中华流行病学杂志  2017, Vol. 38 Issue (9): 1263-1268   PDF    
http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2017.09.024
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文章信息

郭玲玲, 申嘉欣, 汝首杭, 王颖, 李玫, 冯永亮, 张萍, 邬惟为, 王素萍, 张亚玮, 杨海澜.
Guo Lingling, Shen Jiaxin, Ru Shouhang, Wang Ying, Li Mei, Feng Yongliang, Zhang Ping, Wu Weiwei, Wang Suping, Zhang Yawei, Yang Hailan.
孕前体质指数对围孕期增补叶酸与小于胎龄儿关系影响的研究
Association between periconceptional folic acid supplementation and small for gestational age birth based on pre-pregnancy body mass index
中华流行病学杂志, 2017, 38(9): 1263-1268
Chinese journal of Epidemiology, 2017, 38(9): 1263-1268
http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2017.09.024

文章历史

收稿日期: 2017-01-19
孕前体质指数对围孕期增补叶酸与小于胎龄儿关系影响的研究
郭玲玲1, 申嘉欣1, 汝首杭1, 王颖1, 李玫1, 冯永亮1, 张萍1, 邬惟为1, 王素萍1, 张亚玮1,2, 杨海澜3     
1. 030001 太原, 山西医科大学 公共卫生学院流行病学教研室;
2. 耶鲁大学公共卫生学院环境健康科学系;
3. 030001 太原, 山西医科大学第一医院妇产科
摘要: 目的 探讨孕前不同BMI状态下,围孕期增补叶酸与小于胎龄儿(SGA)的关系。方法 以2012年3月至2016年9月在山西医科大学第一医院产科分娩的8 523例单胎活产孕妇以1 066例SGA作为病例组,以7 457例适于胎龄儿(AGA)作为对照组,收集孕妇一般人口学特征、孕前和孕期增补叶酸情况及新生儿基本信息等资料。通过非条件logistic回归分析孕前BMI对围孕期增补叶酸与SGA关系的影响。结果 SGA发生率为12.51%(1 066/8 523)。调整孕妇年龄等因素后,孕前体重较低者是SGA发生的危险因素(OR=1.22,95%CI:1.01~1.47),孕前超重/肥胖者可降低SGA的发生风险(OR=0.81,95%CI:0.68~0.97);调整孕妇年龄等因素后,围孕期增补叶酸是SGA的保护因素(OR=0.82,95%CI:0.68~0.98)。按孕前BMI分层后显示,孕前超重者围孕期增补叶酸可降低SGA的发生风险(OR=0.55,95%CI:0.36~0.85),未发现其他各BMI组围孕期增补叶酸与SGA有关。进一步按增补的叶酸种类分组后显示,围孕期单纯增补400 μg叶酸片是SGA的保护因素(OR=0.82,95%CI:0.69~0.99),且孕前超重者围孕期单纯增补400 μg叶酸片能降低SGA的发生风险(OR=0.56,95%CI:0.36~0.86)。未发现围孕期单纯增补含400 μg叶酸的复合维生素与SGA有关。结论 孕前超重者围孕期增补400 μg叶酸片能降低SGA的发生,而在其他各BMI组中未发现关联;孕前BMI可能影响围孕期增补叶酸与SGA的关系。
关键词: 小于胎龄儿     体质指数     叶酸    
Association between periconceptional folic acid supplementation and small for gestational age birth based on pre-pregnancy body mass index
Guo Lingling1, Shen Jiaxin1, Ru Shouhang1, Wang Ying1, Li Mei1, Feng Yongliang1, Zhang Ping1, Wu Weiwei1, Wang Suping1, Zhang Yawei1,2, Yang Hailan3     
1. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health;
2. Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, USA;
3. Obstetrics and Gynecology of First Affiliated Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
Corresponding author: Wang Suping, E-mail:spwang88@163.com; Zhang Yawei, E-mail:yawei.zhang@yale.edu
Fund program: The 10 Talents Program of Shanxi Medical University; Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province (2013021033-2); Construction Project of Characteristic Key Disciplines for Universities of Shanxi Province; National Natural Science Foundation of China (81473061)
Abstract: Objective To investigate the association between periconceptional folic acid supplementation and small for gestational age (SGA) birth based on maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and provide evidence for the development of comprehensive prevention programs on SGA birth. Methods Between March, 2012 and September, 2016, a total of 8 523 pregnant women delivering in the First Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University were surveyed to collect the information about their demographic characteristics, folic acid supplementation before and during pregnancy and about their infants. Among their infants, 1 066 were small for gestational age (case group), 7 457 were appropriate for gestational age (AGA) (control group). Unconditional logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association between periconceptional folic acid supplementation and SGA birth in the context of different pre-pregnancy BMI. Results The overall incidence of SGA birth was 12.51% (1 066/8 523). After adjusting the confounding factors, pre-pregnancy BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 was a risk factor for SGA birth (OR=1.22, 95%CI:1.01-1.47), pre-pregnancy BMI ≥ 24.0 kg/m2 was associated with a reduced risk of SGA birth (OR=0.81, 95%CI:0.68-0.97). After adjusting confounding factors, periconceptional folic acid supplementation was a protective factor for SGA birth (OR=0.82, 95%CI:0.68-0.98). After stratified by pre-pregnancy BMI, periconceptional folic acid supplementation was associated with the reduced risk of SGA birth in overweight group (24.0 kg/m2 ≤ BMI < 28.0 kg/m2) with OR of 0.55 (95%CI:0.36-0.85). No significant association was observed in other groups. When examined by folic acid supplement type, periconceptional single folic acid supplementation (400 μg per tablet) was a protective factor for SGA birth (OR=0.82, 95%CI:0.69-0.99). After stratified by pre-pregnancy BMI, periconceptional single folic acid supplementation (400 μg per tablet) was associated with the reduced risk of SGA birth in overweight groups (OR=0.56, 95%CI:0.36-0.86). No association was observed between periconceptional folic acid containing multivitamin supplementation and SGA birth. Conclusions Periconceptional folic acid supplementation (400 μg) was associated with reduced risk of SGA birth in women with pre-pregnancy BMI ≥ 24.0 kg/m2 and < 28.0 kg/m2. No association between folic acid supplementation and SGA was observed in other groups. This study suggests that pre-pregnancy BMI might modify the influence of folic acid supplementation on the risk of SGA birth.
Key words: Small for gestational age     Body mass index     Folic acid    

小于胎龄儿(SGA)是指出生体重低于同胎龄平均体重的第10百分位(P10)者,是新生儿死亡的重要原因,并影响儿童期、青春期体格和智力发育[1],也与成年后发生慢性疾病密切相关[2]。SGA的发生受母亲、胎儿等多方面因素影响[3]。研究表明,母亲围孕期增补叶酸不仅预防神经管畸形[4],还可预防SGA的发生[5]。孕前BMI是衡量孕妇营养状况的重要指标。研究显示,孕前BMI过低或过高与SGA的发生有关[6-7]。由此,孕前BMI可能会影响围孕期增补叶酸与SGA的关系。目前国内主要是单纯关于围孕期增补叶酸与SGA的研究[8],而国外的相关研究均未明确增补叶酸种类以及剂量且主要按孕前BMI分为两组进行探讨[9-10]。为此,本研究采用较大样本量探讨孕前不同BMI者中围孕期增补叶酸与SGA的关系,并分析增补叶酸种类和剂量,为预防控制SGA提供参考。

对象与方法

1.研究对象:以2012年3月至2016年9月在山西医科大学第一医院产科分娩的孕妇作为研究队列,通过采集病历信息及问卷调查收集孕妇产前、产中及产后的流行病学和临床资料,同时收集新生儿基本信息。纳入标准:① 孕妇无精神性疾患,表达和理解能力正常;② 单胎活产,无出生缺陷。排除标准为死胎/产、流产、双/多胎者,<20孕周和大于胎龄儿。最终获得8 523份有效问卷。共收集1 066例SGA作为病例组,7 457例适于胎龄儿(AGA)作为对照组。研究经山西医科大学伦理委员会审查批准,所有研究对象均签署知情同意书。

2.研究方法:由培训合格的调查员采用统一的调查问卷进行面对面调查,并查阅病历相关信息,问卷内容包括孕妇一般人口学特征、妊娠情况、围产期保健及新生儿基本信息等。孕前体重由问卷调查获得,身高为入院时统一测量,并根据公式计算孕前BMI。采用巢式病例对照方法,探讨孕前不同BMI水平的孕妇围孕期增补叶酸与SGA的关系。

3.标准及分组:出生体重低于同胎龄平均体重的P10者为SGA,位于同胎龄平均出生体重的P10~90者为AGA[11]。根据2002年中国肥胖问题工作组提出的成年人适宜BMI(kg/m2)范围标准分组:孕前BMI<18.5为体重较低组、18.5≤BMI<24.0为体重正常组、24.0≤BMI<28.0为超重组、BMI≥28.0为肥胖组[12]。根据孕期增补叶酸情况分为未增补叶酸(整个孕期均未增补叶酸,即孕前/早/中/晚期均未增补叶酸)和围孕期增补叶酸(单纯孕前或孕早期增补叶酸,并坚持增补叶酸≥1个月)2种类型。根据围孕期增补叶酸种类主要分为单纯增补400 μg叶酸片(FA)组和单纯增补含400 μg叶酸的复合维生素(MV)组。

4.统计学分析:采用EpiData 3.1软件录入数据及逻辑纠错,采用SAS 9.4软件进行数据清理及统计学分析,单因素分析采用χ2检验,多因素分析采用非条件logistic回归,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果

1.一般特征及叶酸增补情况:8 523名单胎活产孕妇年龄14~59岁,平均(29.45±4.57)岁。孕周为28~44周,平均(38.42±2.00)周。78.27%的孕妇居住在城市。59.40%家庭人均月收入在中等水平(2 000~4 000元)。新生儿平均出生体重(3 085.77±515.64)g,孕前BMI为(21.59±3.22)kg/m2。SGA平均出生体重(2 301.42±494.77)g,孕前BMI为(21.70±3.32)kg/m2。AGA平均出生体重(3 195.69±413.00)g,孕前BMI为(21.57±3.21)kg/m2。1 280人(15.02%)未增补叶酸,5 547人(65.08%)围孕期增补叶酸,此外其他增补者1 696人(19.90%)。围孕期单纯增补FA者5 437人,单纯增补MV者72人。

2. SGA的单因素分析:孕妇年龄、居住地、家庭人均月收入、早产、妊娠期高血压疾病、分娩方式、孕前健康教育、慢性病家族史、被动吸烟、孕前BMI和围孕期增补叶酸与SGA的发生有关,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表 1

表 1 小于胎龄儿发生情况及影响因素分析

3.孕前BMI水平与SGA的关系:孕前不同BMI组SGA发生率差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.491,P= 0.039)。非条件logistic回归分析显示,调整孕妇年龄等因素后,孕前体重较低者(BMI<18.5 kg/m2)是SGA发生的危险因素(OR=1.22,95%CI:1.01~1.47),孕前超重/肥胖者(BMI≥24.0 kg/m2)可降低SGA的发生风险(OR=0.81,95%CI:0.68~0.97),见表 2

表 2 孕前不同BMI组与小于胎龄儿关系的非条件logistic回归分析

4.孕前不同BMI组围孕期增补叶酸与SGA的关系:围孕期增补叶酸的孕妇其新生儿SGA的发生率低于未增补叶酸者,差异有统计学意义(χ2=26.264,P<0.001)。非条件logistic回归分析显示,调整孕妇年龄等因素后,围孕期增补叶酸是SGA的保护因素(OR=0.82,95%CI:0.68~0.98)。按孕前BMI分层后显示,孕前超重组[24.0≤BMI(kg/m2)<28.0]围孕期增补叶酸可降低SGA的发生风险(OR=0.55,95%CI:0.36~0.85),而其他BMI组中未发现其有关(表 3)。

表 3 孕前不同BMI组围孕期增补叶酸与小于胎龄儿的非条件logistic回归分析

5.孕前不同BMI组围孕期分别单纯增补FA和MV与SGA的关系:非条件logistic回归分析显示,调整孕妇年龄等因素后,围孕期单纯增补FA是SGA的保护因素(OR=0.82,95%CI:0.69~0.99)。按孕前BMI分层后发现,孕前超重组[24.0≤BMI(kg/m2)<28.0]围孕期单纯增补FA可降低SGA的发生风险(OR=0.56,95%CI:0.36~0.86),而在其他BMI组中未发现其有关。围孕期单纯增补MV与SGA无关(表 4)。

表 4 孕前不同BMI组围孕期分别单纯增补叶酸片、复合维生素与小于胎龄儿的非条件logistic回归分析
讨论

孕妇叶酸营养状况与胎儿生长发育密切相关[13]。本研究显示孕妇围孕期增补叶酸可降低SGA的发生风险,与Timmermans等[14]研究结果一致。孕前BMI是衡量孕妇营养状态的一项指标,也是可以监测控制的因素。有研究报道女性孕前BMI<18.5 kg/m2是SGA的危险因素[6],孕妇体重过高会降低SGA的发生风险[7],与本研究结果相一致。因此,母亲孕前BMI可能会对围孕期增补叶酸与SGA的关系产生影响。

本研究显示孕前超重者围孕期增补叶酸发生SGA的风险明显降低,而其他BMI组中未发现围孕期增补叶酸与SGA有关。Catov等[9]研究显示,孕前BMI<30 kg/m2者围孕期增补MV可降低SGA的发生风险(OR=0.54,95%CI:0.32~0.91),而孕前BMI≥30 kg/m2者中未发现其对SGA有作用。Martinussen等[10]研究表明,孕前BMI<25 kg/m2者孕前或孕早期增补叶酸与SGA无关。提示,围孕期增补叶酸与SGA的关系受到孕前BMI的影响,但其原因目前尚不清楚。Mojtabai[15]研究表明,孕前BMI>30 kg/m2孕妇需要每天额外补充350 μg叶酸以达到与BMI<20 kg/m2的孕妇相同血清叶酸水平。研究表明,母亲较高的BMI与较低的血清叶酸浓度呈正相关[16],其原因可能为肥胖导致雌激素增加,而后者可降低体内血清叶酸浓度[17],可能影响表观遗传的调节(如DNA甲基化),最终使得对SGA的保护作用减弱或无效。所以,与BMI<28 kg/m2者增补相同的叶酸,BMI≥28 kg/m2者可能对SGA的保护作用减弱或无效。

本研究结果还表明,孕前/早期单纯增补FA对SGA发生起保护作用。Hodgetts等[18]研究也显示相同结果。本研究发现孕前超重者围孕期单纯增补FA可降低SGA的发生,而其他BMI组未发现有降低SGA的作用。提示孕前BMI可能会对围孕期增补叶酸与SGA的关系产生影响。Wang等[19]研究表明,体重较低/正常的孕妇围孕期增补FA可有效降低不良出生结局的发生,但是主要是针对发生神经管缺陷。本文孕前/早期单纯增补MV与SGA无关,其原因可能为样本数量少或由于其他维生素的存在对叶酸的作用产生干扰所致。

本研究存在不足。如肥胖组孕妇和单纯增补MV组人数相对较少,结果未能充分说明两组中孕妇围孕期增补叶酸与SGA的关系;本研究主要针对孕前、早期增补叶酸的情况,未探讨孕中、晚期的情况。

总之,本研究按照孕前不同BMI亚组进行围孕期增补叶酸对SGA的分析,发现孕前超重者围孕期单纯增补FA(400 μg叶酸片)可降低SGA的发生风险,而在其他BMI组未发现围孕期增补叶酸与SGA有关,提示孕前BMI可能影响围孕期增补叶酸与SGA发生的关系。


利益冲突:
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