中华流行病学杂志  2019, Vol. 40 Issue (6): 697-701   PDF    
http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2019.06.018
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文章信息

赵枫, 杜文琼, 申嘉欣, 郭玲玲, 王颖, 王科科, 张萍, 冯永亮, 杨海澜, 王素萍, 邬惟为, Zhang Yawei.
Zhao Feng, Du Wenqiong, Shen Jiaxin, Guo Lingling, Wang Ying, Wang Keke, Zhang Ping, Feng Yongliang, Yang Hailan, Wang Suping, Wu Weiwei, Zhang Yawei.
孕期膳食与小于胎龄儿的关系
Association between maternal dietary intake and the incidence of babies with small for gestational age
中华流行病学杂志, 2019, 40(6): 697-701
Chinese Journal of Epidemiology, 2019, 40(6): 697-701
http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2019.06.018

文章历史

收稿日期: 2018-11-14
孕期膳食与小于胎龄儿的关系
赵枫1 , 杜文琼1 , 申嘉欣1 , 郭玲玲1 , 王颖1 , 王科科1 , 张萍1 , 冯永亮1 , 杨海澜2 , 王素萍1 , 邬惟为1 , Zhang Yawei3     
1. 山西医科大学公共卫生学院流行病学教研室, 太原 030001;
2. 山西医科大学第一医院妇产科, 太原 030001;
3. 耶鲁大学公共卫生学院环境健康科学系, 美国康涅狄格州纽黑文市 06520
摘要: 目的 研究孕妇不同孕期膳食摄入对小于胎龄儿(SGA)发生风险的影响。方法 收集2012年3月至2016年9月在山西医科大学第一医院产科住院分娩孕妇的一般人口学特征、孕早、中、晚期膳食摄入能量、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物以及新生儿基本信息。纳入研究对象8 102例,SGA组961例,适于胎龄儿(AGA)组7 141例。按照中国食物成分表将摄入食物转化为每日膳食营养素摄入量,以AGA组膳食营养素摄入量的三分位数划分为高摄入量组、中等摄入量组及低摄入量组。通过非条件logistic回归分析孕早、中、晚期膳食摄入营养素对SGA的影响。结果 相对于中等摄入量组,孕早期(< 51.60 g/d)、孕中期(< 52.69 g/d)及孕晚期蛋白质摄入量低(< 52.65 g/d)是SGA的危险因素(OR=1.534,95% CI:1.217~1.934;OR=1.268,95% CI:1.005~1.599;OR=1.310,95% CI:1.036~1.655)。按孕前BMI分层后,孕前BMI < 18.5 kg/m2的孕妇早期蛋白质摄入量低(< 51.60 g/d)及总能量摄入低(< 1 146.22 kcal/d)是SGA的危险因素(OR=1.872,95% CI:1.033~3.395;OR=1.754,95% CI:1.125~2.734);孕前18.5≤BMI < 24.0 kg/m2的孕妇,孕早期膳食蛋白质摄入量低(< 51.60 g/d)是SGA的危险因素(OR=1.465,95% CI:1.089~1.972);在孕前BMI≥24.0 kg/m2的孕妇中未发现膳食摄入与SGA有关联。结论 孕期膳食摄入影响SGA的发生风险,且不同孕前BMI人群膳食摄入对SGA的影响有差异,孕早期是膳食摄入对SGA作用的关键期。
关键词: 膳食摄入     小于胎龄儿     体质指数    
Association between maternal dietary intake and the incidence of babies with small for gestational age
Zhao Feng1 , Du Wenqiong1 , Shen Jiaxin1 , Guo Lingling1 , Wang Ying1 , Wang Keke1 , Zhang Ping1 , Feng Yongliang1 , Yang Hailan2 , Wang Suping1 , Wu Weiwei1 , Zhang Yawei3     
1. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China;
2. Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China;
3. Division of Environmental Health Scinces, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
Corresponding author: Wu Weiwei, E-mail:wuweiwei2008@sina.com; Zhang Yawei, Email:yawei.zhang@yale.edu
Fund program: National Natural Science Foundation of China (81473061, 81703314); Youth Science and Technology Research Fund of Shanxi Province (2013021033-2); Characteristic Leading Academic Discipline Project in Universities of Shanxi Province; The 10 Talents Program of Shanxi Medical University
Abstract: Objective To investigate the relations between dietary intake during pregnancy and the incidence of their babies with small for gestational age (SGA). Methods Data on demographics, dietary intake of protein, fat, and carbohydrates of the pregnant mothers during the first, second and third trimester, were collected. Information related to birth weight and gestational age of the infants were also gathered. A total of 8 102 women, who delivered their babies at the First Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from March 2012 to September 2016, were enrolled in this project. Among them, 961 mothers had infants with SGA but the other 7 141 of them having normal infants. Unconditional logistic regression model was used to analyze the effect of dietary nutrient intake on SGA the first, second and third trimester. Results We found that low dietary intake of protein during the first trimester and following trimesters during pregnancy were positively associated with higher risk of SGA (OR=1.534, 95%CI:1.217-1.934; OR=1.268, 95%CI:1.005-1.599; OR=1.310, 95%CI:1.036-1.655). When adjusting for maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, we found that when mothers were with a pre-pregnancy BMI less than 18.5 or with low maternal intake of protein during the first trimester, positive association with higher risk of SGA (OR=1.872, 95%CI:1.033-3.395; OR=1.754, 95%CI:1.125-2.734), was noticed. However, for mothers with a pre-pregnancy BMI between 18.5 and 24.0 or with low protein intake during the first trimester, significant association with higher risk of SGA (OR=1.465, 95%CI:1.089-1.972) was found. Conclusions Through our observation, maternal dietary intake during pregnancy seemed to be associated with the risk of SGA but the effects of dietary intake were different, according to the BMI of pre-pregnancy population. Early pregnancy appeares as the key period for dietary intake which may influence the SGA.
Key words: Dietary intake     Small for gestational age     Body mass index    

小于胎龄儿(SGA)是指出生体重在同胎龄儿平均出生体重的P10以下的婴儿。在中低收入国家中其发生率已达27%[1]。SGA会明显增加围生期及远期疾病的发生[2-4]。已有研究显示,孕期膳食摄入蛋白质、脂肪及碳水化合物对胎儿生长发育有影响[5-7],但孕期蛋白质摄入是否与SGA发生风险有关仍存在争议[8-9]。同时有研究提示孕前BMI对SGA发生风险有重要作用[10-12]。孕期BMI作为衡量孕妇孕前营养状况的指标,应对不同孕前BMI人群分别提出孕期膳食建议更为合理。已有研究关注不同孕期膳食因素对胎儿出生体重的影响[13-15]。本研究将从孕早、中、晚三期来探讨孕期膳食摄入对SGA发生风险的影响,并针对不同孕前BMI人群分别给予膳食建议,以期降低SGA的发生风险。

对象与方法

1.研究对象:以2012年3月至2016年9月在山西医科大学第一医院产科住院分娩的孕妇作为研究对象,共10 319例。纳入标准:愿意签署知情同意书,所需问卷信息完整,单胎活产。排除标准:死胎、死产、出生缺陷、<22孕周及大于胎龄儿。纳入研究对象8 102例母婴对,SGA 961例,对照7 141例。

2.研究方法:采取面对面调查的方式,调查问卷采用标准化的结构式调查问卷,在孕妇分娩后24 h内收集问卷信息,包括孕妇一般人口学特征、生育史、产检信息、既往患病史、生活方式、孕期膳食摄入情况等。其中,膳食摄入信息的收集采用经过验证的半定量食物频数表,该表包括怀孕前3个月、第4~6月和后3个月的饮食情况,如摄入的食物种类、平均每次食用量及进食次数等。按照中国食物成分表将摄入食物转化为每日膳食营养素摄入量[16]

3.标准及分组:将出生体重在同胎龄儿平均出生体重的P10以下的母婴对纳入SGA组;将出生体重在同胎龄儿平均出生体重P10~P90之间的婴儿纳入适于胎龄儿(AGA组,即对照组)。根据中国成人体质指数分类的推荐意见[17],BMI<18.5 kg/m2为体重过低组;18.5≤BMI<24.0 kg/m2为体重正常组;BMI≥24.0 kg/m2为超重/肥胖组。按照AGA组膳食营养素摄入量的三分位数划分:摄入量<P33.3为低摄入量组;P33.3≤摄入量<P66.6为中等摄入量组;摄入量≥P66.6为高摄入量组,见表 1

表 1 8 102名女性孕期各阶段营养素的摄入MP25~P75)及分组

4.统计学分析:采用EpiData 3.1软件建立数据库、SAS 9.4软件进行数据清理及分析;一般情况描述计量资料用x ± s表示,计数资料用例数和构成比表示;多因素分析采用非条件logistic回归分析,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果

1.一般情况:研究对象的年龄为14~59(28.95±4.50)岁。新生儿出生体重(3 102.02±505.19)g,孕前BMI(21.05±3.19)kg/m2,孕周为(38.49±1.95)周。

2.单因素分析:母亲年龄、家庭住址、文化程度、人均月收入、孕前健康教育、被动吸烟、慢性病家族史、产检次数、妊娠期高血压疾病、早产在SGA、AGA组中的分布差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表 2

表 2 SGA的一般情况及影响因素分析

3.不同孕期膳食摄入情况对SGA发生风险的影响:孕早期(OR=1.534,95%CI:1.217~1.934)、孕中期(OR=1.268,95%CI:1.005~1.599)及孕晚期(OR=1.310,95%CI:1.036~1.655)蛋白质摄入量过低会增加SGA的发生风险,见表 3

表 3 不同孕期膳食摄入与SGA关系的多因素分析

4.孕前BMI对SGA的影响:调整了各期能量摄入情况、体育活动及其他影响因素后,非条件logistic回归分析显示,在孕早、中、晚期中孕前低体重均是SGA的危险因素,孕前超重/肥胖均是SGA的保护因素,见表 4

表 4 调整不同孕期的膳食摄入情况后孕前BMI与SGA的多因素分析

5.在不同孕前BMI人群中各孕期膳食摄入与SGA的关系:按孕前BMI水平分层后,孕前体重过低组(BMI<18.5 kg/m2)的孕妇在孕早期总能量及蛋白质的摄入量低会增加SGA的发生风险(OR=1.754,95%CI:1.125~2.734;OR=1.872,95%CI:1.033~3.395);在孕前体重正常组中(18.5≤BMI<24.0 kg/m2),孕早期膳食蛋白质摄入量低是SGA的危险因素(OR=1.465,95%CI:1.089~1.972);在超重/肥胖组中(BMI≥24.0 kg/m2)尚未发现膳食摄入与SGA的发生风险有关联。见表 5

表 5 不同孕前BMI人群膳食摄入与SGA关系的非条件logistic回归分析
讨论

当前对于SGA的致病机制已经进行了大量研究,SGA发生率是影响新生儿患病率和死亡率的主要因素之一[2]。现已有研究发现孕期蛋白质、脂肪及碳水化合物摄入对SGA的发生风险有影响[8-9]。本研究分孕早、中、晚3期探讨不同孕前BMI人群中孕期膳食摄入对SGA的影响。结果显示,三大营养素中蛋白质对SGA的发生风险有影响。

当前对孕期摄入蛋白质与SGA关系的研究结果不一,有研究表明[9, 18],孕期均衡的蛋白质能量补充会使SGA的发生风险降低;而另一研究认为孕早、孕中期蛋白质的摄入情况均与胎儿生长发育无关[13]。本研究结果显示,未分层时孕早、中、晚期蛋白质摄入量较低是SGA的危险因素。按孕前BMI分层后,在孕前BMI<18.5 kg/m2人群中发现,孕早期蛋白质及能量摄入量过低是SGA的危险因素;在18.5 kg/m2≤孕前BMI<24.0 kg/m2的人群中也发现,孕早期蛋白质摄入量过低是SGA的危险因素;而在孕前BMI≥24.0 kg/m2的孕妇中,整个孕期尚未发现蛋白质与SGA的关联。提示不同孕前BMI人群在各个孕期对蛋白质的需求量不同,应该根据孕前BMI及孕期给出不同的膳食蛋白质摄入建议。孕前BMI<24.0 kg/m2的人群在孕早期蛋白质摄入量应不低于51.60 g/d;同时孕前BMI<18.5 kg/m2的孕妇在孕早期膳食能量的摄入不应低于1 146.22 kcal/d。孕前BMI≥24.0 kg/m2的人群,在整个孕期尚未发现蛋白质与SGA的关联,可能较高的孕前BMI反映了孕妇较好的营养状况,自身足够供给胎儿生长发育,因此在此人群中尚未观察到膳食摄入的蛋白质对SGA的发生风险有影响。

本研究并未发现孕期脂肪及碳水化合物摄入与SGA的关联。国外有研究提出[19],孕期摄入经加工的高脂肪肉类产品较多与低出生体重有关,也增加了SGA发生风险,但其并未深入到营养素水平探讨。Sharma等[13]认为膳食脂肪摄入量高反映了孕妇高热量、高脂肪的饮食习惯及较差的饮食质量,随着脂肪摄入量增高,出生体重降低,但该研究未考虑到孕前BMI的影响。而有关不同孕期碳水化合物摄入量与SGA关系的研究目前尚无报道。

分层后孕期膳食摄入量对SGA的作用仅出现在孕早期,孕中、晚期尚未观察到膳食摄入与SGA的关联。孕早期是胎儿宫内生长发育的关键时期,是婴儿器官的发育阶段,孕早期胎盘的形成及宫内环境对之后胎儿的生长发育有重要影响[20],因此孕早期可能是膳食因素对SGA作用的关键期。孕妇应在孕早期注意合理膳食,保证蛋白质及能量的摄入量,以预防SGA的发生。

利益冲突 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

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