Chinese Chemical Letters  2016, Vol. 27 Issue (7): 1017-1021   PDF    
Enhanced head-to-head photodimers in the photocyclodimerization of anthracenecarboxylic acid with a cationic pillar[6]arene
Gui Jian-Changa,1, Yan Zhi-Qianga,1, Peng Yuanb, Yi Ji-Gaoa, Zhou Da-Yangc, Su Dana, Zhong Zhi-Huia, Gao Guo-Weia, Wu Wan-Huaa, Yang Chenga     
a Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Medical Center and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China ;
b Chengdu Environmental Monitoring Center, Chengdu 610042, China ;
c Comprehensive Analysis Center, ISIR, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 5670047, Japan
Abstract: The complexation behaviors of anthracenecarboxylic acid and water-soluble cationic pillararenes have been investigated by 1H NMR, UV-vis and ITC methods. The cationic pillar[6]arene was found to stepwise form 1:1 and 1:2 complexes, having a large K1 and a relatively small K2 values. Photocyclodimerization of AC within the pillar[6]arene improved the yield of the head-to-head photodimers. Up to 4.97 HH/HT ratio has been reached by optimizing the reaction conditions.
Key words: Pillar[6]arene     Photocyclodimerization     Anthracenecarboxylic acid     Supramolecular complexation    
1. Introduction

Manipulating the chemo- and regio-selectivity of photochemical reactions through supramolecular complexation is an intriguing topic of current photochemistry. Photosubstrates at the electronic excited state are featured by high reactivity and short lifetime, whichmakes it difficult to control the selectivity of photoreactions [1]. Supramolecular complexation could orientate substrates in confined spaces, make reaction centre spatially close to the catalytic site and stabilize their high-energy transition states. Photosubstrates complexed in the cavity of molecular hostof ten show switched photophysical and photochemical properties [2]. Consequentially, supramolecular complexation provides a promising strategy to affect the rate and selectivity of photoreactions. Intermolecular photochemical reactions demand suitable size and reasonable driving force of binding site of the host to arrange two photosubstrates together. In this context, controlling the reaction selectivity of photodimerization aremore challenging [3].Molecular hosts bearing a large cavity suitable for accommodating two photosubstrates, such as g-cyclodextrins (CD) [4-7], crown ethers [4], coordinated cages [8, 9], cucurbiturils [10-12], templates [13] and biomolecules [14], have been employed as host molecules for conducting photodimerizations. Recently, pillar[n]arenes, a new family of macrocyclic compounds composed by several 1, 4-disubstituted hydroquinone ethers, have attracted significant attention from chemists [15]. Their cavities are possible to accommodate organic guest mainly through electrostatic dipole interactions in organic solvent [16- 21]. Up to now, pillar[n]arenes comprising 5-15 hydroquinone ether units have been explored [22-24]. This makes pillar[n]arenes versatile hosts capable of binding guest molecules of different sizes. On the other hand, water-soluble pillar[n]arenes, synthesized by suitable chemical modification on the rims of pillar[n]arenes, make the intriguing host molecules possible to complex a wide range of organic guests through hydrophobic interaction [25, 26].

We have comprehensively investigated the photocyclodimerization of anthracenecarboxylic acid (AC) by using g-cyclodextrin (CD) [27-31], bio-macromolecules [32], chiral templates [33, 34] as well as coordinated cages [35] as host molecules. Photocyclodimerization of AC affords anti- and syn-head-to-tail (HT) photodimers 1 and 2 (Scheme 1) accompanying by the anti- and synhead- to-head (HH) photodimers 3 and 4. Among different types of host molecules, γ-CD derivatives have been most extensively employed, because γ-CD has a large cavity that can simultaneously accommodate two AC molecules. The photocyclodimerization of AC is thus accelerated by a factor of 10 to show reaction selectivity significantly different from those observed in homogeneous solution [5]. γ-CD determines the photoreaction outcome through the formation of 1:2 complexes, and AC pairs of different stacking pattern in the 1:2 complexes lead to corresponding photodimers upon photoexcitation [36-38]. Photocyclodimerization of AC has become a model photochemical reaction for evaluating the supramolecular complexation between AC and host molecule, which provides the detailed stacking model of AC pairs in the host cavity through the analyses of the population of photodimers. Photocyclodimerization of AC in aqueous solution usually prefers the HT photodimers 1 and 2 due to the electrostatic repulsion for HH photodimers. Complexation with γ-CD led to an enhancement of the HT photodimers, and the HHphotodimers were given in poor yield of < 15%. Therefore, to improve the yield of HH photodimers 3 and 4 are more challenging. It occurred to us that introduction of cationic groups on the two rims of a pillararene will make pillararenes water-soluble, and thus extend the ability of pillararenes to complex a wide range organic guest through hydrophobic interaction. More importantly, the presence of cationic groups will improve the electrostatic attraction and consequently reduce the electrostatic repulsion between carboxylate anions of HH-stacked AC pairs. In this study, we report our efforts to improve the HH photodimers of AC by using the watersoluble pillar[6]arene (WP6).

Download:
Scheme. 1. Photocyclodimerization of AC with water-soluble pillararenes WP5 and WP6.

2. Experimental 2.1. Materials and instruments

2-Anthracenecarboxylic acid (AC) was purchased from TCI (China) and used as received. Doubly distilled water and HPLC grade solvents were used for photoreactions and spectral measurements. Other solvents were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra were measured at 400 and 100 MHz, respectively, on a Bruker DRX-400 instrument. HR-MS were obtained by using the Shimadzu LCMS-IT TOF (ESI) spectrometer. UV-visible spectra were recorded on a JASCO V650 spectrophotometer. Fluorescence measurements were carried out by using a JASCO-FP 8500 spectrofluorimeter. Photoproducts were analyzed by using a Shimadzu LC Prominence 20 HPLC instrument equipped with UV-vis and fluorescence detectors.

2.2. General preparation procedure and characterization for target

compounds Compound 5: Hydroquinone (10.0 g, 91 mmol), 1, 2-dibromoethane (35 mL, 0.41 mol) and potassium carbonate (40 g, 0.29 mol) were added into acetone (150 mL), the mixture was refluxed for 24 h under N2. After the reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature, precipitate was removed by filtration. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the product was purified by column chromatography (eluent: hexane: dichloromethane = 1:1). A white solid was obtained (6.3 g, 21%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): d 6.86 (s, 4H), 4.24 (t, 4H, J = 6.3 Hz), 3.61 (t, 4H, J = 6.3 Hz). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3): d 152.81, 116.07, 77.36, 77.04, 76.72, 68.69, 29.30.

Compound 6a: A mixture of 5 (3.24 g, 10 mmol) and paraformaldehyde (0.93 g, 30 mmol) in 1, 2-dichloroethane (20 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. BF3⋅Et2O (1.25 mL, 10 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for additional 30 min. The reaction mixture was washed with water three times, and the organic phase was concentrated and the product was purified by column chromatography (SiO2; Petroleum ether/CH2Cl2/EA, 2:1:0.03) to give a white solid (1.18 g, 35%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 6.92 (s, 10H), 4.23 (t, 20H, J = 5.6 Hz), 3.84 (s, 10H), 3.64 (t, 20H, J = 5.6 Hz). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3): δ 149.66, 129.06, 116.09, 77.36, 77.05, 76.73, 68.97, 53.43, 30.75, 29.40.

Compound 6b: 5 (2 g, 6.17 mmol), paraformaldehyde (926 mg, 30.85 mmol) and FeCl3 (200 mg, 1.24 mmol) were added to CHCl3 (90 mL), and the mixture was heated to 45 ℃ for 72 h. The mixture was cooled down to room temperature and then washed with water three times, the organic phase was concentrated and subjected to column chromatography (SiO2; Petroleum ether/ CH2Cl2/EA, 2:1:0.06). Finally, a white solid was obtained (520 mg, 25%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 6.78 (s, 12H), 4.17 (t, 24H, J = 5.8 Hz), 3.87 (s, 12H), 3.56 (t, 24H, J = 5.8 Hz). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3): δ 150.19, 128.53, 115.84, 77.37, 77.05, 76.73, 68.97, 30.66, 30.35.

68.97, 30.66, 30.35. WP5: Trimethylamine (2 mL, 33% in water) was added to 15 mL DMF solution containing 6a (300 mg, 0.18 mmol), and the resulting mixture was heated to 80 ℃ for 24 h. After cooling down to room temperature, the solvent was removed and the residue was dissolved in water, and the solution was filtered and applied on a reversed-phase column. After lyophilization, a white solid was obtained (350 mg, 86%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, D2O): δ 6.93 (s, 10H), 4.44 (s, 20H), 3.91 (s, 10H), 3.80 (s, 20H), 3.23 (d, 90H, J = 15.7 Hz). 13C NMR (101 MHz, D2O): d 149.28, 129.84, 116.42, 64.89, 63.41, 59.55, 54.05, 29.51.

WP6: Trimethylamine (0.5 mL, 33% in water) was added to a solution of 6b (100 mg, 0.05 mmol) in DMF (5 mL), and the resulting mixture was heated to 80 ℃ for 24 h. After cooling down to room temperature, the solvent was removed under vacuum and the solid was dissolved in water. The resulted solution was membrane-filtered and applied on a reversed-phase column. After lyophilization, a white solid was obtained (115 mg, 85%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, D2O): δ 6.84 (s, 12H), 4.43 (s, 24H), 3.88 (s, 14H), 3.69 (s, 24H), 3.04 (s, 108H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, D2O): δ 149.73, 129.02, 116.17, 65.07, 63.36, 59.60, 54.28, 30.13.

3. Results and discussion

The synthesis of the cationic pillararenes WP5 and WP6 was represented in Scheme 2, which were synthesized following a modified procedure given in the previous reports [39-41]. The chemical structures of WP5 and WP6 were identified by HR mass and 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopic examinations. Both WP5 and WP6 are well soluble in aqueous solution due to the presence of a large amount of ammonium groups. In view of the hydrophobicity of hydroquinone ether units, we deduced that WP5 and WP6 can accommodate AC molecules in aqueous solution mainly through the hydrophobic interactions. The framework of pillararenes, with benzene rings linked by methylene group, are relatively rigid. The tethers grafted on the rims form a flexible hydrophobic wall, which should jointly function in complexation. On the other hand, the electrostatic interaction between ammonium cations and carboxylate anion of AC should also play an important role for the complexation. To understand the binding behavior between cationic pillararenes and AC, UV-vis, 1H NMR spectroscopies and Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) were carried out (Scheme 3).

Download:
Scheme. 2. The synthesis of the cationic pillararenes WP5 and WP6

Download:
Scheme. 3. Stepwise 1:1 and 1:2 complexation between WP6 and AC.

The 1H NMR titration of AC with WP6 clearly demonstrates the formation of the host-guest complex between AC and WP6. As shown in Fig. 1, adding WP6 into the aqueous solution of AC led to an evident upfield shift of the proton signals of AC. The largest change was seen for the protons at the 90-H and 100-H of the central nucleus of AC, exhibiting a shift larger than 0.7 ppm (Fig. 1), accompanied by a broadening of 90-H and 100-H protons. This could be reasonably rationalized by the shielding effect from the aromatic rings of WP6. On the other hand, the singlet aromatic proton of WP6 presents a downfield shift with the concentration of WP6, demonstrating that the wall of WP6 is suffering the shielding effect from AC rings.

Download:
Figure 1. Partial 1H NMR of a) 0.2 mmol/L AC, b) 0.2 mmol/L AC + 0.2 mmol/L WP6, c) 0.2 mmol/L AC + 1.0 mmol/L WP6 and d) WP6 in pD = 9.0 D2O solutions.

The complexation between cationic pillararenes and AC was also confirmed by the UV-vis spectral studies. As exemplified in Fig. 2, UV-vis spectral change in the wavelength range of 310- 450 nm were carried out by keeping the concentration of AC constant and varying the concentration of WP6in aqueous solution at 25 ℃. Increasing the concentration of WP6 resulted in an apparent bathochromic shift and the band broadening of the 1La transition. Such a UV-vis spectral variation is similar to that observed in the complexation between AC and γ-CD, where the significant change of 1La band is ascribed to the formation of the 1:2 complex between γ-CD and AC [5]. Relatively smaller bathochromic shift without band broadening was seen in the UV-vis titration with WP5, which has a smaller cavity and is expected to accommodate only one AC molecule.

Download:
Figure 2. UV-vis spectral changes of AC upon increasing the concentration of WP6 measured in aqueous solution at 25 ℃.

ITC titration of ACwithWP5 based on 1:1 complexationmodel at 25 ℃ showed a K1 value of 5.47 × 103 L⋅mol-1 (Fig. S13 in Supporting information). This is a typical binding affinity commonly observed by artificial host-guest complexation driven mainly by hydrophobic interaction. The binding is an enthalpy- and entropyfavored process, showing a DH value of -13.3 kJ⋅L⋅mol-1 and ΔS of 27.0 J⋅K-1⋅L⋅mol-1. On the other hand, ITC titration of AC withWP6 on the basis of 1:1 and 1:2 complexation model offered stepwise binding constants K1 = 1.21 × 104 L⋅mol-1 and K2 = 94 L⋅mol-1 (Fig. 3). This result remarkably differs from the complexation of AC with γ-CD, which shows a much smaller K1 with an overwhelmingly higher K2 value [5]. While the ΔS1 (27.1 J⋅K-1⋅L⋅mol-1) value is comparable with the ΔS value of WP5, The DH1 (-15.2 kJ⋅L⋅mol-1) is relatively higher than the DH valueof WP5, for which more activewater molecules released from the cavityof WP6 is possibly responsible.We deduce that the small K2 value observed with WP6 is due to that the cavity of WP6 is relatively crowd for accommodating the second AC molecule, and the secondly-coming AC may position mainly in the hydrophobic environment formed by flexible tethers. The inclusion of the second AC molecule in the cavity of WP6 should cause significant loss of rotational and motional freedom of AC and WP6, and therefore results in a large entropic loss (ΔS2 = -235 J⋅K-1⋅L⋅mol-1).

Download:
Figure 3. ITC titration of WP6 into the aqueous solution of AC.

Photolyses of AC in the absence and presence of a pillararene have been carried out in aqueous buffer solution (pH 9.0) with an LED lamp at 365 nm. The reaction was monitored by tracing the UV-vis absorption change of AC. Unexpectedly, the photodimerization of AC in the presence of WP6 is slower than that in the absence of any host molecule. The observed reaction rate constants, by regarding the reaction system as a simple second order reaction, were calculated to be 95 L⋅mol-1⋅s-1 and 24 L⋅mol-1⋅s-1, respectively, corresponding to the photoreactions in the absence and presence of WP6. This result implies that the 1:2 complex does not accelerate but rather inhibit the reaction. Although the reason for this is not yet clear, it is possibly due to the bad matching of the AC’s photoreactive 9 and 10 positions in the cavity of WP6. As shown in Table 1, in the absence of any host molecule at 0.5 ℃, the HT photodimers 1 and 2 dominate the photocyclodimerization of AC, showing a combined yield of 75.4% (entry 1). Photocyclodimerization of AC with WP5 offers similar product distribution to that in the absence of any host molecule. This is reasonable because the cavity of WP5 is too small to include two AC molecules and photocyclodimerization of AC occurs mainly with free AC. The yield ratio of HH photodimers versus HT photodimers (HH/HT ratio) in the absence of host is 0.30 (entry 1). With WP6, the yield of HH photodimers was greatly improved, showing a HH/HT ratio of 0.75, for which the reduced electrostatic repulsion due to the interaction from the electrostatic attraction from cationic ammonium should be responsible.

Table 1
Photocyclodimerization of AC mediated by water-soluble pillar[n]arenes.a

In order to improve the HH photodimers by reducing the electrostatic repulsion between carboxylate of AC, we attempted the strategy of adding salt additive. Indeed, with all salts tried (entries 4, 6 and 10), the yields of HH photodimers are much higher than that obtained in aqueous buffer solution without salt additive. Addition of WP6 further enhanced the yield of HH photodimers, demonstrating the importance of supramolecular complexation on the photoreaction selectivity. In 1.0 mol/L NH4Cl aqueous solution at 0.5 ℃, the HH/HT ratio was improved to 2.09 (entry 7) by WP6. Moreover, raising the temperature lead to further increase of the yield of HH photodimers, and a HH/HT ratio of 4.97 (entry 9) was obtained at 40 ℃ in 1.0 mol/L NH4Cl in the presence of WP6.

4. Conclusion

In conclusion, we have demonstrated that water-soluble WP6 can form 1:2 complex with AC. The photocyclodimerization of AC with the water-soluble WP6 significantly improves the inherently unfavorable HH photodimers. By optimizing the reaction condition, up to 4.97 HH/HT ratio has been reached by using WP6 as a host. This study opens a window to investigate intermolecular photoreaction using the new host molecule of pillararenes. The mechanism and the detailed effect of salt additive and temperature in this supramolecular photoreaction system are under study.

Acknowledgment

This work was supported by the grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21372165, 21321061 and 21572142 for CY, No. 21402129 for WW) and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering (No. sklpme2014-2-06). We thank Prof. Ye Tao and Dr. Yan Huang of BSRF for assistance during the use of UV light sources.

References
[1] N.J. Turro, V. Ramamurthy, J.C. Scaiano. Principles of molecular photochemistry: an introduction. University science books., 2009.
[2] C. Xiao, W.Y. Zhao, D.Y. Zhou, et al. , Recent advance of photochromic diarylethenescontaining supramolecular systems. Chin. Chem. Lett. 26 (2015) 817–824. DOI:10.1016/j.cclet.2015.05.013
[3] Z. Yan, W. Wu, C. Yang, Y. Inoue. Catalytic supramolecular photochirogenesis. Supramolecular Catalysis, 2 (2015) 9–24.
[4] D.G. Amirsakis, M.A. Garcia-Garibay, S.J. Rowan, J.F. Stoddart, A.J.P. White, D.J. Williams.. Host-guest chemistry aids and abets a stereospecific photodimerization in the solid state. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 40 (2001) 4256–4261. DOI:10.1002/1521-3773(20011119)40:22<>1.0.CO;2-D
[5] A. Nakamura, Y. Inoue. Supramolecular catalysis of the enantiodifferentiating [4 + 4] photocyclodimerization of 2-anthracenecarboxylate by γ-cyclodextrin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003) 966–972. DOI:10.1021/ja016238k
[6] D. Zhao, Y. Chen, Y. Liu. Comparative studies on molecular induced aggregation of hepta-imidazoliumyl-b-cyclodextrin towards anionic surfactants. Chin. Chem. Lett., 26 (2015) 829–833. DOI:10.1016/j.cclet.2014.11.028
[7] K.S. Rao, S.M. Hubig, J.N. Moorthy, J .K. Kochi. Stereoselective photodimerization of (E)-stilbenes in crystalline g-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes. J. Org. Chem., 64 (1999) 8098–8104. DOI:10.1021/jo9903149
[8] M. Yoshizawa, Y. Takeyama, T. Kusukawa, M. Fujita. Cavity-directed, highly stereoselective [2 + 2] photodimerization of olefins within self-assembled coordination cages. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 41 (2002) 1347–1349. DOI:10.1002/1521-3773(20020415)41:8<>1.0.CO;2-M
[9] M. Yoshizawa, Y. Takeyama, T. Okano, M. Fujita. Cavity-directed synthesis within a self-assembled coordination cage: highly selective [2 +, 2] cross-photodimerization of olefins. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125 (2003) 3243–3247. DOI:10.1021/ja020718+
[10] L. Lei, L. Luo, X. Wu, et al. Cucurbit[8]uril-mediated photodimerization of alkyl, 2-naphthoate in aqueous solution. Tetrahedron Lett. 49 (2008) 1502–1505. DOI:10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.12.114
[11] M.V. Maddipatla, L.S. Kaanumalle, A. Natarajan, M. Pattabiraman, V. Ramamurthy. Preorientation of olefins toward a single photodimer: cucurbituril-mediated photodimerization of protonated azastilbenes in water. Langmuir, 23 (2007) 7545–7554. DOI:10.1021/la700803k
[12] R. Wang, L. Yuan, D.H. Macartney. Cucurbit[7]uril mediates the stereoselective [4 + 4] photodimerization of 2-aminopyridine hydrochloride in aqueous solution. J. Org. Chem. 71 (2006) 1237–1239. DOI:10.1021/jo052136r
[13] D.M. Bassani, V. Darcos, S. Mahony, J.P. Desvergne. Desvergne. Supramolecular catalysis of olefin [2 +, 2] photodimerization. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 122 (2000) 8795–8796. DOI:10.1021/ja002089e
[14] T. Wada, M. Nishijima, T. Fujisawa, et al. Bovine serum albumin-mediated enantiodifferentiating photocyclodimerization of, 2-anthracenecarboxylate. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003) 7492–7493. DOI:10.1021/ja034641g
[15] T. Ogoshi, S. Kanai, S. Fujinami, T.A. Yamagishi, Y. Nakamoto. para-Bridged symmetrical pillar [5] arenes: their Lewis acid catalyzed synthesis and host-guest property. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 (2008) 5022–5023. DOI:10.1021/ja711260m
[16] M. Xue, Y. Yang, X. Chi, Z. Zhang, F. Huang. Pillararenes, a new class of macrocycles for supramolecular chemistry. Acc. Chem. Res. 45 (2012) 1294–1308. DOI:10.1021/ar2003418
[17] Y. Cao, X.Y. Hu, Y. Li, et al. Multistimuli-responsive supramolecular vesicles based on water-soluble pillar[6]arene and SAINT complexation for controllable drug release. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 (2014) 10762–10769. DOI:10.1021/ja505344t
[18] W. Chen, Y. Zhang, J. Li, et al. Synthesis of a cationic water-soluble pillar[6]arene and its effective complexation towards naphthalenesulfonate guests. Chem. Commun. 49 (2013) 7956–7958. DOI:10.1039/c3cc44328k
[19] C.L. Sun, J.F. Xu, Y.Z. Chen, et al. Monofunctionalized pillar [5] arene-based stable [1] pseudorotaxane. Chin. Chem. Lett. 26 (2015) 843–846. DOI:10.1016/j.cclet.2015.05.030
[20] C. Li, K. Han, J. Li, et al. Supramolecular polymers based on efficient pillar[5]areneneutral guest motifs.. Chem. Eur. J. 19 (2013) 11892–11897. DOI:10.1002/chem.201301022
[21] S.H. Li, H.Y. Zhang, X. Xu, Y. Liu. Mechanically selflocked chiral gemini-catenanes, Nat. Commun., 2015, 6:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8590.
[22] D. Cao, Y. Kou, J. Liang, et al. A facile and efficient preparation of pillararenes and a pillarquinone. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48 (2009) 9721–9723. DOI:10.1002/anie.200904765
[23] X.B. Hu, Z. Chen, L. Chen, et al. Pillar[n]arenes (n = 8-10) with two cavities: synthesis, structures and complexing properties. Chem. Commun. 48 (2012) 10999–11001. DOI:10.1039/c2cc36027f
[24] T. Ogoshi, N. Ueshima, F. Sakakibara, T.A. Yamagishi, T. Haino. Conversion from pillar[5]arene to pillar[6-15]arenes by ring expansion and encapsulation of C60 by pillar[n]arenes with nanosize cavities. Org. Lett. 16 (2014) 2896–2899. DOI:10.1021/ol501039u
[25] G. Yu, Y. Ma, C. Han, et al. A sugar-functionalized amphiphilic pillar[5]arene: synthesis, self-assembly in water, and application in bacterial cell agglutination. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (2013) 10310–10313. DOI:10.1021/ja405237q
[26] J. Fan, H. Deng, J. Li, X. Jia, C. Li. Charge-transfer inclusion complex formation of tropylium cation with pillar[6]arenes. Chem. Commun. 49 (2013) 6343–6345. DOI:10.1039/c3cc42506a
[27] C. Ke, C. Yang, T. Mori, et al. Catalytic enantiodifferentiating photocyclodimerization of, 2-anthracenecarboxylic acid mediated by a non-sensitizing chiral metallosupramolecular host. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48 (2009) 6675–6677. DOI:10.1002/anie.v48:36
[28] Q. Wang, C. Yang, C. Ke, et al. Wavelength-controlled supramolecular photocyclodimerization of anthracenecarboxylate mediated by γ-cyclodextrins. Chem. Commun. 47 (2011) 6849–6851. DOI:10.1039/c1cc11771h
[29] C. Yang, C. Ke, W. Liang, et al. Dual supramolecular photochirogenesis: ultimate stereocontrol of photocyclodimerization by a chiral scaffold and confining hos. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (2011) 13786–13789. DOI:10.1021/ja202020x
[30] C. Yang, T. Mori, Y. Origane, et al. Highly stereoselective photocyclodimerization of α-cyclodextrin-appended anthracene mediated by γ-cyclodextrin and cucurbit[8]uril: a dramatic steric effect operating outside the binding site. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 (2008) 8574–8575. DOI:10.1021/ja8032923
[31] J. Yao, Z. Yan, J. Ji, et al. Ammonia-driven chirality inversion and enhancement in enantiodifferentiating photocyclodimerization of, 2-anthracenecarboxylate mediated by diguanidino-γ-cyclodextrin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 (2014) 6916–6919. DOI:10.1021/ja5032908
[32] M. Nishijima, H. Tanaka, G. Fukuhara, et al. Supramolecular photochirogenesis with functional amyloid superstructures: product chirality switching by chiral variants of insulin fibrils upon enantiodifferentiating photocyclodimerization of, 2-anthracenecarboxylate. Chem. Commun. 49 (2013) 8916–8918. DOI:10.1039/c3cc44235g
[33] Y. Kawanami, S.Y. Katsumata, J.I. Mizoguchi, et al. Enantiodifferentiating photocyclodimerization of, 2-anthracenecarboxylic acid via competitive binary/ternary hydrogen-bonded complexes with 4-benzamidoprolinol. Org. Lett. 14 (2012) 4962–4965. DOI:10.1021/ol3023402
[34] Y. Kawanami, H. Umehara, J.I. Mizoguchi, et al. Cross-versus homo-photocyclodimerization of anthracene and, 2-anthracenecarboxylic acid mediated by chiral hydrogen-bonding template. Factors controlling the cross/homo- and enantioselectivities. J. Org. Chem. 78 (2013) 3073–3085. DOI:10.1021/jo302818w
[35] M. Alagesan, K. Kanagaraj, S. Wan, et al., Enantiodifferentiating [4 + 4] photocyclodimerization of 2-anthracenecarboxylate mediated by a self-assembled iron tetrahedral coordination cage, J. Photochem. Photobio. A: Chem. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.10.023.
[36] C. Yang, T. Mori, Y. Inoue. Supramolecular enantiodifferentiating photocyclodimerization of, 2-anthracenecarboxylate mediated by capped γ-cyclodextrins: critical control of enantioselectivity by cap rigidity. J. Org. Chem., 73 (2008) 5786–5794. DOI:10.1021/jo800533y
[37] C. Yang, A. Nakamura, T. Wada, Y. Inoue. Enantiodifferentiating photocyclodimerization of, 2-anthracenecarboxylic acid mediated by γ-cyclodextrins with a flexible or rigid cap. Org. Lett., 8 (2006) 3005–3008. DOI:10.1021/ol061004x
[38] C. Yang, A. Nakamura, G. Fukuhara, et al. Pressure and temperature-controlled enantiodifferentiating [4 +, 4]-photocyclodimerization of 2-anthracenecarboxylate mediated by secondary face- and skeleton-modified γ-cyclodextrins. J. Org. Chem. 71 (2006) 3126–3136. DOI:10.1021/jo0601718
[39] R. Joseph, A. Naugolny, M. Feldman, et al. Cationic pillararenes potently inhibit biofilm formation without affecting bacterial growth and viability. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138 (2016) 754–757. DOI:10.1021/jacs.5b11834
[40] M. Sakamoto. Absolute asymmetric photochemistry using spontaneous chiral crystallization. Mol. Supramol. Photochem., 11 (2004) 415–461.
[41] G. Yu, J. Zhou, J. Shen, G. Tang, F. Huang. Cationic pillar [6] arene/ATP host-guest recognition: selectivity, inhibition of ATP hydrolysis, and application in multidrug resistance treatment, Chem. Sci. (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C6SC00531D.