中华流行病学杂志  2021, Vol. 42 Issue (6): 992-1001   PDF    
http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20201218-01420
中华医学会主办。
0

文章信息

于凡, 沈玲羽, 田祎, 王全意, 高志勇.
Yu Fan, Shen Lingyu, Tian Yi, Wang Quanyi, Gao Zhiyong
进口冷链水产品新型冠状病毒污染传播探讨
Exploration on contamination and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in imported cold chain aquatic products
中华流行病学杂志, 2021, 42(6): 992-1001
Chinese Journal of Epidemiology, 2021, 42(6): 992-1001
http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20201218-01420

文章历史

收稿日期: 2020-12-18
进口冷链水产品新型冠状病毒污染传播探讨
于凡1 , 沈玲羽2 , 田祎2 , 王全意2 , 高志勇1,2     
1. 中国医科大学公共卫生学院, 沈阳 110122;
2. 北京市疾病预防控制中心, 北京市预防医学研究中心传染病地方病控制所 100013
摘要: 国内多次在进口冷链水产品及其外包装检测出新型冠状病毒。本文对进口冷链水产品新型冠状病毒污染状况、来源及传播风险进行分析,并尝试提出了相关建议和策略,以期为新型冠状病毒感染防控提供依据。
关键词: 新型冠状病毒    水产品    冷链    污染    
Exploration on contamination and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in imported cold chain aquatic products
Yu Fan1 , Shen Lingyu2 , Tian Yi2 , Wang Quanyi2 , Gao Zhiyong1,2     
1. School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China;
2. Institute of Infectious Diseases and Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China
Abstract: Contaminations of SARS-CoV-2 have been found for many times in imported cold chain aquatic products and their packaging materials in China. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the contamination status, sources and transmission risks of SARS-CoV-2 in imported cold chain aquatic products, and try to put forward relevant suggestions and strategies in order to provide evidence for the prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Key words: SARS-CoV-2    Aquatic product    Cold chain    Contamination    

国内多次在进口冷链水产品及其外包装检测到新型冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome- coronavirus-2,SARS-CoV-2)核酸。冷链水产品的生产、运输等环节可能导致病毒的传播。但是,病毒如何污染冷链水产品尚无定论。本研究收集近期国内外进口冷链水产品SARS-CoV-2核酸检出情况和冷链水产品工作人员感染情况,结合近年来我国水产品进口情况,分析可能的传播风险并提出相关的防控建议。

1.病原学特征:SARS-CoV-2属于β属的冠状病毒,有包膜,颗粒呈圆形或椭圆形,直径60~140 nm,基因组为单股正链RNA[1]

人群对SARS-CoV-2普遍易感。传染源主要是SARS-CoV-2感染的患者和无症状感染者,主要经呼吸道飞沫和密切接触传播。接触病毒污染的物品也可造成感染。另外,也可能存在气溶胶传播和粪-口传播[1]

低温能够大幅延长病毒的存活时间,冠状病毒在冷冻条件下非常稳定,-20 ℃可存活2年[2]。将200 μl 3×106 TCID50/ml SARS-CoV-2添加到500 mm3大小的鸡肉、鲑鱼和猪肉块中,4 ℃、-20 ℃和-80 ℃条件下21 d后病毒感染性均无明显下降,且与病毒单独存放相比病毒感染性无明显差异[3]。有研究对SARS-CoV-2在铜、纸板、不锈钢和塑料表面上存活进行了研究,在保持环境温度为21~23 ℃,湿度40%,持续7 d进行检测,结果发现,铜制品上4 h后检测不到活的SARS-CoV-2,纸板上24 h后检测不到,不锈钢和塑料表面SARS-CoV-2可存活72 h[4]。就冷冻水产品而言,从最初的加工、贮藏到运输和销售,一直要控制在低温状态,在加工时,产品温度要控制在8 ℃以下,在运输和销售过程中温度都要控制在-18 ℃以下[5]。鱼体上的SARS-CoV-2能够在4 ℃存活1周以上[6]。SARS-CoV-2可以在塑料等制品上存活,存活能力较强,也为冷链水产品外包装检测出SARS-CoV-2提供了依据。

2.水产品及其外包装SARS-CoV-2检出情况:2020年6月在北京市新发地市场进口三文鱼中检测出SARS-CoV-2核酸[7]。此后,国内多地报道冷冻食品外包装检测出SARS-CoV-2核酸[8-35]。海关总署对进口水产品及其包装SARS-CoV-2核酸检测阳性的情况也进行了通报并且实行紧急预防性措施[36]。见表 1。2020年10月17日,中国CDC在青岛市进口冷冻鳕鱼的外包装阳性样本中分离到SARS-CoV-2活病毒[37]

表 1可以看到报告地区中沿海城市检出相对较多,阳性水产品主要来自俄罗斯、荷兰、印度尼西亚、印度、缅甸、厄瓜多尔、巴西、智利、阿根廷。检出产品主要为冷冻南美白虾外包装、冷冻带鱼外包装、冷冻鳕鱼外包装等。

表 1 2020年6月至2021年1月国内进口冷链水产品SARS-CoV-2核酸检出情况

3.水产品工作人员SARS-CoV-2感染情况:2020年6月11日,在56 d零病例之后,北京市出现COVID-19病例;6月15日至7月10日,共有1 000多万公民和5 342份环境样本进行了检测,最终确诊了368例阳性病例,其中有169例有新发地市场的工作经历;后对新发地市场感染员工的分布进行空间分析发现病例在海鲜部门高度聚集[7]。2020年7月22日,大连市新增1例本土COVID-19确诊病例,为进口水产品加工企业员工;在对密切接触者的流调排查中,又发现了2例确诊病例和12名无症状感染者;后经调查发现,1例确诊病例和12名无症状感染者在该企业一个车间高度集中,均为该水产品公司员工;截至2020年7月31日,大连市确诊病例68例,无症状感染者32例,其中85例与大连凯洋海鲜公司有直接或间接的关联[38]。在对青岛港大港公司“应检尽检”人员定期例行检测中,先后发现2名装卸工人感染SARS-CoV-2,属于无症状感染者,2名患者为同班工人,之前曾一起装卸进口冷冻海鲜(鳕鱼),5 d后核酸检测呈阳性[39]。除了上述国内冷链水产品从业人员感染外,国外也有相关报道。2020年3月12日,韩国世宗市的海洋水产部有11名公务员被确诊为COVID-19病例,感染路径尚不明确,10日出现首例确诊病例,11日新增4例,12日新增6例,确诊病例均在同一建筑4层办公,主要来自水产政策室和海运物流局这两个部门[40]。2020年4月20日,加拿大新斯科舍海产企业High Liner Foods及美国新罕布什尔州Portsmouth一处鱼类加工工厂发现COVID-19确诊病例[41]。2020年4月23日美国大型海产品捕捞加工企业Blue Harvest Fisheries位于马萨诸塞州新贝德福德市的工厂发现3名员工感染SARS-CoV-2,包括2名确诊和1名疑似病例,该工厂有两处冷库,设有鱼类和贝类加工生产线,主要加工本地捕捞的黑线鳕和大西洋扇贝[42]。2020年6月14日纽波特的太平洋海鲜公司124名员工SARS-CoV-2核酸检测阳性,共376名工人接受了检测,有53名雇员和71名当地承包商检测呈阳性,约95%的人没有症状,该公司从事海产品捕捞、加工以及海鲜、牛肉、猪肉、家禽的分销,2020年6月16日,美国阿拉斯加布里斯托尔湾区的3名海产品工人的SARS-CoV-2检测呈阳性[43]。2020年6月8日,美国媒体Anchorage Daily News报道,阿拉斯加州Whittier市报告新增11例COVID-19确诊病例,全部为海产企业加工厂的工人[44]。除此之外,波兰及智利三文鱼工厂、印度尼西亚虾类养殖与加工厂、英国海产品加工厂员工和秘鲁人工卸载码头渔民也有感染SARS-CoV-2的相关报道[45-49]。以上事件虽没有明确报告是由被污染的水产品引起,但是并不能排除这个可能性。

4.水体中SARS-CoV-2的检出情况:由于SARS-CoV-2感染者的排泄物中含有大量病毒,所以,生活污水是水体病毒性污染的重要来源,病毒在离开宿主的条件下,能以无生命的生物大分子状态稳定存在并长期保持感染活力[50]。各类水体中存在的大量悬浮颗粒物对病毒的吸附大大延长了病毒的存活时间,从而增强了水体中病毒的潜在传播能力[51]。SARS-CoV-2如果可在水体中存活,在疫情严重的沿海国家,这可能成为水产品的污染来源。

关于水体中SARS-CoV-2的检出情况,目前只有一项研究在河流水中检测到SARS-CoV-2核酸,发生在厄瓜多尔SARS-CoV-2流行的高峰期。研究者于2020年6月5日对厄瓜多尔首都基多城市河流沿岸的3个地点进行采样,各采集2 L的样本,均检测到SARS-CoV-2核酸[52]。除河流水检测出SARS-CoV-2核酸外,目前,已有多个国家在未被处理的废水中检测到SARS-CoV-2核酸。2020年1-4月,在美国路易斯安那州南部的2个污水处理厂共采集未处理的废水样本7个、二级处理的废水样本4个、氯消毒后的最终废水样本4个,结果在2个未处理的废水样本中检出SARS-CoV-2核酸[53]。2020年3月17日至5月7日,在日本山梨县一个污水处理厂共采集5个进水样本、5个二级处理(氯化前)的废水样本,从河流中采集3个样本,结果在1个二级处理的废水样本中检出SARS-CoV-2核酸[54]。2020年4月14-22日,意大利米兰的一项研究在3个污水处理厂的入厂水、出厂水和出厂水排入的3条河流取样检测SARS- CoV-2核酸,在入厂水和河流样本中检测到病毒核酸,在出厂水中检测不到,但没有从这些阳性样本中分离到SARS-CoV-2[55]。2020年3月25日至4月21日,在澳大利亚昆士兰州东南部3个污水处理厂采集的9个未处理的废水样本中2个检测到SARS-CoV-2核酸[56]。西班牙穆尔西亚为SARS- CoV-2低流行区,该地区6个污水处理厂的入厂水和出厂水中检测到SARS-CoV-2核酸,2020年3月12日至4月14日,共采集了42个进水样本、18个二级处理出水样本和12个三级处理出水样本,其中35个进水样本、2个二级处理出水样本SARS-CoV-2核酸检测阳性[57]。2020年3月,荷兰在阿姆斯特丹史基浦机场以及Kaatsheuvel污水处理厂的废水样本中检测到了SARS-CoV-2[58]

5.我国水产品进口情况:我国水产品主要从俄罗斯、美国、秘鲁、东盟、智利、厄瓜多尔、挪威、印度等国家或地区进口[59-61]。1984-2019年水产品进口量增长了40倍,进口额增长了263倍[61]。据中国海关统计,2019年水产品进口626.5万吨,同比增长19.9%,鲜冷冻鱼类进口量最大,占水产品进口总量的比重为46.5%,其次是饲料用鱼粉,比重为22.6%,虾类、贝类及软体动物的比重分别为12.3%和9.2%[61]。主要进口水产品种类见表 2

表 2 2019年我国水产品主要进口种类[61]

据报道,中国每年进口的冰鲜和冷冻三文鱼约为8万吨,智利、挪威、法罗群岛、澳大利亚、加拿大等是主要的三文鱼进口来源国/地区,进口量逐年递增,早前,挪威海产局市场调查显示,2019年前三季度,挪威新鲜三文鱼对我国出口量涨幅高达92%[62]。2020年1-4月,在中国进口的所有冰鲜三文鱼中,挪威占据45%的绝对份额。挪威海产局的数据也显示,中国是挪威农场养殖三文鱼的消费大户,其进口到中国的新鲜三文鱼总量达3 141吨[63]。厄瓜多尔是虾养殖业的先驱国家之一[64]。该国的沿海地区被公认为水产养殖的理想之地,优良的自然条件、丰富的养虾经验、大面积的养殖基地、良好的基础设施等,使厄瓜多尔成为世界上主要大虾生产和出口国家之一[65]。2017年12月5日,据厄瓜多尔国家水产养殖商会公布的数据,白虾已经成为厄瓜多尔出口额第一的出口产品[66]。该国拥有3 000多个养虾场,总面积22万公顷,出口的白虾绝大部分源于水产养殖,出口的企业都具备培育、养殖、加工、出口这四大功能,整个环节是闭环操作,虾从捕捞到进入加工厂不会超过4 h;从打捞、冷冻,再运到中国市场,大约需要60 d[67]。据厄瓜多尔水产养殖协会统计,4月向中国出口4.7万吨白虾,占厄瓜多尔全国出口量的80%左右[68]。在虾加工厂里一般是按照出口标准大小进行清洗和分类,根据市场需求,加工成不同类别,在-10 ℃下快速冷冻然后-18 ℃贮藏,通过海运或者空运远距离出口[69]

6.传播风险分析:

(1)养殖水域污染:水产品养殖水域是否存在SARS-CoV-2污染,继而是否能污染水产品,是需要深入分析的重要问题。世界上80%以上的废水未经处理就排入河流和海洋,造成污染[70]。污水可经河流入海。在发展中国家,许多地区缺乏足够的卫生基础设施和污水处理设施[71]。未经处理的污水直接排放入河流,最终都流入海洋。拉丁美洲地区的大多数国家仅有平均30%的污水在排放入水体前是处理过的,尤其是在厄瓜多尔,仅有不到20%的污水是处理过的,首都基多将近3 000 000居民仅处理3%的污水,基多城市的污水接收着整个城市的粪便,被人类微生物和其他的污染物高度污染,这些污染物和微生物沿江河流域传播,可到达太平洋海岸[72]。即使是在疫情封锁时期,恒河最长的支流亚穆纳河的部分河段的水质检测显示污染物增加,可能这些地段位于德里的北部和中部(这些地区广泛种植和建筑密集),部分处理或者未被处理的农业废水和生活污水持续地污染河流[73]。在过去的几十年中,流向南亚海域沿海水域的河流营养物不断增加,造成了海洋污染[74]。印度尼西亚许多发展中地区的沿海环境受到工业发展和人类活动的负面影响[75]。西非海岸的许多沿海地区缺乏足够的废水和固体废物管理系统,造成大量的未经处理的废水和固体废物露天排放,污染海水[76]。根据2011年沿海城市自来水公司的数据,加沙走廊每天约有8 900万升未处理或部分处理的污水排入地中海,其中部分处理的污水6 900万升,未处理的污水2 000万升,地中海沿岸的加沙走廊海岸已经发现海水受到微生物污染,并且有证据表明加沙走廊存在与卫生相关的感染,另有研究也表明加沙市沿海地区的海水样本中约有48%被寄生虫污染[77]。另外,雨水可进入污水系统,稀释后的污水在进入污水处理厂之前从下水道排放到环境中,发生雨季溢流现象[78]。在美国,772个社区约有4 000万人使用雨污合流制排水系统,下雨时,未经处理的污水会溢出到自然水体中[79]。海洋污染80%以上来自陆地,污染物通过污水、河流、径流、雨水等方式排放到海洋中,造成近海污染[80]。不同国家在未被处理的废水样本中检出SARS-CoV-2核酸,未经处理的废水排放入海及海水的污染现况,提示相关海域的海产品存在SARS-CoV-2污染的风险。进口的三文鱼和白虾等主要在近海养殖,如果养殖用海水被污染,养殖的水产品是否受到影响,仍需进一步调查。

(2)感染者污染:COVID-19的传染源主要是患者和无症状感染者,无症状感染者同样具有高度传染性,通过密切接触传播[81]。且无症状感染者无任何明显的症状与体征,其在人群中难以被发现,其导致的传播也难以预防。主要水产品来源国疫情形势严峻,WHO官网的数据显示,截至2021年1月30日,俄罗斯累计确诊3 832 080例,累计死亡72 697例。美国累计确诊25 512 197例,累计死亡病例429 652例,位居全球第一。拉美地区成为全球疫情新的“震中”,其中巴西累计确诊病例数位列全球第三,仅次于美国和印度。哥伦比亚累计确诊病例数超200万例,累计死亡病例逼近53万。厄瓜多尔累计确诊24.6万人,死亡人数达14 766人,每百万人死于COVID-19的人数达836.93人。这些国家存在大量患者和无症状感染者,公共卫生系统不堪重负,个人防护装备也不充足[82]。受感染工人在处理产品时有可能通过咳嗽、打喷嚏或手部接触等方式,导致病毒污染他们所处理的水产品或其外包装。

(3)运输售卖:2020年6月北京市新发地疫情调查发现:三文鱼鱼体拭子样本中测序获得的病毒基因组序列与本次疫情中人和环境样本中的病毒高度同源,该三文鱼为进口的冷链水产品,结合全面的流行病学调查和大数据分析,该疫情可能源于冷链水产品污染,提出冷链运输可能是新冠病毒传播的新途径[7]。中国青岛市疫情溯源从进口冷冻鳕鱼外包装表面分离出新冠活病毒,病毒来自欧洲地区的一个分支,该分支起源于欧洲地区,港口装卸工人或者其他工作人员可能通过与货物直接接触的方式感染病毒,证明病毒通过冷链运输感染人并且引起暴发是完全可能的[83]。同样,中国大连市疫情始于大连凯洋海鲜公司冷冻海鲜产品的加工车间,初步怀疑是由在境外被污染的海产品进入该加工车间,导致个别操作工人感染,进而在车间内工人之间迅速传播,并蔓延至工人们的居住社区[84]

7.防控建议:我国在常态化防控阶段,“外防输入”摆在了更加突出的位置;冬春季是常态化疫情防控的关键期,也是重要的“窗口期”,盯紧“人”聚焦“物”,人物同防;为防止污染了SARS-CoV-2的水产品进入我国引起传播,在“物防”上,国家相关部门已经及时发布了相应的技术指南、规范及工作方案;例如,国家卫生健康委员会印发了《冷链食品生产经营新冠病毒防控技术指南和冷链食品生产经营过程新冠病毒防控消毒技术指南》;有关部门研究制定了《进口冷链食品预防性全面消毒工作方案》[85]

在以上方案基础之上,我们建议:通过外交、商务等途径,协调水产品来源地加强污水管理和消毒工作,保证水产品养殖水域水质合格,同时做好水产品生产企业工作人员的健康管理,避免带病工作。根据境外疫情发展,建议对重点国家或地区的水产品予以密切监测,比如厄瓜多尔的冷冻南美白虾、印度及印度尼西亚的冷冻带鱼及俄罗斯的冷冻鳕鱼等,并及时根据检出情况调整检疫查验的重点国家和地区。

利益冲突  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

参考文献
[1]
国家卫生健康委员会, 国家中医药管理局. 新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案(试行第八版)[J]. 中国病毒病杂志, 2020, 10(5): 321-328.
National Health Commission, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Guideline on diagnosis and treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia(interim 8th edition)[J]. Chin J Viral Dis, 2020, 10(5): 321-328. DOI:10.16505/j.2095-0136.2020.0071
[2]
Han J, Zhang X, He SS, et al. Can the coronavirus disease be transmitted from food? A review of evidence, risks, policies and knowledge gaps[J]. Environ Chem Lett, 2021, 19(1): 5-16. DOI:10.1007/s10311-020-01101-x
[3]
Fisher D, Reilly A, Zheng AKE, et al. Seeding of outbreaks of COVID-19 by contaminated fresh and frozen food[Z]. NewsRX LLC, 2020: 273. DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.17.255166.
[4]
van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, et al. Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1[J]. N Engl J Med, 2020, 382(16): 1564-1567. DOI:10.1056/NEJMc2004973
[5]
郝丹.国际水产品冷链物流优化——以BSL公司为例[D].青岛: 中国海洋大学, 2009.
Hao D. Optimization of International aquatic products cold chain-BSL Company as an example[D]. Qingdao: Ocean University of China, 2009.
[6]
Dai MM, Li HN, Yan N, et al. Long-term survival of SARS-CoV-2 on salmon as a source for international transmission[J]. J Infect Dis, 2021, 223(3): 537-539. DOI:10.1093/infdis/jiaa712
[7]
Pang XH, Ren LL, Wu SS, et al. Cold-chain food contamination as the possible origin of COVID-19 resurgence in Beijing[J]. Natl Sci Rev, 2020, 7(12): 1861-1864. DOI:10.1093/nsr/nwaa264
[8]
中央纪委国家监委驻海关总署纪检监察组.食品溯源守护舌尖上的安全[EB/OL]. (2020-07-13)[2020-12-18]. http://www.customs.gov.cn//zjwzsjjz/lzsy/3185904/index.html.
The Discipline Inspection and Supervision Office of the CCDI and NCS at General Administration of Customs. Food traceability guards a bite of safety[EB/OL]. (2020-07-13)[2020-12-18]. http://www.customs.gov.cn//zjwzsjjz/lzsy/3185904/index.html.
[9]
央视新闻客户端.江西萍乡市民网购部分厄瓜多尔冻南美白虾产品外包装核酸检测呈阳性[EB/OL]. (2020-07-15)[2020-12-18]. http://m.news.cctv.com/2020/07/15/ARTIvyAh54988yrKnhDewDwJ200715.shtml.
CCTV news clients. The nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 was detected on the outer packaging of online shopping frozen South American white shrimp imported from Ecuador in Pingxiang city in Jiangxi Province[EB/OL]. (2020-07-15)[2020-12-18]. http://m.news.cctv.com/2020/07/15/ARTIvyAh54988yrKnhDewDwJ200715.shtml.
[10]
重庆市卫生健康委员会.关于我市部分进口冻虾外包装检出新冠病毒相关排查处置情况的通报[EB/OL]. (2020-07-18)[2020-12-18]. http://wsjkw.cq.gov.cn/ztzl_242/qlzhxxgzbdfyyqfkgz/yqtb/202007/t20200718_7696176.html.
Chongqing Municipal Health Commission. Notification on the investigation and disposal of SARS-CoV-2 detected in the outer packaging of some imported frozen shrimps in our city[EB/OL]. (2020-07-18)[2020-12-18]. http://wsjkw.cq.gov.cn/ztzl_242/qlzhxxgzbdfyyqfkgz/yqtb/202007/t20200718_7696176.html.
[11]
云南省卫生健康委员会.关于厄瓜多尔冻南美白虾排查处置情况的通报[EB/OL]. (2020-07-16)[2020-12-18]. http://ynswsjkw.yn.gov.cn/wjwWebsite/web/doc/UU159486581758166169.
Health Commission of Yunnan Province. Notification on investigation and disposal of frozen South American white shrimp imported from Ecuador[EB/OL]. (2020-07-16)[2020-12-18]. http://ynswsjkw.yn.gov.cn/wjwWebsite/web/doc/UU159486581758166169.
[12]
烟台发布.我市企业进口冷冻海鲜产品外包装样本呈阳性[EB/OL]. (2020-08-11)[2020-12-18]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/A3OpaU00qXQAypWHm9BVjQ.
Yantai Release. Positive samples of frozen seafood imported from enterprises in our city[EB/OL]. (2020-08-11)[2020-12-18]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/A3OpaU00qXQAypWHm9BVjQ.
[13]
芜湖市人民政府.芜湖一餐饮店冷冻海鲜核酸检测呈阳性[EB/OL]. (2020-08-13)[2020-12-18]. http://www.wuhu.gov.cn/openness/public/6596211/26866651.html.
Wuhu Municipal People's Government. The nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 was detected in frozen seafood in a restaurant in Wuhu[EB/OL]. (2020-08-13)[2020-12-18]. http://www.wuhu.gov.cn/openness/public/6596211/26866651.html.
[14]
陕西省卫生健康委员会.通告[ EB/OL]. (2020-08-13)[2020-12-18]. http://sxwjw.shaanxi.gov.cn/sy/ztzl/fyfkzt/gzdt_2232/202008/t20200813_2118286.html.
Health Commission of Shanxi Province. Notification[EB/OL]. (2020-08-13)[2020-12-18]. http://sxwjw.shaanxi.gov.cn/sy/ztzl/fyfkzt/gzdt_2232/202008/t20200813_2118286.html.
[15]
扶余市卫生健康局.扶余市新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控工作领导小组办公室公告[EB/OL]. (2020-09-20)[2020-12-18]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/b1veF8ixIsf9lOqssZm5aw.
Fuyu Health Bureau. Announcement of Fuyu novel coronavirus pneumonia epidemic prevention and control leading group office[EB/OL]. (2020-09-20)[2020-12-18]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/b1veF8ixIsf9lOqssZm5aw.
[16]
太原市卫生健康委员会.太原市进口冷冻带鱼制品外包装检出一份阳性, 已有效管控相关人员和货物[EB/OL]. (2020-11-09)[2020-12-18]. http://wjw.taiyuan.gov.cn//doc/2020/11/09/1028166.shtml.
Taiyuan Municipal Health Commission. The nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 was detected on the outer packaging of one imported frozen hairtail product in Taiyuan, and the relevant personnel and goods have been effectively controlled[EB/OL]. (2020-11-09)[2020-12-18]. http://wjw.taiyuan.gov.cn//doc/2020/11/09/1028166.shtml.
[17]
天津市卫生健康委员会.天津本地无症状感染者行动轨迹公布[EB/OL]. (2020-11-09)[2020-12-18]. http://wsjk.tj.gov.cn/ZTZL1/ZTZL750/YQFKZL9424/FKDT1207/202011/t20201109_4046982.html.
Tianjin Municipal Health Commission. Track of local asymptomatic infections in Tianjin[EB/OL]. (2020-11-09)[2020-12-18]. http://wsjk.tj.gov.cn/ZTZL1/ZTZL750/YQFKZL9424/FKDT1207/202011/t20201109_4046982.html.
[18]
央视新闻客户端.山东泗水县发现进口冷冻水产品外包装标本新冠病毒核酸检测呈阳性[EB/OL]. (2020-11-15)[2020-12-18]. http://m.news.cctv.com/2020/11/15/ARTIHB8cfkwWwc9Qno2IMCjC201115.shtml.
CCTV news clients. The nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 was detected on the outer packaging of imported frozen aquatic products in Sishui county in Shandong province[EB/OL]. (2020-11-15)[2020-12-18]. http://m.news.cctv.com/2020/11/15/ARTIHB8cfkwWwc9Qno2IMCjC201115.shtml.
[19]
央视新闻客户端.新冠检测阳性同批冻虾进入牡丹江市流向已查清查明[EB/OL]. (2020-11-16)[2020-12-18]. http://m.news.cctv.com/2020/11/16/ARTI4LYIDzRGh0ceCMSU1fo8201116.shtml.
CCTV news clients. The same batch of frozen shrimp detected positive for SARS-CoV-2 has been identified in Mudanjiang city[EB/OL]. (2020-11-16)[2020-12-18]. http://m.news.cctv.com/2020/11/16/ARTI4LYIDzRGh0ceCMSU1fo8201116.shtml.
[20]
央视新闻客户端.山东临沂市通报兰山区一农贸市场涉事冷链食品检测结果为阴性[EB/OL]. (2020-11-16)[2020-12-18]. http://m.news.cctv.com/2020/11/16/ARTIuu8jpklbq1RTD0FrfklP201116.shtml.
CCTV news clients. Linyi city of Shandong province reported that the test result of involved cold chain food was negative in a farmer's market in Lanshan district[EB/OL]. (2020-11-16)[2020-12-18]. http://m.news.cctv.com/2020/11/16/ARTIuu8jpklbq1RTD0FrfklP201116.shtml.
[21]
福州市疾病预防控制中心.福州例行采样抽检时发现2份进口冷冻鲳鱼外包装新冠病毒核酸检测阳性[EB/OL]. (2020-11-18)[2020-12-18]. http://cdc.fuzhou.gov.cn/zz/ztzl/fkxxgzbdgryq/fkdt_49894/202011/t20201118_3646467.htm.
Fuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Two imported frozen pomfrets were positive for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid during routine sampling in Fuzhou[EB/OL]. (2020-11-18)[2020-12-18]. http://cdc.fuzhou.gov.cn/zz/ztzl/fkxxgzbdgryq/fkdt_49894/202011/t20201118_3646467.htm.
[22]
央视新闻客户端.山西霍州进口冷冻食品外包装检出阳性相关货物人员已管控[EB/OL]. (2020-11-25)[2020-12-18]. http://m.news.cctv.com/2020/11/26/ARTIfipeMPsTiGvII3QyrUmO201126.shtml.
CCTV news clients. The nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 was detected on the outer packaging of frozen food in Huozhou city in Shanxi province, related goods personnel have been controlled[EB/OL]. (2020-11-25)[2020-12-18].http://m.news.cctv.com/2020/11/26/ARTIfipeMPsTiGvII3QyrUmO201126.shtml.
[23]
福州市市场监督管理局.福州市福清市主动排查检出一批厄瓜多尔冻虾新冠检测阳性涉疫货物未流入市场[EB/OL]. (2020-12-06)[2020-12-18]. http://scjg.fuzhou.gov.cn/zz/xxgk/tzgg/202012/t20201206_3702369.htm.
Fuzhou Administration For Market Regulation. The nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 was detected in a batch of frozen Ecuador shrimps through the active investigation in Fuzhou city, related goods not entering the market[EB/OL]. (2020-12-06)[2020-12-18]. http://scjg.fuzhou.gov.cn/zz/xxgk/tzgg/202012/t20201206_3702369.htm.
[24]
鹤壁市人民政府.我市召开新冠肺炎疫情防控工作新闻发布会[EB/OL]. (2020-12-10)[2020-12-18]. http://www.hebi.gov.cn/zghb/436364/436372/3613541/index.html.
Hebi Municipal People's Government. Press conference on novel coronavirus pneumonia epidemic prevention and control[EB/OL]. (2020-12-10)[2020-12-18]. http://www.hebi.gov.cn/zghb/436364/436372/3613541/index.html.
[25]
央视新闻客户端.河南新乡进口南美白虾外包装核酸检测呈阳性所涉人员、场所环境检测均为阴性[EB/OL]. (2020-12-14)[2020-12-18]. http://m.news.cctv.com/2020/12/14/ARTI2nSrXRXZPaTdMmxneOlu201214.shtml.
CCTV news clients. The nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 was detected on the outer packaging of imported South American white shrimp in Xinxiang city in Henan province, and the test on the personnel and environment involved was negative[EB/OL]. (2020-12-14)[2020-12-18]. http://m.news.cctv.com/2020/12/14/ARTI2nSrXRXZPaTdMmxneOlu201214.shtml.
[26]
央视新闻客户端.无锡市一批库存缅甸进口"冻带鱼"外包装新冠病毒检测呈阳性[EB/OL]. (2020-12-17)[2020-12-18]. http://m.news.cctv.com/2020/12/17/ARTIWBqUOtL3xFpiwpsfQ4Wb201217.shtml.
CCTV news clients. The nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 was detected on the outer packaging of a batch of frozen hairtail imported from Burma in Wuxi city[EB/OL]. (2020-12-17)[2020-12-18]. http://m.news.cctv.com/2020/12/17/ARTIWBqUOtL3xFpiwpsfQ4Wb201217.shtml.
[27]
央视新闻客户端.安徽蚌埠一印度进口冷冻姑鱼外包装检出阳性61人被隔离[EB/OL]. (2020-12-21)[2021-02-01]. http://m.news.cctv.com/2020/12/21/ARTIH9E8dtZEVYGeIEZaXpqc201221.shtml.
CCTV news clients. 61 people were quarantined in Bengbu, Anhui province, due to the nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 detected on the outer packaging of frozen ohnius dussumieri imported from India[EB/OL]. (2020-12-21)[2021-02-01]. http://m.news.cctv.com/2020/12/21/ARTIH9E8dtZEVYGeIEZaXpqc201221.shtml.
[28]
天津市卫生健康委员会.我市两批进口冷冻食品外包装核酸检测出阳性, 未流入市场[EB/OL]. (2020-12-26)[2021-02-01]. http://wsjk.tj.gov.cn/ZTZL1/ZTZL750/YQFKZL9424/FKDT1207/202012/t20201227_5197906.html.
Tianjin Municipal Health Commission. The nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 was detected on the outer packaging of two batches of imported frozen food in our city, not entering the market[EB/OL]. (2020-12-26)[2021-02-01]. http://wsjk.tj.gov.cn/ZTZL1/ZTZL750/YQFKZL9424/FKDT1207/202012/t20201227_5197906.html.
[29]
央视新闻客户端.湖北襄阳发现一批次冷冻南美白虾包装呈现弱阳性[EB/OL]. (2020-12-27)[2021-02-01]. http://m.news.cctv.com/2020/12/27/ARTIxuc2JYXFJeGULE3CtaG6201227.shtml.
CCTV news clients. A batch of frozen South American white shrimp was found weakly positive for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid in Xiangyang, Hubei province[EB/OL]. (2020-12-27)[2021-02-01]. http://m.news.cctv.com/2020/12/27/ARTIxuc2JYXFJeGULE3CtaG6201227.shtml.
[30]
央视新闻客户端.辽宁锦州凌海市冷链食品外包装核酸检测呈阳性[EB/OL]. (2021-01-01)[2021-02-01]. http://m.news.cctv.com/2021/01/01/ARTItjZ2cXQl8K8iYXxm9SlL210101.shtml.
CCTV news clients. The nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 was detected on the outer packaging of cold chain food in Linghai city, Jinzhou city, Liaoning province[EB/OL]. (2021-01-01)[2021-02-01]. http://m.news.cctv.com/2021/01/01/ARTItjZ2cXQl8K8iYXxm9SlL210101.shtml.
[31]
央视新闻客户端.浙江丽水市遂昌县进口冷冻带鱼检出阳性追溯涉及库存产品全部封存[EB/OL]. (2021-01-16)[2021-02-01]. http://m.news.cctv.com/2021/01/16/ARTI4ckeyqhVGvAFiCtz9nR4210116.shtml.
CCTV news clients. The nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 was detected on imported frozen hairtail in Suichang county, Lishui city, Zhejiang province, and all the products in stock were sealed up[EB/OL]. (2021-01-16)[2021-02-01]. http://m.news.cctv.com/2021/01/16/ARTI4ckeyqhVGvAFiCtz9nR4210116.shtml.
[32]
央视新闻客户端.山西阳泉通报1份厄瓜多尔冻南美白虾外包装样本核酸检测呈阳性[EB/OL]. (2021-01-17)[2021-02-01]. http://m.news.cctv.com/2021/01/17/ARTIwoK7DS9GML9JhuZlrsZg210117.shtml.
CCTV news clients. Yangquan, Shanxi province reported that the outer packaging of one frozen South American white shrimp imported from Ecuador was detected positive for the nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 in Yangquan city in Shanxi province[EB/OL]. (2021-01-17)[2021-02-01]. http://m.news.cctv.com/2021/01/17/ARTIwoK7DS9GML9JhuZlrsZg210117.shtml.
[33]
央视新闻客户端.山东日照发现2份进口冷链食品样本外包装核酸检测阳性[EB/OL]. (2021-01-19)[2021-02-05]. http://m.news.cctv.com/2021/01/19/ARTINpAIStRlIACRVJpiKmXL210119.shtml.
CCTV news clients. The nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 was detected on the outer packaging of two imported cold chain food in Rizhao city in Shandong province[EB/OL]. (2021-01-19)[2021-02-05]. http://m.news.cctv.com/2021/01/19/ARTINpAIStRlIACRVJpiKmXL210119.shtm.
[34]
央视新闻客户端.浙江舟山普陀一企业进口冻红虾外包装等样本核酸阳性[EB/OL]. (2021-01-25)[2021-02-05]. http://m.news.cctv.com/2021/01/24/ARTI1sKXPtki9aMSf021Pyco210124.shtml.
CCTV news clients. The nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 was detected on the outer packaging of frozen red shrimp imported by one enterprise in Putuo, Zhoushan, Zhejiang[EB/OL]. (2021-01-25)[2021-02-05]. http://m.news.cctv.com/2021/01/24/ARTI1sKXPtki9aMSf021Pyco210124.shtml.
[35]
央视新闻客户端.一批印度进口冻杜氏叫姑鱼核酸检测呈阳性未流入国内市场[EB/OL]. (2021-01-27)[2021-02-05]. http://m.news.cctv.com/2021/01/27/ARTIvlFVi2YBQQzm61kmXFxE210127.shtml.
CCTV news clients. A batch of frozen Johnius dussumieri imported from India was detected positive for the nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2, not entering the domestic market[EB/OL]. (2021-01-27)[2021-02-05]. http://m.news.cctv.com/2021/01/27/ARTIvlFVi2YBQQzm61kmXFxE210127.shtml.
[36]
中华人民共和国海关总署.中华人民共和国海关总署2020年第81号公告[EB/OL]. (2020-07-10)[2020-12-18]. http://www.customs.gov.cn//customs/xwfb34/302425/3185135/index.html.
General Administration of Customs. P. R. China. No.81 Announcement of 2020 of the General Administration of Customs of the People's Republic of China[EB/OL]. (2020-07-10)[2020-12-18]. http://www.customs.gov.cn//customs/xwfb34/302425/3185135/index.html.
[37]
中国疾病预防控制中心.中国疾病预防控制中心在冷链食品外包装分离到新冠活病毒[EB/OL]. (2020-10-17)[2020-12-18]. http://www.chinacdc.cn/jkzt/crb/zl/szkb_11803/jszl_2275/202010/t20201017_222144.html.
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Successful isolation of SARS-CoV-2 from the outer packaging of cold-chain food by Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention[EB/OL]. (2020-10-17)[2020-12-18]. http://www.chinacdc.cn/jkzt/crb/zl/szkb_11803/jszl_2275/202010/t20201017_222144.html.
[38]
中国新闻网.大连新冠肺炎感染者中85例与凯洋公司有直接或间接关联[EB/OL]. (2020-07-31)[2020-11-05]. http://www.chinanews.com/sh/2020/07-31/9252787.shtml.
CHINANEWS. Eighty-five COVID-19 cases in Dalian were directly or indirectly related to Kaiyang company[EB/OL]. (2020-07-31)[2020-11-05]. http://www.chinanews.com/sh/2020/07-31/9252787.shtml.
[39]
青岛市卫生健康委员会.我市在青岛港大港公司定期例行检测时发现2例新型冠状病毒肺炎无症状感染[EB/OL]. (2020-09-24)[2020-11-05]. http://wsjkw.qingdao.gov.cn/n28356065/n32563060/n32563061/200924230557880604.html.
Qingdao Municipal Health Commission. Two asymptomatic infections of COVID-19 were found in our city during regular routine testing in Qingdao Gang Da Gang company[EB/OL]. (2020-09-24)[2020-11-05]. http://wsjkw.qingdao.gov.cn/n28356065/n32563060/n32563061/200924230557880604.html.
[40]
西部网.韩国海洋水产部11名公务员确诊新冠肺炎, 全员回家办公[EB/OL]. (2020-03-12)[2020-11-05]. http://news.cnwest.com/tianxia/a/2020/03/12/18566002.html.
CN West. COVID-19 was diagnosed in 11 civil servants in the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of South Korea, and all staff worked from home[EB/OL]. (2020-03-12)[2020-11-05]. http://news.cnwest.com/tianxia/a/2020/03/12/18566002.html.
[41]
UCN国际海产资讯. High Liner Foods美国工厂发现新冠确诊病例, 生产暂停[EB/OL]. (2020-04-22)[2020-11-05]. https: //mp.weixin.qq.com/s/ht98Grsid5utOs6UPZN-Yg.
UCN Undercurrent News. Confirmed COVID-19 cases were identified in High Liner Foods US plants and production was suspended[EB/OL]. (2020-04-22)[2020-11-05]. https: //mp.weixin.qq.com/s/ht98Grsid5utOs6UPZN-Yg.
[42]
UCN国际海产资讯.美国Blue Harvest公司三名员工感染新冠病毒, 工厂停工三天[EB/OL]. (2020-04-27)[2020-11-05]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/ny7_yeekRZJswFQSNfj_jg.
UCN Undercurrent News. Three employees of Blue Harvest, company in the US infected with SARS-CoV-2, and the plant was shut down for three days[EB/OL]. (2020-04-27)[2020-11-05]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/ny7_yeekRZJswFQSNfj_jg.
[43]
环球时报国际.美国海产品行业出现多起员工集体感染新冠病毒事件[EB/OL]. (2020-06-16)[2020-11-05]. https://new.qq.com/omn/20200616/20200616A0L21200.html.
Global Times. Several cluster infections of SARS-CoV-2 occurred in the U. S. seafood industry[EB/OL]. (2020-06-16)[2020-11-05]. https://new.qq.com/omn/20200616/20200616A0L21200.html.
[44]
UCN国际海产资讯. 11名阿拉斯加海产工人感染新冠病毒, 未经隔离自行离开[EB/OL]. (2020-06-08)[2020-11-05]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/E5jL3B8BPek94n84K3Rb2A.
UCN Undercurrent News. Eleven Alaskan seafood workers infected with the SARS-CoV-2 and left on their own without isolation[EB/OL]. (2020-06-08)[2020-11-05]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/E5jL3B8BPek94n84K3Rb2A.
[45]
UCN国际海产资讯.美威波兰工厂发现29例新冠阳性病例[EB/OL]. (2020-07-30)[2020-11-05]. http://www.shuichan.cc/news_view-405628.html.
UCN Undercurrent News. Twenty-nine cases infected with SARS-CoV-2 were found in Meiwei Poland factory[EB/OL]. (2020-07-30)[2020-11-05]. http://www.shuichan.cc/news_view-405628.html.
[46]
UCN国际海产资讯.又一智利三文鱼工厂发现新冠病例, 生产活动暂停[EB/OL]. (2020-11-02)[2020-11-05]. http://www.shuichan.cc/news_view-409725.html.
UCN Undercurrent News. COVID-19 cases were found in another Chilean salmon factory and productive activities were suspended[EB/OL]. (2020-11-02)[2020-11-05]. http://www.shuichan.cc/news_view-409725.html.
[47]
UCN国际海产资讯.印尼一家虾企15名员工感染新冠, 工厂正常运作[EB/OL]. (2020-07-31)[2020-11-05]. http://www.shuichan.cc/news_view-405679.html.
UCN Undercurrent News. Fifteen employees of a shrimp company in Indonesia infected with SARS-CoV-2, and the factory was in normal operation[EB/OL]. (2020-07-31)[2020-11-05]. http://www.shuichan.cc/news_view-405679.html.
[48]
UCN国际海产资讯.英国Young's Seafood加工厂发现7例新冠确诊病例[EB/OL]. (2020-10-21)[2020-11-05]. https://www.sohu.com/a/426397384_315147.
UCN Undercurrent News. Seven confirmed COVID-19 cases were found at Young's seafood processing plant in the UK[EB/OL]. (2020-10-21)[2020-11-05]. https://www.sohu.com/a/426397384_315147.
[49]
中国饲料行业信息网.秘鲁市场: Callao港103名渔民新冠检测阳性, DPA码头将自6月14日起关闭[EB/OL]. (2020-06-16)[2020-11-05]. http://www.feedtrade.com.cn/fishmeal/fishmeal_news/2020-06-16/2166504.html.
China Feed Industry Information Network. Peruvian Market: 103 fishers at Callao port tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and the DPA dock will be closed from 14 June[EB/OL]. (2020-06-16)[2020-11-05]. http://www.feedtrade.com.cn/fishmeal/fishmeal_news/2020-06-16/2166504.html.
[50]
郑祥, 张巍, 石磊, 等. 新型冠状病毒在水环境中潜在传播途径与风险控制关键节点[J]. 环境保护, 2020, 48 Suppl 2: 87-89.
Zheng X, Zhang W, Shi L, et al. Potential route of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the water environment and key nodes of risk control[J]. Environ Prot, 2020, 48 Suppl 2: 87-89. DOI:10.14026/j.cnki.0253-9705.2020.z2.019
[51]
王珺瑜, 赵晓丽, 梁为纲, 等. 环境因素对病毒在水体中生存与传播的影响[J]. 环境科学研究, 2020, 33(7): 1596-1603.
Wang JY, Zhao XL, Liang WG, et al. Influences of environmental factors on survival and transmission of viruses in water[J]. Res Environ Sci, 2020, 33(7): 1596-1603. DOI:10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2020.05.47
[52]
Gwenzi W. Leaving no stone unturned in light of the COVID-19 faecal-oral hypothesis? A water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) perspective targeting low-income countries[J]. Sci Total Environ, 2020, 753: 141751. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141751
[53]
Sherchan SP, Shahin S, Ward LM, et al. First detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater in North America:A study in Louisiana, USA[J]. Sci Total Environ, 2020, 743: 140621. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140621
[54]
Haramoto E, Malla B, Thakali O, et al. First environmental surveillance for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater and river water in Japan[J]. Sci Total Environ, 2020, 737: 140405. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140405
[55]
Rimoldi SG, Stefani F, Gigantiello A, et al. Presence and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 virus in wastewaters and rivers[J]. Sci Total Environ, 2020, 744: 140911. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140911
[56]
Ahmed W, Angel N, Edson J, et al. First confirmed detection of SARS-CoV-2 in untreated wastewater in Australia:A proof of concept for the wastewater surveillance of COVID-19 in the community[J]. Sci Total Environ, 2020, 728: 138764. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138764
[57]
Randazzo W, Truchado P, Cuevas-Ferrando E, et al. SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater anticipated COVID-19 occurrence in a low prevalence area[J]. Water Res, 2020, 181: 115942. DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2020.115942
[58]
Carraturo F, Del Giudice C, Morelli M, et al. Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment and COVID-19 transmission risk from environmental matrices and surfaces[J]. Environ Pollut, 2020, 265(Pt B): 115010. DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115010
[59]
迂阳, 陈鹏. 2017年我国水产品进出口贸易再创新高[J]. 中国水产, 2018(4): 53-55.
Yu Y, Chen P. China's import and export trade of aquatic products reached a new high in 2017[J]. China Fisheries, 2018(4): 53-55.
[60]
农业农村部渔业渔政管理局, 全国水产技术推广总站, 中国水产学会. 2018年我国水产品进出口总量再创新高[J]. 中国水产, 2019(4): 16-18.
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Fishery and Fishery Administration, National Aquatic Technology Promotion Center, China Fisheries Society. China's total import and export of aquatic products reached a new high in 2018[J]. China Fisheries, 2019(4): 16-18.
[61]
冯启超, 毕延刚, 董天威. 简析2019年中国水产品进出口贸易情况[J]. 中国水产, 2020(4): 38-41.
Feng QC, Bi YG, Dong TW. Brief analysis of China's aquatic products import and export trade in 2019[J]. China Fisheries, 2020(4): 38-41.
[62]
中国新闻网.被围剿的三文鱼, 北京这波疫情的链条如何串起?[EB/OL]. (2020-06-14)[2020-11-05]. http://www.chinanews.com/sh/2020/06-14/9211724.shtml.
CHINANEWS. Salmon under siege, how can the chain of the epidemic in Beijing be linked up?[EB/OL]. (2020-06-14)[2020-11-05]. http://www.chinanews.com/sh/2020/06-14/9211724.shtml.
[63]
澎湃新闻.粪水池里的三文鱼, 怎么成了餐桌上的美味?[EB/OL]. (2020-06-27)[2020-11-05]. https://www.sohu.com/a/404339408_260616.
Surging news. How did salmon in the dung pool become a delicacy on the dining table?[EB/OL]. (2020-06-27)[2020-11-05]. https://www.sohu.com/a/404339408_260616.
[64]
de Alaiza García Madrigal RF, Da Silva UDA T, Dos Santos Tavares CP, et al. Use of native and non-native shrimp (Penaeidae, Dendrobranchiata) in world shrimp farming[J]. Rev Aquac, 2018, 10(4): 899-912. DOI:10.1111/raq.12206
[65]
秦彪.从虾池走向世界厄瓜多尔大虾畅游欧亚美[N].中国渔业报, 2007-01-29.
Qin B. From shrimp pond to the world, Ecuador white shrimp is popular in Europe, Asia and America[N]. China Fisheries news, 2007-01-29.
[66]
第一食品网.白虾成为厄瓜多尔出口额最大产品[EB/OL]. (2017-12-05)[2020-12-18]. http://spzx.foods1.com/show_2719346.htm.
FOODS1.com.White shrimp became the largest exports product of Ecuador[EB/OL]. (2017-12-05)[2020-12-18]. http://spzx.foods1.com/show_2719346.htm.
[67]
孔一颖. 厄瓜多尔白虾的高品质"虾设"[J]. 海洋与渔业, 2017(11): 40-41.
Kong YY. High quality "shrimp image" of Ecuador white shrimp[J]. Ocean Fishery, 2017(11): 40-41. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-4046.2017.11.013
[68]
网易新闻.卷入病毒风波的厄瓜多尔白虾: 80%出口中国, 去年曾查出两种疫病[EB/OL]. (2020-07-11)[2020-12-18]. https://3g.163.com/dy/article/FH8D5HO00519D3BI.html.
NetEase News. Ecuadorian white shrimp involved in virus storm: 80% of exports to China, two epidemics were found last year diseases[EB/OL]. (2020-07-11)[2020-12-18]. https://3g.163.com/dy/article/FH8D5HO00519D3BI.html.
[69]
GUIDO ZAMBRANO-奥凯斯托.The Thesis for Master's (Study case for the export of Ecuadorian Shrimp to China)[D]. Nanjing: Southeast University, 2012.
[70]
Kammeyer C, Hamilton R, Morrison J. Averting the global water crisis:three considerations for a new decade of water governance[J]. Georget J Int Affairs, 2020, 21(1): 105-113. DOI:10.1353/gia.2020.0026
[71]
Farkas K, Walker DI, Adriaenssens EM, et al. Viral indicators for tracking domestic wastewater contamination in the aquatic environment[J]. Water Res, 2020, 181(c): 115926. DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2020.115926
[72]
Guerrero-Latorre L, Ballesteros I, Villacrés-Granda I, et al. SARS-CoV-2 in river water:Implications in low sanitation countries[J]. Sci Total Environ, 2020, 743: 140832. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140832
[73]
Patel PP, Mondal S, Ghosh KG. Some respite for India's dirtiest river? Examining the Yamuna's water quality at Delhi during the COVID-19 lockdown period[J]. Sci Total Environ, 2020, 744: 140851. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140851
[74]
Amin MN, Kroeze C, Strokal M. Human waste:An underestimated source of nutrient pollution in coastal seas of Bangladesh, India and Pakistan[J]. Mar Pollut Bull, 2017, 118(1/2): 131-140. DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.045
[75]
Amin B, Ismail A, Arshad A, et al. Anthropogenic impacts on heavy metal concentrations in the coastal sediments of Dumai, Indonesia[J]. Environ Monit Assess, 2008, 148(1): 291-305. DOI:10.1007/s10661-008-0159-z
[76]
The World Bank Group. Reducing Marine and Coastal Pollution[M/OL]. Open Knowledge Repository: World Bank, Washington, DC, 2016[2020-12-12]. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/24284.
[77]
Hilles AH, Al Hindi AI, Abu Safieh YA. Assessment of parasitic pollution in the coastal seawater of Gaza city[J]. J Environ Health Sci Eng, 2014, 12(1): 26. DOI:10.1186/2052-336X-12-26
[78]
Ahmed W, Payyappat S, Cassidy M, et al. Sewage-associated marker genes illustrate the impact of wet weather overflows and dry weather leakage in urban estuarine waters of Sydney, Australia[J]. Sci Total Environ, 2020, 705: 135390. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135390
[79]
Stachler E, Akyon B, De Carvalho NA, et al. Correlation of crAssphage qPCR markers with culturable and molecular indicators of human fecal pollution in an impacted urban watershed[J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2018, 52(13): 7505-7512. DOI:10.1021/acs.est.8b00638
[80]
Landrigan PJ, Stegeman JJ, Fleming LE, et al. Human Health and Ocean Pollution[J]. Ann Global Health, 2020, 86(1): 151, 1-64. DOI:10.5334/aogh.2831
[81]
Zhao HJ, Lu XX, Deng YB, et al. COVID-19:asymptomatic carrier transmission is an underestimated problem[J]. Epidemiol Infect, 2020, 148: e116. DOI:10.1017/S0950268820001235
[82]
Miller MJ, Loaiza JR, Takyar A, et al. COVID-19 in Latin America:Novel transmission dynamics for a global pandemic?[J]. Neglected Trop Dis, 2020, 14(5): e0008265. DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008265
[83]
Liu PP, Yang MJ, Zhao X, et al. Cold-chain transportation in the frozen food industry may have caused a recurrence of COVID-19 cases in destination:Successful isolation of SARS-CoV-2 virus from the imported frozen cod package surface[J]. Biosafety Health, 2020, 2(4): 199-201. DOI:10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.11.003
[84]
陈禹存, 杨世宏, 安庆玉, 等. 2020年7-8月辽宁省大连市新型冠状病毒肺炎暴发疫情流行病学调查分析[J]. 疾病监测, 2021, 36(2): 127-130.
Chen YC, Yang SH, An QY, et al. Epidemiological investigation of an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 in Dalian, Liaoning, July-August, 2020[J]. Dis Surveill, 2021, 36(2): 127-130. DOI:10.3784/jbjc.202009030308
[85]
梁万年, 姚建红, 吴敬, 等.我国新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控常态化阶段的经验与思考[J/OL].中华医学杂志, 2021, 101(2021-01-25). DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20210104-00008.[网络预发表].
Liang WN, Yao JH, Wu J, et al. Experience and reflection on normalization of prevention and control of COVID-19 in China[J/OL]. Nat Med J China, 2021, 101(2021-01-25). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20210104-00008. [published onlineaheadofprint].