中华流行病学杂志  2017, Vol. 38 Issue (5): 688-692   PDF    
http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2017.05.027
中华医学会主办。
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文章信息

黄象艳, 石庆芬, 黄涛.
Huang Xiangyan, Shi Qingfen, Huang Tao.
隐匿性乙型肝炎病毒感染研究进展
Progress in research of occult hepatitis B virus infection
中华流行病学杂志, 2017, 38(5): 688-692
Chinese Journal of Epidemiology, 2017, 38(5): 688-692
http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2017.05.027

文章历史

收稿日期: 2016-12-05
隐匿性乙型肝炎病毒感染研究进展
黄象艳1, 石庆芬2, 黄涛3     
1. 250031 济南军区总医院输血科;
2. 250021 济南市传染病医院检验科;
3. 250014 济南, 山东省疾病预防控制中心艾滋病防治所
摘要: 隐匿性HBV感染(OBI)已成为世界性公共卫生问题之一,严重影响乙型肝炎的临床诊断并威胁到输血安全。本文分析近年来关于OBI的概念、致病机制、在健康人群和不同患者中的流行率以及传播可能性方面的研究数据,结果显示OBI在健康人群及不同患者中均存在一定的流行率,并可能通过输血等途径传播,应引起重视。
关键词: 隐匿性乙型肝炎病毒感染     致病机制     流行率    
Progress in research of occult hepatitis B virus infection
Huang Xiangyan1, Shi Qingfen2, Huang Tao3     
1. Department of Blood Transfusion, the General Hospital of Jinan Military Command, Jinan 250031, China;
2. Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Jinan Infectious Disease Hospital, Jinan 250021, China;
3. Institute for AIDS Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China
Corresponding author: Huang Tao, Email:huangtao29@163.com
Fund program: National Natural Science Foundation of China (81101321)
Abstract: Occult hepatitis B virus infection is a worldwide public health problem, which seriously affects the clinical diagnosis of hepatitis B and threatens the safety of blood transfusion. The concept of occult hepatitis B virus infection, the pathogenesis of occult hepatitis B virus infection, the prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection in different groups, including healthy population and different patients, and the possibility of transmission were summarized. The prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection was found in healthy population and different patients, and there is possibility of occult hepatitis B virus infection to be transmitted through blood transfusion. The paper provides a comprehensive introduction of the pathogenesis and prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection. More attention should be paid to occult hepatitis B virus infection.
Key words: Occult hepatitis B virus infection     Pathogenesis     Prevalence    

HBV感染是发生肝脏疾病的主要原因之一,HBsAg通常被认为是HBV感染的主要血清学标志物。但不容忽视的是,有时商品化试剂盒不能检测到患者血清中的HBsAg,却可以在其肝脏或血液中检测到HBV的DNA,这就被称之为隐匿性HBV感染(occult hepatitis B virus infection,OBI)[1-2]。OBI患者的血清通常与大多数敏感的HBsAg检测试剂缺乏反应性,与HBsAg阳性的慢性乙型肝炎(乙肝)患者相比,往往呈现较低的病毒DNA水平。Wong等[3]研究了40例OBI患者和40例慢性乙肝患者肝内HBV复制状态,发现OBI患者的肝内总HBV的DNA低于慢性乙肝患者(P<0.000 1),这提示OBI患者往往具有低肝内HBV复制。有些OBI患者曾经有过慢性乙肝史,有些追溯不到既往HBV显性感染。

基于血清中抗-HBc和抗-HBs的检测结果,OBI可被分为血清学阳性和阴性两类。前者表现为抗-HBc阳性同时抗-HBs可为阳性也可为阴性;后者表现为抗-HBc和抗-HBs均为阴性[4]。多数OBI者携带有抗-HBc,但也存在除了HBV的DNA外检测不到任何血清学标志物的感染者。OBI是世界性的公共卫生问题之一,HBV的隐匿感染不仅可以造成临床诊断失误和肝脏损害的加剧[5],还会因为献血者中OBI造成血液污染而影响血液安全[6]

1. OBI的发生机制:随着人们对OBI的认识和关注,有关其发生机制尚未完全阐明,但已经提出了许多免疫致病机制来解释导致其发生的原因。① 许多研究揭示了S基因突变与不同基因型OBI的相关性[7-9]。S基因突变引起OBI的机制有两点,一是HBsAg检测试剂盒中特异性抗体识别的靶位点一般在S抗原的主要疏水性区域(MHR),此区域的突变可导致抗原决定簇构象的改变或者抗原蛋白的修饰,从而导致检测抗体结合的失败[10]。尤其是MHR中“α”决定簇的突变,如G145R、Q129R和M133T,均可导致蛋白构象的改变。二是HBV基因组突变可以通过减少HBsAg的表达和分泌降低血清中HBsAg的产物量[11-12],因循环中HBsAg水平低于检测限而导致检测失败。② 血清中HBsAg和抗-HBs免疫复合物的形成可以隐藏HBsAg,导致无法检测到HBsAg的存在[2]。③ 如果同时感染了HCV或丁型肝炎病毒(HDV),由于病毒的干扰,HBV的复制会受到抑制,导致OBI的发生[13]。④ 有时患者本身的原因如免疫系统的原因也会造成HBV复制的下调,导致HBsAg检测的失败[14]

S基因突变一般被认为是导致OBI的主要因素。研究发现前S基因(preS)和S基因的一些新突变位点,比如,preS1 nt 3 014~3 198缺失突变、preS1 nt 3 046~3 177缺失突变、s115-116 “INGTST”的插入突变等会减少HBsAg合成水平或降低抗体结合的能力从而导致OBI的发生[15]。但也有研究发现有些OBI标本中未发现S基因突变,提示在这些标本中,相比于S基因突变可能需要寻找其他更主要的导致OBI发生的因素[16]。有研究认为S蛋白突变可能不会在OBI发病机制中发挥主要作用[17]。总之,OBI的发生在不同个体中可能存在不同的机制,也可能在同一个体中存在多种因素共同作用导致OBI的发生,其发生机制还有待于进一步研究。

2.不同人群OBI发生率:OBI在不同国家和地区、不同人群中流行程度不同。除了在高危人群中的研究报道之外,目前在献血者、健康人群中研究报道OBI的也越来越多。在HBV流行度高的国家和地区,相关研究报道较多。

(1)献血者中OBI发生率:中国是HBV高流行地区,献血者中HBV流行率约为1.1%~3.1%[18]。持续疫苗接种计划、无偿献血制度的制定发展和血液筛检技术的进步已经使献血者中HBV感染情况明显好转,但OBI的存在却威胁着输血安全,多个国家和地区在献血者中发现OBI[19-24]。Liu等[18]利用Meta分析发现在中国571 227名献血者中OBI的发生率约为0.094%。OBI在中国无偿献血人群中的比率高于阿根廷、印度、伊朗等国,但低于非洲国家(表 1)。在HBV非流行区,献血者OBI发生率相对较低,如在苏格兰1989-2011年7 925 259名献血者中仅检测到5名OBI[25]。Stramer等[26]报道在美国3 700 000名献血者中,OBI发生率仅为0.000 2%。Ye等[27]研究了抗-HBc阳性的健康献血者(表 1),其中发现14例OBI,在抗-HBc阳性的健康人群中存在相对高的OBI发生率。值得注意的是,这14例OBI使用血站常规核酸扩增检测技术(NAT)检测结果为阴性。所以在中国抗-HBc阳性率较高的HBV高流行区,需要敏感度更高的NAT来提高血液安全。定期无偿献血者可能会减少OBI的潜在危险,Abbasi等[28]在184名定期献血者中没有发现OBI(表 1),这可能与定期血液检测排除转为显性感染的OBI有关。

表 1 健康献血者中OBI的发生率

(2)乙肝疫苗免疫人群中OBI发生率:我国新生儿乙肝疫苗接种计划自1992年在全国实施,有效降低了HBV感染率。但是接种乙肝疫苗并不能完全杜绝HBV感染,Ni等[29]报道中国台湾地区1984年7月开始接种乙肝疫苗,HBsAg血清学阳性率由未接种疫苗时的6.7%降至0.5%;接种乙肝疫苗后HBsAg仍为阳性的感染者中77%的母亲为HBV感染者。这项研究对4 605名接种过疫苗的健康人进行研究,显示OBI约为0.13%(表 2)。其他国家和地区的报道也显示尽管接受过乙肝疫苗的接种,这些人群中还是存在OBI[16, 30-31]。部分HBsAg阳性母亲所生婴儿免疫阻断后虽然HBsAg阴性且符合目前HBV母婴阻断成功的标准,但其血清中HBV的DNA检测阳性,提示这些婴儿免疫阻断后存在OBI[32]。国内一项研究显示,母亲如果是HBsAg阳性,即便是新生儿接受了针对HBV的主动和被动免疫,在7月龄时还是可检测到OBI,发生率高达20%[33]表 2)。该研究发现新生儿体内HBV与母亲HBV具有同源性,但没有发现G145R突变,随着年龄的增长,监测到3岁时,31例都在某个时间点发生了HBV-DNA消失,但有6例出现了反弹。鉴于乙肝疫苗免疫产生的抗-S抗原在HBV高流行区不能完全预防OBI的发生,开发针对S抗原以外更多抗原位点的疫苗可改善这种状况[31]。另外,不同个体对乙肝疫苗的反应水平不同,疫苗无反应性相关因素之一可能是当前或过去的HBV感染的存在。无论是HBV显性感染还是OBI都可导致乙肝疫苗的无反应性或低反应性的病例出现。

表 2 HBV免疫预防接种人群中OBI的发生率

(3)HCV感染者中OBI发生率:OBI在HCV阳性者中的发生率显著高于HCV阴性者[34]。在慢性丙型肝炎(丙肝)患者中,近1/3病例中发现了OBI,可能与HCV干扰HBV复制而导致OBI发生有关,HCV核心蛋白可通过与HBX蛋白和聚合酶之间的作用抑制HBV基因表达和复制[13]。OBI会加重慢性丙肝患者的肝损伤和肝细胞癌(HCC)的进展[35]。不同研究报道慢性HCV感染者中OBI的发生率不同(表 3),3项研究表明OBI发生率均大于25%[36-38],在另一项研究中OBI发生率相对较低[39],但在HCV感染的HCC患者中,OBI发生率都在40%以上[40-41],明显高于慢性HCV感染者。一般认为,OBI与HCV感染的HCC发生有相关性,OBI在HCV感染的HCC患者中的比例明显高于未感染HCV的HCC患者[2]

表 3 HCV感染者中OBI的发生率

(4)HIV感染者中OBI发生率:多数HIV感染者因感染途径的原因,会增加HBV感染的概率,而其中发生OBI的比率也有不同国家的研究报道。智利的研究对象中未检测到OBI[42],但是其他研究都在HIV感染者中检测到OBI[43-44],2项研究报道OBI发生率为4%左右,另外4项研究中OBI发生率较高,约15%~48%[10, 45-47]表 4)。健康成年人接种乙肝疫苗具有良好的免疫效果,HIV感染者、注射吸毒者、慢性肝病患者等高危人群接种乙肝疫苗的安全性已被证实,但其免疫效果低于健康成年人[48],这可能是HIV感染者中OBI发生率相对较高的原因之一。

表 4 HIV感染者中OBI的发生率

(5)其他人群中OBI发生率:免疫力受影响的人群或易感人群,如白血病患者、肿瘤患者、肺结核患者、静脉吸毒者、血液透析患者等,都有关于OBI发生率的研究报道。注射吸毒者中OBI发生率较高[49],肺结核患者中OBI发生率相对较低[50],肿瘤患者中OBI发生率相对较高[5, 51-52],血液透析患者中OBI发生率在3%~8%[53-54],白血病患者中OBI发生率明显高于骨折的对照组(10.5%比2.9%,P<0.001)[51]。Baghbanian等[52]研究发现OBI在血液肿瘤患者中的发生率比在实体瘤患者中稍高(4.8%比4.3%)。见表 5

表 5 其他患者中OBI的发生率

3. OBI传播:由于OBI患者常规HBsAg筛查呈阴性而容易被忽视,其是否存在HBV传播可能性更应该引起注意。多数OBI患者血液中病毒载量很低,OBI病原体可以传播给免疫抑制患者,但是通过输血、母婴传播、医源性途径等能否将OBI病原体传播给免疫力正常的受血者、新生儿或患者尚无定论,有待进一步研究。

OBI献血者能否将HBV传播给受血者一直是关注的焦点。Bouike等[55]研究表明,虽然OBI献血者中HBV的DNA水平很低,但是HBV还是通过输血传染给了受血者。有研究表明带有抗-HBs的OBI患者血液可能不具有传染性,而仅含有抗-HBc或除DNA外没有其他血清学标志物的OBI患者血液具有传染性[56]。Lieshout-Krikke等[57]对接受OBI献血者血液的受血者进行回顾性研究,传播概率为5%。在HBV高流行区献血者中OBI发生率虽然高,但中国香港和台湾地区的两项研究表明接受OBI献血者血液成分的受血者虽然存在个别输血途径感染,但传播的可能性极小[58-59]。OBI献血者的血制品虽然存在通过血液传播HBV的危险性,但这种危险性与抗-HBs存在与否以及输入的血浆量有关。

OBI是否可以通过母婴传播使婴儿发生HBV感染,尚无研究报道。目前的研究只是显示个别HBsAg阳性母亲可以导致接受过免疫阻断的新生儿发生OBI[32-33],但缺乏OBI母亲孕产过程中母婴垂直传播的研究报道。

一项关于OBI患者和其子的研究报道,OBI可能通过紧密接触传播HBV。尽管OBI患者的孩子进行了乙肝疫苗注射,但还是发生了HBV感染,经过HBV序列比对发现父亲体内的HBV是其子HBV感染的来源,表明OBI可能通过密切接触传播,并表现为显性感染[60]

通过输血、器官移植和血液透析传播OBI的重要性已被广泛认可,OBI传播可能性与被感染者接触的病毒含量及其免疫状态有关。由表 3~5可见因未检出HBsAg而认定为无HBV感染的OBI患者,在就诊过程中是有可能通过医源性途径传播HBV的。因此,提高OBI的检出率和寻找预防OBI患者传播HBV的方法应引起关注。

综上所述,OBI影响临床诊断和血液安全,与肝损伤严重程度有一定相关性。OBI不仅存在于HCV、HIV感染者及肿瘤、透析患者等人群中,也在健康人群中存在并有传播的可能性。因此,OBI需进一步引起大家的关注,研究更加敏感的HBV检测方法以减少HBV的漏检,研发HBV新疫苗以减少OBI的发生,都将对预防OBI起到积极作用。


利益冲突:
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