中华流行病学杂志  2020, Vol. 41 Issue (7): 1081-1085   PDF    
http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20190731-00567
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文章信息

陈卫永, 马瞧勤, 潘晓红, 周欣, 陈婉君, 陈琳, 姜婷婷, 王憓.
Chen Weiyong, Ma Qiaoqin, Pan Xiaohong, Zhou Xin, Chen Wanjun, Chen Lin, Jiang Tingting, Wang Hui
浙江省艾滋病综合防治示范区低档暗娼肛交行为调查
Situation of anal sex among low-tier female sex workers in the Demonstration Areas of Comprehensive AIDS Responses in Zhejiang province
中华流行病学杂志, 2020, 41(7): 1081-1085
Chinese Journal of Epidemiology, 2020, 41(7): 1081-1085
http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20190731-00567

文章历史

收稿日期: 2019-07-31
浙江省艾滋病综合防治示范区低档暗娼肛交行为调查
陈卫永 , 马瞧勤 , 潘晓红 , 周欣 , 陈婉君 , 陈琳 , 姜婷婷 , 王憓     
浙江省疾病预防控制中心艾滋病性病预防控制所, 杭州 310051
摘要: 目的 分析浙江省艾滋病综合防治示范区低档暗娼与嫖客发生肛交行为的相关情况及影响因素。方法 2013年在浙江省21个艾滋病综合防治示范区开展低档暗娼调查。以最近1个月是否与嫖客发生过肛交为因变量,其他行为感知、行为特征等为自变量,采用logistic回归模型分析低档暗娼肛交行为发生的相关因素。结果 共调查低档暗娼2 645人,≥26岁占67.9%(1 796/2 645)、初中及以下文化程度占89.9%(2 378/2 645)、已婚占58.4%(1 546/2 645)、外省籍占78.2%(2 068/2 645)、月均收入≤4 000元的占68.6%(1 814/2 645);最近1个月与嫖客肛交发生率为5.03%(133/2 645)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,低档暗娼最近1个月与嫖客发生肛交的影响因素包括:性服务类型为发廊/按摩店、路边店和其他场所服务,分别是站街服务的7.31倍(95% CI:2.27~23.59)、7.89倍(95% CI:2.27~27.40)和4.65倍(95% CI:1.23~17.53);性服务地区数量≥4个县(区)是性服务仅固定在1个县(区)的1.68倍(95% CI:1.01~2.81);最近1个月嫖客年龄段仅为中年及以上是青年和中年及以上嫖客的0.45倍(95% CI:0.30~0.66);有STD感染风险意识者是无STD感染风险意识者的2.00倍(95% CI:1.20~3.32);最近1个月与嫖客发生口交者是与未发生口交者的7.29倍(95% CI:4.78~11.12)。结论 浙江省艾滋病综合防治示范区的低档暗娼与嫖客的商业性行为存在肛交现象,发生口交的低档暗娼更容易发生肛交。应重点关注低档暗娼的肛交及危险行为干预。
关键词: 暗娼    肛交    商业性行为    低档    
Situation of anal sex among low-tier female sex workers in the Demonstration Areas of Comprehensive AIDS Responses in Zhejiang province
Chen Weiyong , Ma Qiaoqin , Pan Xiaohong , Zhou Xin , Chen Wanjun , Chen Lin , Jiang Tingting , Wang Hui     
AIDS and HIV Prevention and Control Institute, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
Abstract: Objective To analyze the prevalence of anal sex and related factors in low-tier female sex workers (FSWs) in the demonstration areas of comprehensive AIDS responses (DACAR) in Zhejiang province. Method In 2013, a survey on low-tier FSWs was carried out in 21 Demonstration Areas of AIDS Responses in Zhejiang. Experience of having anal sex with clients in the last month was taken as dependent variable while independent variables would include perception and characteristics related to behavior of the FSWs. The multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the factors related to anal sex in low-tier FSWs. Results A total of 2 645 low-tier FSWs were interviewed. Among these FSWs, 67.9% (1 796/2 645) were over 26 years old, 89.9% (2 378/2 645) were with education level of junior high school or below, 58.4% (1 546/2 645) were married, 78.2% (2 068/2 645) were from other provinces, 68.6% (1 814/2 645) had income level less than 4 000 Yuan, and rates of anal sex with client in the last month were 5.03% (133/2 645). Results from the multivariate logistic regression analysis of related factors of anal sex with client in the last month showed that among the low-tier FSWs, the venues of having commercial sex were in hair salons/massage parlors (OR=7.31, 95%CI:2.27-23.59), roadside shops (OR=7.89, 95%CI:2.27-27.40) or other places (OR=4.65, 95%CI:1.23-17.53), when compared with the street-women service. FSWs often engaged in commercial sex business in three or more counties (OR=1.68, 95%CI:1.01-2.81), when compared with FSWs often engaged in commercial sex business just one county. FSWs had sex with only middle-aged and the elderly clients (OR=0.45, 95%CI:0.30-0.66), when compared with FSWs had sex with young or middle-aged and the elderly clients. FSWs had risk perception for sexually transmitted disease (STD) (OR=2.00, 95%CI:1.20-3.32), when compared with FSWs with no risk perception. FSWs had oral sex experience with their clients in the last month (OR=7.29, 95%CI:4.78-11.12), when compared with the ones without oral sex. The above said factors were all related to the incidence of anal sex. Conclusions Certain numbers of low-tier FSWs had anal sex experiences with their clients, especially those who had oral sex were more likely to have anal sex in DACAR in Zhejiang province. Attention should be paid to anal sex behavior when conducting behavior-related intervention programs, targeting on the low-tier FSWs.
Key words: Female sex worker    Anal sex    Commercial sex    Low-tier    

在所有性行为中,肛交较阴道交、口交更容易感染HIV/STD,MSM肛交是其感染HIV的主要途径[1-3]。但是,异性的肛交行为报道较少。全世界约有10%的女性有肛交行为[4-8]。国外有报道,女性与异性性伴发生肛交,即使其性伴是抗病毒治疗的HIV感染者,也比发生阴道交的HIV感染风险高8倍[4, 9-11]。2013年浙江省在11个城市的22个县(区)建立艾滋病综合防治示范区,其中21个县(区)开展低档暗娼的调查研究。为了解低档暗娼发生肛交情况及其HIV感染风险,本研究分析浙江省艾滋病综合防治示范区的低档暗娼与嫖客发生肛交的相关情况及影响因素,为做好该人群的行为干预提供参考依据。

对象与方法

1.调查现场:2013年9-11月浙江省21个艾滋病综合防治示范区。

2.调查对象:纳入标准:①从事商业性交易的暗娼;②来自规模较小的性交易场所(暗娼人数≤8人,如发廊/按摩店、路边店或站街);③年龄≥18岁。本研究通过浙江省CDC伦理委员会审批(2012ZX10001001-011)。

3.调查方法:采用横断面调查方法。制定调查计划前,先摸底调查,确定当地低档暗娼的活动场所和规模,暗娼人数规模估计为3 100人,由于低档暗娼流动性较大,应答率约为80%,估计调查对象样本量为2 480人。调查人员为经过培训的当地CDC专业人员。采用面对面访谈式问卷调查,调查场所设立相对独立空间,以保护调查对象隐私。选择2个县(区)开展预调查,完成调查对象招募、现场组织和调查流程、测试和完善调查问卷。调查问卷收集社会人口学特征、艾滋病性病知识、阴道交/口交/肛交性行为、STD患病、艾滋病性病危险认知等。问卷的信度测量,Cronbach’s α系数为0.932(参考值范围0.800~0.900),说明问卷的信度较好。

4.相关定义:肛交定义来自暗娼自我报告最近1个月与嫖客发生肛交行为。安全套使用自我效能包括3个问题:嫖客拒绝使用安全套时能否拒绝发生性行为、嫖客拒绝使用安全套时能否说服嫖客使用安全套、与嫖客发生性行为时能否每次坚持使用安全套,得分最高3分,最低0分。

5.统计学分析[12-13]:采用SPSS 17.0软件进行统计学分析。描述采用频数分布和构成比。采用logistic回归模型分析最近1个月与嫖客发生肛交的相关影响因素,单因素分析的自变量筛选标准为0.05,再进行多因素logistic回归分析。双侧检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果

1.基本情况:共招募低档暗娼2 648人,调查对象2 645人,≥26岁占67.9%(1 796/2 645)、初中及以下文化程度占89.9%(2 378/2 645)、已婚占58.4%(1 546/2 645)、外省籍占78.2%(2 068/2 645)、月均收入≤4 000元的占68.6%(1 814/2 645)。见表 1

表 1 浙江省艾滋病综合防治示范区低档暗娼基本特征及最近1个月与嫖客发生肛交的相关因素分析

2.最近1个月与嫖客肛交情况:低档暗娼最近1个月与嫖客肛交发生率为5.03%(133/2 645)。其中,仅发生肛交的有12人,口交、阴道交和肛交均发生的有95人,阴道交和肛交均发生的有24人,口交和肛交发生的有2人。

3.最近1个月与嫖客肛交的相关因素:单因素logistic回归分析结果显示,低档暗娼的年龄、常住地、文化程度、婚姻状况、月均收入、认为安全套能预防HIV/STD、最近6个月患过STD等自变量,无统计学意义。

多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,低档暗娼最近1个月与嫖客发生肛交的影响因素包括:性服务类型为发廊/按摩店、路边店和其他场所服务,分别是站街服务的7.31倍(95%CI:2.27~23.59)、7.89倍(95CI:2.27~27.40)和4.65倍(95%CI:1.23~17.53);性服务地区数量≥4个县(区)是性服务仅固定在1个县(区)的1.68倍(95%CI:1.01~2.81);最近1个月嫖客年龄段仅为中年及以上是青年和中年及以上嫖客的0.45倍(95%CI:0.30~0.66);有STD感染风险意识者是无STD感染风险意识者的2.00倍(95%CI:1.20~3.32);最近1个月与嫖客发生口交者是与未发生口交者的7.29倍(95%CI:4.78~11.12)。见表 1

讨论

本研究发现,最近1个月与嫖客肛交发生率为5.03%,明显低于国外报道的暗娼与嫖客的肛交发生率[14-15]。在所有类别的暗娼中,站街服务暗娼与嫖客肛交发生率为0.7%,而发廊/按摩店、路边店和其他场所服务的暗娼与嫖客肛交发生率分别为5.7%、8.3%和4.1%,明显高于站街服务暗娼,推测可能与站街服务暗娼招揽嫖客时往往没有固定的场所,嫖客多为追求性满足而非不同性行为方式带来的刺激与快感等有关。有研究发现,肛交接受方的HIV感染风险是1.7%,阴道交则是0.7%[3];如果女性的8次异性性行为中发生2次肛交,其HIV感染风险增加9倍[16];而且,肛交的安全套使用率低于阴道交的安全套使用率[10, 17]。另外,我国暗娼人群STD患病率很高[18]。因此,低档暗娼的高危行为干预中,应关注肛交行为的HIV/STD传播风险。

本研究发现,低档暗娼以年龄≥26岁、初中及以下文化程度、已婚、外省籍、月均收入≤4 000元为主。这与其他的研究结果一致[19-21]。尽管上述社会人口学特征不是最近1个月低档暗娼与嫖客发生肛交的影响因素,但是,低档暗娼的这些社会人口学特征可能会妨碍其正常获得HIV/STD预防信息或服务。国外报道,男性通过肛交向女性传播HIV的风险非常高[4, 22];肛交接受方也是STD、HBV及HPV感染的危险因素[10-11, 23-26]。本研究发现,低档暗娼发生肛交的伴有阴道交和/或口交占91.0%,而3种性行为均可能传播HIV/STD;这些暗娼可能为了获得更多的金钱而顺从嫖客的需求发生多种性行为,但坚持每次使用安全套比例仅为29.3%,因此,该类暗娼是HIV/STD传播的核心人群。针对他们的干预活动必须强调肛交的危险性以及在3种商业性性行为中坚持每次使用安全套。

有文献显示,肛交发生与较低的安全套使用率有关联[15, 27]。本研究发现,那些有肛交行为者可能意识到了肛交的危险性,可能有更高的风险意识。但是,暗娼在发生肛交的安全套使用率并没有增加,需要加强安全性行为的健康教育。国外有报道,女性性工作者发生肛交有更高的STD感染水平[14, 17]。本研究单因素分析显示最近半年有STD症状的低档暗娼最近1个月与嫖客更容易发生肛交,但在多因素分析中这种影响不再存在。为获得更多的嫖客数量和性交易收入,低档暗娼提供口交时也会提供肛交,不同县(区)和/或不同年龄的嫖客接受这种性服务。虽然她们能够意识到这种性行为相比于阴道交,感染STD的风险更高,但她们的安全套使用率并没有相应提高,需重点关注低档暗娼肛交的危险行为干预。去过医院寻求STD诊治无论是否诊断为STD,也与最近1个月肛交发生没有影响。这可能是因为调查对象报告STD症状时漏报直肠及肛周疾患,或者临床医生也没有关注到。建议临床医生为暗娼人群的外阴及生殖器体检时,增加直肠/肛门检查。

本研究发现,年龄、常住地、文化程度、婚姻状况、月均收入等人口学特征、性服务时间长短、最近1个月嫖客数与最近1个月低档暗娼发生肛交之间关联无统计学意义,推测低档暗娼发生肛交更多是满足嫖客的要求。但是,最近1个月低档暗娼发生肛交的影响因素包括性服务场所、性服务地区数量、嫖客年龄、STD感染风险意识、与嫖客发生口交。

本研究存在不足。仅调查低档暗娼最近1个月性行为,且肛交为我国传统性文化所忌讳,实际发生存在报告偏倚;STD患病史存在回忆偏倚;现场调查阶段低档暗娼可能约有20.0%不在现场;横断面调查问卷设计限制,无法准确收集发生肛交/阴道交/口交的安全套使用情况。

综上所述,浙江省艾滋病综合防治示范区的低档暗娼与嫖客的商业性行为存在肛交现象,发生口交的低档暗娼更容易发生肛交。应重点关注低档暗娼的肛交及危险行为干预。

利益冲突  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

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