者在未来1个月(OR=28.3)或6个月(OR=16.2)内再次戒烟的可能性高,比几年前戒过烟的吸烟者在未来1个月(OR=4.8)或6个月内(OR=4.4)再次戒烟的可能性也要高得多[21]。与以往研究类似[22],本研究结果显示在12个月内未戒过烟的现在吸烟者的戒烟意愿是12个月内戒过烟的0.438倍。在12个月内戒过烟的现在吸烟者可能有动力再次尝试戒烟,而未尝试过的现在吸烟者可能根本未准备好戒烟,因此无意戒烟。

烟草相关知识和危害认知程度同样影响吸烟者的戒烟意愿[23]。Popova等[24]研究显示,与有戒烟意愿的吸烟者相比,从未计划戒烟的吸烟者更有可能否认或回答“我不知道”香烟会导致肺癌、肺病、心脏病、过早死亡等。本研究中聚焦于农村地区的现在吸烟者,烟草危害认知得分每高1分,戒烟意愿仅增加0.056倍(OR=1.056),影响程度较低。分析可能的原因,虽然大多数吸烟者都知道吸烟有害健康,但农村地区现在吸烟者的文化程度相对较低,会限制对吸烟及二手烟危害的认识[25],无法充分了解吸烟对自身、家庭健康危害的严重程度及戒烟的益处[26],并多存在一些误区,如问题“是否同意低焦油含量卷烟危害比一般卷烟小”,对此回答正确的吸烟者仅占46.85%,不知道、回答错误的分别为40.65%、12.50%,这也会干扰戒烟意愿。

综上所述,应加强农村、偏远地区的烟草使用危害的宣传力度,通过借用便捷的网络平台等更多高效的宣传方式积极宣传,提高吸烟、二手烟导致疾病的危害认知;加强农村地区戒烟机构或组织的建设,提供简短的戒烟干预,鼓励、帮助吸烟者尝试戒烟,从而提高农村现在吸烟者的戒烟意愿和戒烟率。

本研究存在局限性。首先2018年中国慢性病及危险因素监测实际完成调查184 876人,年龄(55.01±13.89)岁,调查对象偏重老年人,而其他全国数据显示老年组是戒烟率最高的人群,可能导致戒烟意愿偏高,从而高估影响因素的作用;其次农村地区现在吸烟者的戒烟意愿缺失较多,虽进行过差异性比较,但仍需进一步研究检验;最后吸烟状况只涉及了吸烟频率、每日吸烟量,未纳入吸烟年限,在反映烟草依赖程度方面可能存在不足。尽管如此,本研究了解了农村地区现在吸烟者的戒烟意愿现状,探索其影响因素,对农村地区未来控烟策略的制定、工作的开展有参考意义。

利益冲突  所有作者声明无利益冲突

作者贡献声明  程露:数据整理、统计学分析、论文撰写;吉宁、梁晓峰:研究指导、论文修改;徐建伟:论文修改、支持性贡献;贾艾楠:支持性贡献、经费支持;吴静:研究指导、论文修改、经费支持

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