中华流行病学杂志  2019, Vol. 40 Issue (11): 1392-1397   PDF    
http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2019.11.010
中华医学会主办。
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文章信息

汤柳英, 张畅斌, 高爽, 王智强, 缪华章, 夏建红.
Tang Liuying, Zhang Changbin, Gao Shuang, Wang Zhiqiang, Miao Huazhang, Xia Jianhong.
广东省2014-2017年HIV感染孕产妇及暴露婴儿流行病学特征分析
Epidemiological characteristics of HIV infected pregnant women and exposed infants in Guangdong province, 2014-2017
中华流行病学杂志, 2019, 40(11): 1392-1397
Chinese Journal of Epidemiology, 2019, 40(11): 1392-1397
http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2019.11.010

文章历史

收稿日期: 2019-02-13
广东省2014-2017年HIV感染孕产妇及暴露婴儿流行病学特征分析
汤柳英 , 张畅斌 , 高爽 , 王智强 , 缪华章 , 夏建红     
广东省妇幼保健院, 广州 511442
摘要: 目的 了解广东省HIV感染孕产妇及暴露婴儿流行病学特征,分析HIV母婴传播(MTCT)相关影响因素。方法 利用"全国预防HIV MTCT信息管理系统"和"广东省婴儿HIV感染早期诊断检测信息管理平台"监测数据,收集分娩时间为2014年1月1日至2017年12月31日的HIV感染孕产妇及暴露婴儿的个案信息,比较HIV暴露婴儿感染组和未感染组孕产妇的人口学特征、孕产史、接受预防MTCT服务及婴儿早期诊断检测等的差异性。采用logistic回归模型分析HIV感染孕产妇和暴露婴儿MTCT的相关影响因素。结果 349例HIV感染孕产妇中,分别在孕前、孕期、产时/产后获知感染状态的占30.4%(106/349)、49.6%(173/349)和20.0%(70/349),性伴感染状态不明确的占39.5%(138/349),未治疗的占13.2%(46/349);暴露婴儿中,MTCT率为4.2%(15/353),第1、第2次早诊断检测的年龄分别为44(P25~P75:42~50)、96(P25~P75:92~106)d。单因素logistic回归分析结果显示,产时/产后明确感染状态(与孕前确认感染状态相比,OR=5.72,95%CI:1.52~21.61)、孕产妇和暴露婴儿的一方或双方未抗病毒治疗(与孕产妇和暴露婴儿均抗病毒治疗相比,OR=33.56,95%CI:9.04~124.55)增加MTCT风险;人工喂养(与母乳喂养相比,OR=0.07,95%CI:0.01~0.76)可降低MTCT风险。结论 广东省孕产妇的早检测早诊断、抗病毒治疗、人工喂养的多措并举,提高预防MTCT服务能力,有效降低MTCT风险。
关键词: HIV     母婴传播     早期诊断     影响因素    
Epidemiological characteristics of HIV infected pregnant women and exposed infants in Guangdong province, 2014-2017
Tang Liuying , Zhang Changbin , Gao Shuang , Wang Zhiqiang , Miao Huazhang , Xia Jianhong     
Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou 511442, China
Corresponding author: Xia Jianhong, Email:xixixia58@126.com
Fund program: National Science and Technology Major Project of China (2015ZX10001001)
Abstract: Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of HIV-infected pregnant women and exposed infant in Guangdong province and identify the factors associated with infant HIV infection through mother-to-child transmission. Methods National Information System for Prevention of mother-to-child HIV Transmission and Early Infant Diagnosis Information Management Platform were used to collect the individual information about HIV-infected pregnant women and exposed infants who were delivered in Guangdong from January 1, 2014 to December 31 in 2017. The differences in pregnant women's demographic data, history of pregnancy and childbirth, the utilization of mother-to-child transmission prevention services and early infant diagnosis between the infected HIV exposed infants and uninfected HIV exposed infants were compared, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the factors associated with mother-to-child HIV transmission. Results Among 349 HIV infected pregnant women, the proportions of the pregnant women whose HIV infection status were confirmed before pregnancy, during pregnancy and at or after childbirth were 30.4% (106/349), 49.6% (173/349) and 20.0% (70/349) respectively. The proportions of those with sexual partners whose HIV infection status were unknown and those receiving no antiviral treatment were 39.5% (138/349) and 13.2% (46/349) respectively. Among the HIV exposed infants, the mother-to-child transmission rate was 4.2%(15/353), the HIV exposed infants had the first or second early diagnosis tests within 44 (P25-P75:42-50) days and 96 (P25-P75:92-106) days after birth, respectively. Univariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the risk for mother-to-child HIV transmission increased in those whose HIV infection status were confirmed at or after childbirth compared with before pregnancy (OR=5.72, 95%CI:1.52-21.61) and in the group that antiviral treatment was given to either mothers or infants compared with the group that antiviral treatment was given to both mothers and infants (OR=33.56, 95%CI:9.04-124.55), while there was lower mother-to-child HIV transmission risk in artificial feeding group compared with breast feeding group (OR=0.07, 95%CI:0.01-0.76). Conclusion The risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission in Guangdong can be effectively reduced by the measures of early diagnosis, antiviral treatment and artificial feeding as well as the improvement of mother-to-child transmission prevention service.
Key words: HIV     Mother-to-child transmission     Early infant diagnosis     Influencing factors    

联合国艾滋病规划署(UNAIDS)提出了“零艾滋病”工作框架,并期望到2020年率先在一些国家实现消除HIV母婴传播(mother-to-child transmission,MTCT)[1]。尽管婴儿HIV感染早期诊断检测工作本身无法实现消除MTCT的目标,但通过分析婴儿早期诊断检测的结果有助于了解预防MTCT项目工作的成效[2]。婴儿早期诊断相关研究表明,东非、南非、泰国等国家正在不断向消除MTCT目标迈进[3-5]。婴儿HIV感染早期诊断策略是我国预防MTCT项目工作的一项重要内容,目前我国婴儿早期诊断检测工作运行良好,服务高效快捷[6],现阶段采用婴儿HIV感染早期诊断检测结果评估MTCT情况的研究鲜有报道。分析2014-2017年广东省HIV感染孕产妇及暴露婴儿流行病学特征,为改进广东省预防MTCT工作提供科学依据。

对象与方法

1.研究对象:HIV感染孕产妇及其HIV暴露婴儿(≤12月龄)。

2.数据来源:根据“预防艾滋病、梅毒和乙型肝炎母婴传播工作实施方案(2015年版)”[7],利用“全国预防HIV MTCT信息管理系统”和“广东省婴儿HIV感染早期诊断检测信息管理平台”[8],收集分娩时间为2014年1月1日至2017年12月31日HIV感染孕产妇及其暴露婴儿的报告卡片和随访管理资料。数据库清理后,匹配获得HIV感染孕产妇及其暴露婴儿数据库,包括早期诊断检测资料、人口学特征、孕产史和预防MTCT服务等信息。

3.早诊策略与判定标准:HIV暴露婴儿满6周龄时采集干血斑,检测采用美国雅培有限公司RealTime HIV-1 Qualitaive试剂盒,结果有反应时立即采集第2份干血斑检测,结果无反应则在3月龄时采集第2份干血斑检测,以判定婴儿早期诊断检测结果。判定标准:①2次结果均为有反应时,判定为HIV感染;②2次结果均为无反应时,判定为未感染HIV;③2次结果不一致时,进行第3次检测,根据第3次结果判定HIV感染。

4.统计学分析:采用SPSS 21.0软件进行统计分析。正态分布计量资料采用x±s描述其集中趋势,偏态分布计量资料采用MP25~P75)描述其集中趋势,计数资料以人数(构成比,%)表示。HIV感染孕产妇及HIV暴露婴儿MTCT的相关影响因素,采用单因素和多因素logistic回归模型分析。双侧检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果

1.基本情况:HIV感染孕产妇有349例,HIV暴露婴儿有353例(有4例双胎妊娠),婴儿早期诊断中发现的HIV感染婴儿有15例,MTCT率为4.2%(15/353)。

(1)HIV感染孕产妇:处于最佳生育年龄20~34岁的占77.6%(271/349);少数民族占9.5%(33/349);初中文化程度占54.4%(190/349),职业为家庭主妇/无业的占(55.0%,192/349),已婚的占84.0%(293/349);流动的占27.2%(95/349)。见表 1

表 1 2014-2017年广东省HIV感染孕产妇及HIV暴露婴儿基本情况与临床特征

(2)HIV暴露婴儿:暴露婴儿出生体重平均为2 960.7 g,身长为48.9 cm,第1次早诊断检测年龄为44 d,第2次为96 d。见表 1

2.临床特征:

(1)检测情况分析:HIV感染孕产妇中,分别在孕前、孕期、产时/产后获知感染状态的占30.4%(106/349)、49.6%(173/349)和20.0%(70/349),性伴感染状态不明确的占39.5%(138/349)。暴露婴儿中,在3~6个月内确认感染状态的占88.4%(312/353)。见表 1

(2)抗病毒治疗情况:HIV感染孕产妇中,未抗病毒治疗的占13.2%(46/349);HIV暴露婴儿接受抗病毒治疗的占98.0%(346/353);HIV感染孕产妇和HIV暴露婴儿均接受抗病毒治疗的占86.3%(301/349),仅一方接受抗病毒治疗占12.3%(43/349),均未接受抗病毒治疗占1.4%(5/349)。见表 1

(3)安全助产与喂养情况:HIV感染孕产妇中,22.9%(80/349)的孕产期有异常情况(贫血、妊娠合并高血压、妊娠合并糖尿病、产后出血等);49.6%(173/349)的分娩方式为剖宫产;14.9%(52/349)的分娩时进行产科操作(侧切、人工破膜、胎吸或产钳等);HIV暴露婴儿中,22.7%(80/353)的喂养方式不详,1.1%(4/353)的为母乳喂养。见表 1

3. MTCT的相关影响因素分析:单因素logistic回归分析结果显示,产时/产后明确感染状态(与孕前确认感染状态相比,OR=5.72,95%CI:1.52~21.61)、孕产妇和暴露婴儿的一方或双方未抗病毒治疗(与孕产妇和暴露婴儿均抗病毒治疗相比,OR=33.56,95%CI:9.04~124.55)增加MTCT风险;人工喂养(与母乳喂养相比,OR=0.07,95%CI:0.01~0.76)可降低MTCT风险。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,在校正HIV感染孕产妇的年龄、本地居住、文化程度、职业、孕产次等因素后,只有一方或双方未治疗与均抗病毒治疗的相比,有统计学意义。见表 2

表 2 2014-2017年广东省HIV感染孕产妇及暴露婴儿的母婴传播相关影响因素logistic回归分析
讨论

本研究发现,2014-2017年广东省HIV感染孕产妇以20~34岁、初中文化程度、已婚家庭主妇/无业为主,流动人群比例高;20.0%的孕产妇确认HIV感染时期较晚,13.2%的孕产妇未抗病毒治疗,孕产妇MTCT率为4.2%,与WHO发布的消除MTCT<2.0%的认证目标还有较大差距[9]。提示应及时对孕产妇进行检测和诊断、尽早给予抗病毒治疗,提倡人工喂养等措施,改进广东省预防MTCT项目工作。

婴儿HIV感染早诊策略是预防MTCT工作的重要内容,国际上惯用早期诊断检测结果评估MTCT率[3-5, 10-12],而我国类似的研究较少。孕产妇MTCT率为4.2%,与本研究团队采用婴儿18月龄HIV检测估计的MTCT率4.4%基本一致[13],但考虑孕产妇流产、死胎/死产和暴露婴儿失访/未早期诊断检测等情况存在,广东省近几年MTCT率可能被低估。

抗病毒治疗是全球公认的最有效的MTCT阻断策略[14],本研究也印证了这一结论,母子一方或双方未治疗时传播风险将大幅增加,与Oleribe等[15]对尼日利亚中北部的研究结论一致。WHO发布的消除MTCT策略认为,不论CD4+T淋巴细胞计数(CD4)水平如何,感染孕产妇都应当及早开始抗病毒治疗和终身治疗(Option B+)方案[16]。HIV感染孕产妇开始抗病毒治疗时间M=14(P25~P75:6~20)周,与Option B方案推荐的开始抗病毒治疗时间(14周)一致[17],但与Option B+方案的及早治疗还有一定差距,应当及时为孕产妇提供HIV筛查服务,尽早确认感染状态,避免孕晚期和产时/产后才抗病毒治疗[18]

分娩方式一直是MTCT研究领域极富争议性的话题。本研究的剖宫产率为49.6%,低于湖南省(77.5%)[19],与江西省(52.1%)[20]结果相近,但明显高于WHO推荐的15.0%的剖宫产率[21],也高于中国CDC对我国7个HIV高发地区感染孕产妇的分析结果(39.1%)[22],可能与一些医疗保健机构相关人员没有接受规范的培训、知识固化、没有严格按照项目要求开展安全助产相关。本研究发现,与阴道产相比,择期剖宫产是MTCT的保护因素,与美国卫生部艾滋病研究咨询委员会的研究结论一致[23],而巴西一项研究表明,急诊剖宫产是MTCT的危险因素(OR=4.32)[24],本研究团队以往研究认为分娩方式不是MTCT的影响因素[25]。持续规范的抗病毒治疗能维持HIV感染孕产妇病毒载量持续低水平,阴道产逐渐被国际社会普遍认可[26],我国也明确指出HIV感染不作为实施剖宫产的指征[7],本研究出现争议性的结果,与剖宫产率主要集中在珠三角地区有关系,珠三角地区医疗资源和综合服务能力明显优于其他地区,多种因素混杂导致了这一结果[27-29]

UNAIDS[30]与Luzuriaga和Mofenson[31]的研究认为避免母乳喂养是降低MTCT的重要策略,本研究结果也证实,与母乳喂养相比,人工喂养可显著降低传播风险(OR=0.07),但与肯尼亚、南非和博兹瓦纳的相关研究结果不同[32-35],这可能与当地婴儿喂养条件和营养状态等因素有关。婴儿胃肠黏膜极易受损,HIV暴露婴儿应杜绝混合喂养[17],而考虑纯母乳喂养对暴露婴儿的父母存在一定难度(如一些父母会在婴儿早期喂水、粥等一些碎食[36]),因此我国对HIV暴露婴儿提倡人工喂养。本研究喂养方式信息缺失较多,受样本量限制,故将纯母乳喂养同混合喂养合并处理,暂未能获得两者的差别。

本研究存在不足。首先,本研究采用两个独立系统匹配后的HIV感染孕产妇数据仅为349例,HIV阳性婴儿病例仅15例,个别OR值区间过大,数据稳定性欠佳;广东省婴儿HIV感染早期诊断检测率<100.0%,可能存在低估风险,且医疗保健机构可能存在漏报、错报等情况;未对HIV感染孕产妇的抗病毒治疗方案进行更进一步探讨,CD4和病毒载量相关数据尚未获取;本研究未分析地区差异,可能是影响MTCT效果的潜在因素。

综上所述,广东省不断推进预防MTCT项目工作,但与WHO消除MTCT目标还有较大差距。广东省孕产妇的早检测早诊断、抗病毒治疗、人工喂养的多措并举,提高预防MTCT服务能力,有效降低MTCT风险。

利益冲突 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

志谢 广东省各级医疗保健机构预防母婴传播项目工作人员

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