2. 山西师范大学地理科学学院, 临汾 041004;
3. 长安大学西部矿产资源与地质工程教育部重点实验室, 西安 710054
2. College of Geographical Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041004, China;
3. MOE Key Laboratory of Western China's Mineral Resources and Geological Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
沉积岩作为地表出露面积最多的岩石(约占总露头面积70%),是来自物源区的各类沉积物经历多阶段地质作用再改造形成的(闫臻等,2007)。其中,砂岩中碎屑锆石、磷灰石和云母等碎屑矿物已被广泛用于识别古老大陆边缘的演化历史及盆山物质耦合(Chen et al., 2009;Wang et al., 2010;Yan et al., 2010;Zhu et al., 2011)。由于锆石抗风化能力强,U-Th-Pb同位素体系封闭温度高,不易被后期构造热事件破坏,使得它在沉积循环中能很好的记录最初的构造热事件信息。因此,碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学在限定地层单元的最大沉积年龄、研究沉积物源区早期地壳演化及区域构造岩浆事件等方面是行之有效的手段(Morton et al., 1996)。近年来利用不同区域同时代沉积地层的碎屑锆石年龄谱(物源的一致性)来限定这些沉积地层是否形成于同一沉积盆地及相应构造地质背景,已取得较好成果(程胜东等,2014;谢士稳等,2014;Ji et al., 2016;Moghadam et al., 2017;Zhao et al., 2017)。
秦岭造山带位于中国大陆中部,是横亘东西的著名复合型大陆造山带(张国伟,2015),自北向南,以洛南-栾川断裂、商南-丹凤(商丹)断裂和勉县-略阳(勉略)断裂为界,将其与邻区分割为华北陆块、北秦岭、南秦岭及华南陆块(Meng and Zhang, 2000)(图 1a)。其中,勉县-略阳断裂带(勉略构造带)是一条以多条逆冲断裂为骨架,由不同性质、不同时代构造岩片组成的巨型复合大陆构造带(张国伟等, 2003, 2015)。由于带内出露众多类型的蛇绿岩及岛弧火山岩残块而将其作为除商丹缝合带外秦岭造山带内的另一条重要板块缝合带(张国伟等, 1995, 1996, 2001, 2003, 2004)。
① 陕西省地质调查院. 2007. 1:25万略阳县幅区域地质调查报告
传统的观点认为勉略缝合带所表征的有限洋盆属古特提斯洋的分支(冯庆来等,1996;李曙光等, 1996, 2003;张国伟, 2001, 2004;裴先治等,2002;赖绍聪和秦江锋,2010;Dong et al., 2011a),其主要依据有:①勉略构造带内缺失奥陶纪-志留纪地层,发育泥盆纪-三叠纪深水浊积岩(李曙光等,1996),由此而区别于南北两侧;②发育印支期双峰式火山岩(221~242Ma,Sm-Nd、Rb-Sr等时线年龄,李曙光等,1996);③构造带内硅质岩中发育有放射虫古生物化石(冯庆来等,1996;殷鸿福等,1996);④带内出露印支期变质-超高压变质岩(Li et al., 1999;李三忠等,2000;Li et al., 2004;梁莎等,2013;刘东星等,2016);⑤构造带北侧南秦岭地区发育大量与之匹配的印支期花岗岩带(Sun et al., 2000, 2002;胡健民等,2004;金维浚等,2005;Qin et al., 2007;秦江锋等,2007;张成立等,2008;陈旭等,2009;弓虎军等,2009;刘军锋等,2009;刘树文等,2009;吴峰辉等,2009;Qin et al., 2010;Jiang et al., 2010;孙卫东等,2010;Dong et al., 2012a;杨朋涛等,2012;Yang et al., 2014)。
然而,研究表明,放射虫可以形成于活动/被动陆缘、洋盆和洋中脊等不同环境,有的与蛇绿岩存在密切联系,而有的与之毫无关系(吴浩若, 1999, 2000;崔春龙,2001;王金宝和李新正,2003)。近年来勉略构造带内不同性质火山岩的研究显示,这些火山岩形成时代为923~754Ma,表明在新元古代时期勉略地区就已存在大洋(张宗清等, 2005, 2006;闫全人等,2007;李瑞保等,2009;林振文等,2013;徐通等, 2016, 2017)。此外,冯益民等(2004)对勉略带及其南北两侧的泥盆纪-石炭纪沉积地层研究后,指出其同属华南古生物地理区,勉略带在泥盆纪-石炭纪与其南北两侧沉积特征并无明显不同。
可见,关于勉略构造带晚古生代以来的地质背景仍存有争议,因此,勉略带及邻区泥盆纪-石炭纪沉积地层的详细研究乃是深化该时段构造背景认识的有效途径。尽管前人对泥盆纪-石炭纪沉积地层的沉积相、沉积建造和沉积充填序列等方面已做了较为详细的工作,但缺乏系统的年代学研究。本次工作对勉略构造带内北部所出露的一套变碎屑岩及侵入其中的花岗质片麻岩进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究,以期约束该套变沉积地层的形成时限,并结合区域地质资料,尤其是邻区同时代沉积地层碎屑锆石的年龄谱,来探讨晚古生代以来勉略构造带的区域构造地质背景。
1 区域地质背景与样品描述 1.1 区域地质背景勉略构造带位于秦岭造山带南缘,向西经康县、文县、南坪、玛曲、玛沁、花石峡连接阿尼玛卿-布青山构造混杂岩带,向东被汉中盆地所掩盖,在洋县以东沿扬子地块东北缘犄角转向南北向的高川断裂,继而和城口断裂相连,向东一直延伸到湖北随州一带(李曙光等,1996;裴先治,2001;李三忠等,2002;冯益民等,2004;张国伟等,2004;Li et al., 2007)。勉略构造带在康县-略阳段以状元碑断裂、荷叶坝断裂为南北界线,将其与秦岭微板块和扬子板块分割(图 1a)。
勉略构造带内出露有不同时代、不同性质的(变)沉积岩、岩浆岩,且这些地质体多受到后期构造作用的强烈改造,尤其是印支期构造作用,使得不同时代地质体以断层接触关系混杂叠置在狭长构造带内,以致造成时代、层序、组合、接触关系上的混乱(李亚林等,2001;杨志华等,2001;徐通等,2017)。构造带内分布有洋壳型、陆缘弧型、裂解型及后期岩脉等不同类型岩浆岩,形成时代跨度较大,是新元古代、早中生代等多期次构造岩浆作用的结果(图 1b)。其中,出露的火山岩包括有庄科洋壳火山岩片、庄科弧火山岩片、纸房沟洋壳火山岩片、纸房沟弧火山岩片、黑沟峡洋壳火山岩片、黑沟峡弧火山岩片和张岩沟双峰式火山岩片等。尽管李曙光等(1996)获得黑沟峡变质双峰式火山岩的Sm-Nd等时线年龄为242±21Ma,Rb-Sr等时线年龄为221±13Ma,但最近的研究成果显示勉略带火山岩的总体形成时代为728~873Ma(张宗清等, 2005, 2006;闫全人等,2007;李瑞保等,2009;林振文等,2013;徐通等, 2013, 2017)。另外,陈虹等(2010)获得勉略带内左行韧性走滑剪切的40Ar-39Ar年龄为223±2Ma,与黑沟峡变质双峰式火山岩时代相近,因此,也有学者指出黑沟峡变质双峰式火山岩年龄是变质年龄,不能代表成岩年龄(杨志华等,2001;徐通等,2017)。另外,带内三岔子地区还出露有923Ma的斜长花岗岩(闫全人等,2007)。研究区内出露的沉积岩主要包括金家河千枚岩(jph)、陡山沱组(Z1d)、灯影组(Z21dn)、相公山白云岩(xdol)、郭镇岩组(gph)、朱家山岩组(zls)、踏坡组(D1-2t)及略阳组(D2C1l)等。其中,金家河千枚岩(jph)以(含碳)绢云石英千枚岩为主,与金家河地区的火山岩并称为金家河组,其岩石组合与甘肃文县地区的关家沟组类似,部分地质图将其划归为南华系关家沟组(Nh2g)(陕西省地质调查院,2007),弓晨等(2019)等获得三岔子地区金家河千枚岩最年轻一组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄的平均年龄为773Ma,推断其沉积时代不早于南华纪。陡山沱组(Z1d)由石英细砂岩、绢云千枚岩及含砾变英安质凝灰岩组成;灯影组(Z21dn)岩性主体为硅质白云岩、白云质灰岩和微晶白云岩等;相公山白云岩(xdol)为一套纯净的白云岩与南方灯影组具有可对比性;郭镇岩组(gph)和朱家山岩组(zls)在《1:25万略阳县幅区域地质调查报告》(陕西省地质调查院,2007)中被划为羊汤寨组(D1y)和屯寨组(D1t)(由三河口群解体而来),但由于其在康县-略阳段内均由断层围限,层序不全,《1:5万陕西省勉略宁地区基础地质调查报告》(陕西省地质调查中心,2017①)中又将其划为中上泥盆统郭镇岩组和朱家山岩组,其中,郭镇岩组(gph)主要岩性为绢云石英千枚岩及钙质石榴石白云母片岩,朱家山岩组(zls)由一套灰岩和钙质千枚岩组成,局部夹有大理岩;踏坡组(D1-2t)为一套白云质砾岩;略阳组(D2C1l)主要由微晶灰岩、生物碎屑灰岩、炭质千枚岩、粉砂质板岩组成,向上过渡为白云岩、白云质灰岩,产丰富的珊瑚、腕足类和海百合茎化石,另见有菊石、双壳类碎片。
① 陕西省地质调查中心. 2017. 1:5万陕西省勉略宁地区基础地质调查报告.
碧口微地块呈东窄西宽的三角楔形体,分别以北部的勉略构造带、南部的青川-阳平关断裂及西部的岷江断裂为界,与南秦岭构造带、龙门山构造带及松潘-甘孜造山带相接(张国伟等,1995)。主要由碧口群火山岩和横丹群碎屑岩组成(闫全人等, 2002, 2003, 2004)。其中,北部的横丹群碎屑岩主要由砂岩、粉砂岩、砾岩及含砾砂岩等组成,部分地段变质为粉砂质千枚岩、云母石英片岩等,南部碧口群主要由中-基性火山熔岩及少量火山碎屑岩组成。此外,区域上零星分布有新元古代和早中生代花岗质侵入岩(张宏飞等,2007;叶霖等,2009)。
南秦岭构造带主要由前寒武纪结晶基底和早古生代-三叠纪沉积地层所构成(张国伟等,2001;Dong et al., 2011a)。前寒武纪结晶基底有陡岭杂岩、耀岭河群、武当山群及佛坪岩群等。其中,佛坪岩群主要由各类片麻岩,斜长角闪岩,麻粒岩组成,局部地区经历了严重的混合岩化,目前仍未获得其确切的形成时代。陡岭群主要岩石类型为正、副片麻岩,片岩和大理岩等,沈洁等(1997)获得其Sm-Nd等时线年代为1878±256Ma,而胡娟等(2013)获得条带状闪长质-花岗质片麻岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为2469~2509Ma,显示出其形成时代的复杂性,此外,部分学者还获得了新元古代的年龄数据(牛宝贵等,2006;Shi et al., 2013;胡娟等,2013)。耀岭河群为一套变质的沉积火山岩系,主要为火山碎屑岩和变中基性火山熔岩组成,其形成时代为632~808Ma(李怀坤等,2003;蔡志勇等,2007)。武当群岩性为变质沉积-火山岩组合,下部为变火山岩组,上部为变沉积岩组,形成时代为830~726Ma(蔡志勇等,2006;Ling et al., 2008;祝禧艳等,2008)。盖层为震旦系-三叠系沉积地层,主要包括寒武-奥陶纪碳酸盐岩、页岩和砂岩,志留纪深水硅质碎屑岩和浊积岩,泥盆-石炭纪变杂砂岩、板岩、千枚岩夹灰岩,和少量三叠纪浊积岩(Dong and Santosh, 2016;聂虎,2016)。
1.2 样品描述黑云母石英片岩(ML336-1)采自略阳东部的五郎坪北侧(图 1b、表 1),原岩为一套碎屑沉积岩,新鲜面与风化色均为灰白-深灰色(图 2a),细粒鳞片粒状变晶结构,片状构造,主要矿物为石英(55%~60%)、黑云母(20%~25%)、绢云母(5%~10%)、斜长石(5%~10%)及少量的其他矿物(5%±)(表 1、图 2b)。该套地层经历了后期构造活动的影响,变质变形均比较强烈,其中早期形成的片理和同构造长英质分异条带(S1),在后期构造作用下发生褶皱,形成不对称褶皱(F1)、无根钩状褶皱、构造透镜体等韧性变形产物,根据不对称褶皱的对称性,推断其应当受由北向南的逆冲剪切作用制约,但由于后期构造的改造破坏,使得现今片理总体呈南倾(S1:203°∠68°)。此外,由于受后期浅层次构造改造,在局部地段形成透入性的劈理构造(S2)。镜下显示长石、石英矿物长轴基本与构造面理一致,具明显的定向性,云母类矿物较细,集中分布于后期的劈理域中。
花岗质片麻岩(ML337-1和ML17007-2)在研究区内出露极少,呈脉体侵入于黑云母石英片岩中,新鲜面为灰白色,鳞片粒状变晶结构,片麻状构造(表 1、图 2c)。岩石受构造作用的影响,片麻理发育,产状为S1:178°∠70°,与围岩构造面理产状一致,在片麻理上可见缓倾的线理构造,产状为La:268°∠5°,应当为后期走滑变形的产物。花岗质片麻岩中主要矿物为石英(30%~35%)、碱性长石(25%~30%)、斜长石(15%~20%)、黑云母(5%~10%)、白云母(1%~5%)及少量黄铁矿(5%±)、绢云母(3%±)等(表 1、图 2c, d)。其中碱性长石局部绢云母化,受后期剪切作用的影响,出现不同程度的旋转,总体指示了右行剪切的运动学特征;石英矿物表现出定向拉伸的塑性变形特征,由于受后期的静态恢复影响,部分地段可见明显的三联点特征;云母类矿物多平行于构造面理生长(表 1、图 2d)。
2 分析方法将样品粉碎至80~100目后,用水将颗粒表面灰尘清洗干净并烘干,通过磁选和重液方法得到>200粒锆石颗粒,然后在双目镜下挑选晶型和透明度较好的锆石作为测试对象,将选好的锆石用环氧树脂固定并抛光,当锆石颗粒露出核部后对其进行阴极发光(CL),并结合反射光和透射光特征综合研究其内部结构,以便避开包裹体和裂隙,再具体测试过程中选择不同形态、不同内部结构的锆石进行测试,以便获得更多的年代学信息。其中锆石的阴极发光显微照相(CL)在北京锆年领航有限公司完成。单颗粒锆石U-Pb同位素年龄分析在中国地质调查局天津地质矿产研究所同位素实验室的激光烧蚀多接收等离子体质谱仪(LA-MC-ICP-MS)上进行测试,多接收器电感耦合等离子质谱仪为ThermoFisher公司制造的Neptune,激光器为美国ESI公司生产的UP193-FXArF准分子激光器,激光波长为193nm,脉冲宽度为5ns,激光剥蚀的束斑直径为30μm,锆石标样采用GJ-1标准锆石,利用NIST612玻璃标样作为外标计算锆石样品的Pb、U、Th含量。后期数据处理采用中国地质大学(武汉)刘勇胜博士研发的ICPSDataCal程序(Liu et al., 2010),作图采用Ludwig KR的Isoplot程序(Ludwig,2001)完成。详细的实验原理及流程详见文献(李怀坤等, 2009, 2010;耿建珍等,2011)。
按照Dodson et al.(1988)的建议,如果某一类锆石占总量的5%,那么随机分析60粒锆石,找到他们的几率应有95%,本次研究对区内样品随机测试130粒。锆石年龄数据采用谐和度大于90%对其进行谐和图及频率直方图的绘制(Malusà et al., 2013;Accotto et al., 2019;Sreenivas et al., 2019;Chaudhuri et al., 2020)。
3 测试结果 3.1 锆石形态特征黑云母石英片岩(ML336-1)样品中所测试的锆石颜色为浅黄-无色透明,大小为59~132μm(图 3a、图 4),锆石外部形态多样,多呈浑圆状、少量为短柱状、半截锥状及长柱状(图 4)。其内部形态变化也较大,部分发育有岩浆震荡环带,部分由于脱晶化而显示为通体黑色,部分锆石呈面状条带结构,少量锆石发育有核幔结构,还有部分锆石发育有极不均匀的内部形态结构。从锆石内部形态判断,这些锆石应当是多成因锆石的组合,Zhu et al.(2011)认为CL强度可大致反映其来源的均一性,即当CL强度不同时表明其锆石来源复杂。结合锆石外部形态可以看出,多数锆石被不同程度的搬运磨圆(主体为次圆状),具典型碎屑锆石的特征(图 4)。本次在锆石测试过程中不进行人为选择(但需排除裂隙和包裹体发育的锆石),按照粘靶顺序依次进行,以便保证所测试结果能最大限度的保留有多来源、多成因锆石的年代学信息。
花岗质片麻岩(ML337-1、ML17007-2)的锆石外部形态多数为长柱状,短柱状次之,少量为半截锥状,此外,个别锆石呈浑圆状,结合部分锆石发育溶蚀港湾状缺口的特征,推测其可能受溶蚀作用影响。2件花岗岩样品锆石内部形态除部分为条带状外,其余均发育较明显的岩浆震荡环带,结合其较高的Th/U比值(>0.64)(图 3b),推测其应当是岩浆成因。
3.2 锆石年龄特征通常在解释锆石成因时,一般依据其Th/U比值来进行划分,当Th/U比值高于0.4被认为是岩浆成因,而Th/U比值低于0.1一般认为是变质成因(Hoskin and Black, 2000;Belousova et al., 2002)。然而,一些研究指出,不彻底的变质重结晶锆石和快速生长的变质锆石也含相对较高的Th/U比值(Vavra et al., 1999;Whitehouse and Kamber, 2002;Song et al., 2006)。因此,在解释锆石年龄的地质含义时,需以Th/U比值结合锆石内部结构特征共同作为参考依据来探讨其成因。
3.2.1 花岗质片麻岩年龄特征两件花岗质片麻岩谐和度大于90%的锆石分别有14颗、9颗(表 2),且这两件样品的锆石U-Pb加权平均年龄值均为406±0.6Ma(图 5a-d),具较好的一致性。结合锆石内、外部形态特征及Th/U比值,综合判定该花岗质片麻岩原岩形成时代为406Ma。
对黑云母石英片岩(样品ML336-1)测试130粒锆石,剔除不谐和的年龄数据后,得到112个数据(表 3)。此外,还需剔除两粒最年轻的年龄数据,这两粒锆石的U-Pb年龄不仅小于侵入其中的花岗岩年龄,还由于该套沉积地层发生不同程度的变质变形,且局部地段发育有长英质流体,结合这两粒锆石通体黑色的形貌特征,不排除其可能受到后期流体及变质作用的改造,而引起Pb丢失所致。依据碎屑锆石年龄直方图可将其划分为422~456Ma、558~844Ma、942~1495Ma及1658~2981Ma四个年龄组(图 5e, f),其中422~456Ma年龄组共有锆石13颗,占锆石总数的11.82%,峰值年龄为441Ma,该组锆石Th/U比值集中于0.28~1.34,且锆石内部多发育环带,推断该组锆石应当为岩浆成因。另外,该组锆石外部形态多呈次棱角-棱角状,个别为次圆-圆状,体现了其近源沉积的特征;558~844Ma年龄组有锆石71颗,占锆石总数的64.55%,有两个较明显的峰值年龄,分别为771Ma和813Ma,该组锆石Th/U值总体为0.31~2.03,仅有两颗锆石的Th/U比值小于0.1,这两颗锆石内部形态由于脱晶化呈通体黑色,推测该锆石为变质成因。其余锆石内部形态多发育较明显的岩浆结晶环带,可见多数锆石应当为岩浆成因,其外部形态分别为棱角状、次棱角状、次圆状和圆状等,表明其物源具有多源性;942~1495Ma年龄组有锆石10颗,占锆石总数的9.09%,不具明显的峰值年龄,该组有一颗锆石Th/U比值为小于0.1,其余锆石Th/U比值为0.11~1.08,锆石内部形态总体表现的较为复杂,部分发育明显的核幔结构、部分锆石脱晶化呈灰白色或灰褐色,仅个别锆石可见弱的岩浆结晶环带,依据其外部形态多呈次圆状的特性,推断该组锆石可能经过较远距离的搬运;1658~2981Ma年龄组年龄较为分散,也不具有峰值特征,该年龄组共有锆石16颗,占锆石总数的14.55%,锆石Th/U比值总体为0.15~1.40,仅有一颗锆石Th/U值小于0.1。两颗锆石发育较明显的岩浆结晶环带,其余锆石脱晶化为灰黑色和灰白色,外部形态显示其磨圆度较好,总体呈圆-次圆状,指示该组锆石搬运路径较长。
略阳县五郎坪北侧至两河口镇之间展布有一套强烈变质变形的地质体,岩性主体为二云石英片岩、黑云母石英片岩、绢云石英片岩夹少量大理岩等变沉积岩。关于该套地层的形成时代有着多种认识。其中,在1:20万略阳幅地质图(陕西省地质局秦岭区域地质测量大队,1961①)中,将其划归为志留系;在1:25万略阳县幅地质图中(陕西省地质调查院,2007),将其划为古元古代低庄沟岩组;而在1:5万何家岩镇地质图(地矿部陕西省地质矿产勘查开发局,1996②)中将其划为多个非正式构造岩石单位,时代跨度为志留纪-三叠纪;徐学义等(2014)编制的秦岭及邻区地质图(1:50万),将其划为时代未定的构造岩片。可见,由于构造作用的改造破坏,使得不同学者对其形成时代得出差别悬殊的认识。本次研究利用LA-ICP-MS测年技术对变沉积岩系中黑云母石英片岩(ML336-1)和侵入其中的花岗质片麻岩(ML337-1、ML17007-2)年代学研究显示,黑云母石英片岩中最年轻一组锆石年龄为422~456Ma,峰值年龄为441Ma。尽管该沉积岩系已发生明显的变质变形,但所获得最年轻一组锆石Th/U比值介于0.28~1.34,且多数具明显的岩浆结晶环带,应当为岩浆成因锆石。因此,将该峰值年龄(441Ma)作为沉积地层形成的下限。结合两件侵入其中的花岗质片麻岩(ML337-1、ML17007-2)的原岩形成年龄(406Ma)。本次研究将该套变沉积地层的原岩形成时代限定为406~441Ma(S1-D1)。
① 陕西省地质局秦岭区域地质测量大队. 1961. 1:20万略阳幅区域地质调查报告
② 地矿部陕西地质矿产勘查开发局. 1996. 1:5万何家岩幅区域地质调查报告
4.2 碎屑锆石年龄谱及沉积物源示踪由于黑云母石英片岩中碎屑锆石内部形态多发育岩浆震荡环带,且具有较高的Th/U比值(图 3b),因此推断这些碎屑锆石主要来源于物源区的岩浆岩(Hoskin and Black, 2000),适合于源区岩浆活动历史的分析,从而便于开展区域对比研究,即通过碎屑锆石的年龄谱信息反映沉积岩物源区主要岩浆活动事件。黑云母石英片岩(样品ML336-1)碎屑锆石的年龄谱包括了太古代、古元古代、中元古代、新元古代及早古生代等年代学信息,暗示该套变沉积地层物源的复杂性。
4.2.1 古元古代-太古代年龄信息(1658~2981Ma)黑云母石英片岩中古元古代-太古代年龄信息共计16颗锆石,年龄分布较散,无明显峰值。该时段锆石年龄与区域上出露的南秦岭陡岭杂岩中条带状闪长质-花岗质片麻岩(2469±22Ma、2479±12Ma、2497±21Ma、2501±17Ma和2509±14Ma;胡娟等,2013),勉略地区鱼洞子小沟山磁铁石英岩(2645±24Ma;王洪亮等,2011)及斜长角闪岩(2657±9Ma;秦克令等,1992)相对应(表 3),表明区域上古元古代-太古代基底为其提供了部分物源(图 6、图 7)。
该组年龄信息共计10颗,无明显峰值,研究区周边仅汉南地块的西乡群英安岩(950±4Ma;Ling et al., 2003)和通木梁群石英角斑岩(966±13Ma、971±16Ma;Li et al., 2018)形成时代与之对应,除此之外,区域上与该年龄谱相对应的岩浆岩极少出露,暗示勉略带及周边区域可能存在尚未被揭示的942~1495Ma岩浆事件,又或者可能有其他更为广泛的物源区。
4.2.3 新元古代年龄信息(558~844Ma)558~826Ma的年龄群是分析样品中最为重要的组成部分,有两个较明显的峰值年龄,分别为771Ma和813Ma。与扬子北缘Rodinia超大陆的汇聚、裂解事件相吻合(Zhou et al., 2002;李怀坤等,2003;Ling et al., 2008;李瑞保等,2009;李建华等,2012)。在南秦岭构造带(李怀坤等,2003;蔡志勇等,2006;牛宝贵等,2006;祝禧艳等,2008;崔建堂等,2010;李建华等,2012;吴发富等,2012;杨朋涛等,2012;Zhang et al., 2016;王建其等,2016;段少帅等,2017)、勉略构造带(闫全人等,2007;李瑞保等,2009;王涛等,2011;林振文等,2013;徐通等, 2013, 2016, 2017;徐通,2016)、碧口微地块(闫全人等,2003;赖绍聪等,2007;李永飞等,2007;Wang et al., 2008, 2012;叶霖等,2009)和扬子西北缘米仓山-汉南地区(Zhou et al., 2002;Ling et al., 2003;李惠民等,2005;凌文黎等,2006;赵凤清等,2006;Zhao and Zhou, 2008,2009;裴先治等,2009;夏林圻等,2009;徐学义等,2009;Zhao et al., 2010;李佐臣等, 2011, 2013;邓奇等,2013)均大量发育该时期的岩浆岩(图 6、图 7)。尽管扬子北缘Rodinia超大陆的俯冲汇聚和裂解事件的具体时间节点目前仍存在较大争论,本次所获得的两个新元古代年龄峰值,指示了区域上在~771Ma和~813Ma发生两次较大规模的岩浆事件,与前人大致以800Ma为界,区域进入新一轮伸展裂解事件(李瑞保等,2009)的观点契合。
本次获得的新元古代时段碎屑锆石总体磨圆度一般(图 4),暗示其应当是近源堆积的结果,而南秦岭、勉略构造带、碧口及米仓山-汉南地区新元古代岩浆事件与本次获得的新元古代碎屑锆石年龄具有极高的相关性,因此,推测上述地区岩浆岩是五郎坪北侧变沉积地层的主要物源区。
4.2.4 早古生代年龄信息(422~456Ma)分析样品位于该年龄段中的碎屑锆石U-Pb有13颗,峰期年龄为441Ma。该年龄谱是分析样品的重要组成部分,与南秦岭地区发育的早古生代岩浆岩相关。如杀熊洞杂岩体、柞木沟辉绿岩及紫阳-岚皋地区镁铁质岩石等(Xu et al., 2008;王涛等,2009;王存智等,2009;张欣等,2010;邹先武等,2011;王坤明等,2014;万俊等,2016;向忠金等,2016)。近年来,有学者在湖北庙垭及北大巴山区获得432~445Ma的正长岩锆石U-Pb年龄(龙井山等,2016;Zhu et al., 2017),并认为这些岩体均形成于大陆板内伸展构造背景下的裂谷环境(图 7、表 4)。该段同位素年龄所反映的信息与南秦岭早古生代伸展裂陷构造所产生的构造岩浆事件存在较好的对应关系,表明早古生代南秦岭裂解环境的岩浆岩体也为该套沉积地层提供了一定物源。
泥盆纪扬子板块北缘的南秦岭地区沉积一套碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩沉积组合,碧口微地块西北缘的泥盆纪石坊群、岷堡沟组、西沟组及冷堡子组也为一套碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩沉积。勉略构造带内由于后期构造变形影响,虽多数呈构造岩片产出,但仍可与区域沉积地层对比,其中泥盆纪朱家山岩组和郭镇岩组主体为千枚岩(原岩泥质岩)和灰岩沉积组合。泥盆系-石炭系略阳组主体岩性为微晶灰岩、生物碎屑灰岩、粉砂岩及炭质千枚岩等,石炭系岷河组则主体为一套碳酸盐岩组合。此外,本次研究对象的原岩也为一套碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩组合。整体来看,勉略构造带及周边地区在泥盆纪-二叠纪具有相似的沉积组合特征,发育一套较为稳定的台盆-台地碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩沉积体系,区域上不甚发育该时期岩浆事件也能很好的为之佐证。冯益民等(2004)对勉略带内及其两侧泥盆纪一石炭纪沉积及古生物地理区的研究后得出,勉略带及两侧的泥盆纪-石炭纪沉积岩在沉积环境、充填序列及古生物群落上大致相同,同属于浅海相沉积。本次研究对勉略构造带和南秦岭构造带内泥盆系沉积地层碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄的统计分析,显示二者具有非常相似的年龄谱特征(图 8)(陈龙耀等,2014;Yang et al., 2015a, 2015b;Wang et al., 2017),暗示勉略构造带与南秦岭构造带在晚古生代应当不存在分割性大洋,可能同属于一连通的浅海环境。
Dong and Santosh(2016)指出碧口地体北侧向南俯冲至少持续到720Ma,并最终导致碧口块体与汉南-米仓山发生碰撞拼合,此后大约在707Ma由南秦岭、勉略、碧口、汉南-米仓山组成的造山带发生垮塌裂解(图 9a)。
南秦岭、勉略及邻区在经历了南华纪的裂解和震旦纪的稳定沉积后,于寒武纪进一步扩张,水体变深(吴朝东,2000),扬子板块西北缘寒武纪邱家河组、油房组及勉略带内临江组均发育一套黑色岩系,主要岩性有碳硅质板岩、硅质岩、碳质板岩、碳质千枚岩等,局部夹有碳酸盐岩。在西倾山-南秦岭地区同样也发育一套含放射虫深水硅泥质岩组合和深水碳酸盐岩组合(张思敏等,2014)。除沉积记录外,勉略带及邻区早古生代时期(431~472Ma)岩浆记录,也显示区域上在早古生代主体处于裂解体制之下(图 9b)(王涛,2008;李佐臣,2009;张欣等,2010;邹先武等,2011;王坤明等,2014;万俊等,2016;向忠金等,2016)。
此后,受加里东运动影响,随着扬子板块内部及周缘伸展作用的逐渐停止,扬子板块于晚志留世大部分地区隆升为陆(刘宝珺和许效松,1994)(图 9c)。南秦岭地区表现为在加里东造山运动的影响下,使得后期的泥盆系地层不整合覆盖于下志留统之上(任纪舜等,2019)(图 9d)。勉略带则由于后期的构造影响,现今泥盆系与下伏地层一般呈断层接触,不易确定其早期接触关系。需要说明的是,该期的岩浆记录在区域上甚少出露,这也反应了加里东运动在勉略带及邻区总体上表现较弱。
志留纪以后,勉略带及邻区自西向东、从南向北进入新一轮海侵(任纪舜等,2019),表现为泥盆-二叠纪沉积一套稳定的台盆-台地碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩沉积体系(图 9d)。上文也通过沉积组合及碎屑锆石年龄谱的比对,推断勉略带及邻区在晚古生代应当同处于一连通的浅海环境。
印支期秦岭微板块和扬子板块西北缘发生陆内碰撞造山作用(图 9e),与之匹配的变质、变形(Li et al., 1999, 2007;陈虹等,2010;张国伟,2015)及岩浆事件在勉略带及邻区都极为发育,并经晚三叠世-早侏罗世的逆冲推覆构造变形,奠定了现今勉略带及邻区的基本构造格架(徐通,2016)。
5 结论(1) 通过对勉略构造带内五郎坪北侧变沉积地层中碎屑锆石和侵入其中花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年代学研究,获得该变沉积地层的形成时代为406~441Ma。
(2) 该套变沉积地层包含了晚古生代、早古生代、新元古代和古元古代等多个时代物源供给的特征。其中秦岭造山带及扬子板块北缘早古生代岩浆岩为其提供了11.82%的物源,新元古代为其提供了64.55%的物源,中元古代和古元古代老的变质基底地层均为其提供了大约23.63%的物源。
(3) 本次所获得的变沉积岩碎屑锆石年龄谱也与邻区泥盆系相似。综合认为,勉略构造带与邻区在晚古生代应当属于同一构造环境,晚古生代“勉略海盆”应当包括整个南秦岭。
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