2020, Vol. 36
2. 河北地质大学资源学院, 石家庄 050031;
3. 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室海洋矿产资源评价与探测技术功能实验室, 青岛 266237;
4. 山东省地质矿产勘查开发局第六地质大队, 威海 264209;
5. 成都理工大学地球科学学院, 成都 610059;
6. 山东省物化探勘查院, 济南 250013;
7. 山东省地质矿产勘查开发局, 济南 250013;
8. 中国科学院地球与行星物理重点实验室, 北京 100029
2. School of Resources, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China;
3. Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China;
4. Shandong Provincial No.6 Exploration Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Weihai 264209, China;
5. College of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China;
6. Shandong Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Jinan 250013, China;
7. Shandong Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Exploration and Development, Jinan 250013, China;
8. Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
胶东是举世瞩目的金矿集区，累计探明黄金资源储量超过5000t(宋明春等，2018)。胶东金矿主要可分为蚀变岩型和石英脉型两种矿床类型。蚀变岩型金矿主要是指赋存于大型断裂带内以发育含金黄铁绢英岩化蚀变为特征的金矿，又被称为“焦家式”金矿；石英脉型金矿主要是指金赋存于中生代花岗岩中的热液石英脉中的金矿类型，通常又称之为“玲珑式”金矿。蚀变岩型和石英脉型金矿也是华北克拉通周缘金矿的主要矿床类型(朱日祥等，2015)。目前，胶东已探明的“焦家式”金矿资源量超过4100t，占全部已探明资源量的80%以上。近年来，胶东深部找矿取得重大突破，经过系统勘查发现受焦家断裂带控制的浅部矿床(体)(如焦家、马塘、寺庄等)在深部(对应的为焦家深部、朱郭李家、纱岭等)连接成一体或平行斜列，构成了一个千吨级的超巨型金矿床，其资源量超过1500t(宋明春，2015；于学峰等，2016)。前人主要根据焦家金矿床浅部(-500m标高以浅)微量元素、S-H-O同位素以及流体包裹体等来探讨成矿物质来源及矿床成因(张连昌等，2002；毛景文等，2005)，提出了成矿流体来源于岩浆水、大气降水、变质水以及地幔等认识(Hu et al., 2006；Shen et al., 2013；Li and Santosh, 2014；郭林楠等，2014；杨立强等，2014)。宋明春等(2013)对焦家深部金矿床钻孔岩心作了主微量、同位素和包裹体研究，发现蚀变岩型金矿与石英脉型金矿的稳定同位素和流体包裹体地球化学特征有很大差异，认为二者形成于不同的成矿条件，早白垩世伟德山花岗岩岩浆活动所引起的流体活化是导致金矿成矿的直接原因，对焦家金矿床深部流体来源及演化仍未取得突破性进展。成矿流体性质究竟如何，成为当前胶东金矿成因机制研究中亟待解决的关键问题之一。因此，深入研究焦家金矿成矿流体性质、来源以及成矿机制具有重要的理论价值和实际意义。
近年来，利用LA-ICP-MS、SIMS、Nano-SIMS等微区原位分析技术分析黄铁矿中微量元素及硫同位素组成，揭示了靠传统分析方法不能获得的有关金矿成矿流体性质、来源和成矿过程的信息(Large et al., 2009, 2011；Liang et al., 2014；Yuan et al., 2018；Zhao et al., 2018)。目前，黄铁矿微量元素结合硫同位素示踪已成为了探讨金矿成矿机制的有利地球化学工具(Norman et al., 1989；Ghazi et al., 1993；Banks et al., 1994；李厚民等，2003；单强等，2009；陈炳翰等，2014)。同时，黄铁矿中的惰性气体同位素(如He、Ar等)示踪也为成矿物质来源提供了有利约束(Stuart et al., 1995；Hu et al., 2004；Sun et al., 2004；毛景文和李晓峰，2004；孙景贵等，2007；张运强等，2012；薛建玲等，2013；丁德建等，2014)。
在前人研究基础上，本文选择焦家金矿床深部I号主矿体不同钻孔进行了系统取样，开展了黄铁矿微量元素、S-He-Ar同位素组成研究，示踪了成矿流体来源及演化过程。
1 成矿地质背景胶东地区处于华北克拉通东南缘和大别-苏鲁造山带东端的结合部位，前者由胶北隆起和胶莱盆地构成，后者为威海超高压带(Zhao et al., 2005；Li et al., 2010, 2011；宋明春等，2013；Song et al., 2015)。胶北隆起主要由前寒武纪变质基底和中生代花岗岩类组成，胶莱盆地由中生代白垩纪陆相火山-沉积岩系组成，威海超高压带主要由新元古代含榴辉岩的花岗质片麻岩、中生代侵入岩及火山沉积岩组成(图 1a)。
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图 1 焦家地区金矿床地质简图(据宋明春等，2013修改) 1-第四系；2-中生代花岗岩类；3-中生代火山沉积岩；4-白垩纪郭家岭花岗岩；5-侏罗纪玲珑花岗岩；6-新元古代含榴辉岩的花岗质片麻岩；7-新太古代变质岩系(变辉长岩)；8-浅部金矿位置；9-深部金矿范围；10-构造蚀变带；11-断裂；12-采集样品的勘探线位置及编号. F1-三山岛断裂；F2-焦家断裂. ①上庄金矿；②新城金矿；③河东金矿；④河西金矿；⑤龙埠金矿；⑥东季金矿；⑦焦家金矿；⑧望儿山金矿；⑨马塘金矿；⑩寺庄金矿；B11三山岛金矿；B12新立金矿；B13仓上金矿；B14焦家深部金矿；B15朱郭李家金矿；B16纱岭金矿 Fig. 1 The Geological sketch map of the Jiaojia gold field (modified after Song et al., 2013) 1-Quaternary; 2-Mesozoic granites; 3-Mesozoic volcanic sedimentary rocks; ; 4-Cretaceous Guojialing granite; 5-Jurassic Linglong granite; 6-Neoproterozoic granitic gneiss, which contains eclogite; 7-Neoarchean metamorphic complex (metamorphic gabbro); 8-position of shallow gold deposit; 9-range of deeply-seated gold deposit; 10-beresitization alteration zone; 11-faults; 12-sampling exploration lines and number. F1-the Sanshandao fault; F2-the Jiaojia fault. ① the Shangzhuang gold deposit; ② the Xincheng gold deposit; ③ the Hedong gold deposit; ④ the Hexi gold deposit; ⑤ the Longbu gold deposit; ⑥ the Dongji gold deposit; ⑦ the Jiaojia gold deposit; ⑧ the Wangershan gold deposit; ⑨ the Matang gold deposit; ⑩ the Sizhuang gold deposit; B11 the Sanshandao gold deposit; B12 the Xinli gold deposit; B13 the Cangshang gold deposit; B14 the Jiaojia deeply-seated gold deposit; B15 the Zhuguolijia gold deposit; B16 the Shaling gold deposit |
焦家金矿床位于胶北隆起区，区内主体岩性为中生代花岗岩及新太古代变质岩，大多被第四系覆盖。以焦家断裂为界，东侧为中生代玲珑二长花岗岩和郭家岭花岗闪长岩，西侧为新太古代变辉长岩(图 1b)。新太古代变质岩由TTG岩系、变辉长岩和少量胶东岩群组成；中生代花岗岩主体为侏罗纪玲珑花岗岩，有少量白垩纪郭家岭花岗岩，发育伟晶岩、细晶岩、闪长玢岩、辉绿玢岩和煌斑岩等脉岩。区域主要控矿构造为NE向焦家断裂带和三山岛断裂带，焦家断裂带控制了焦家、马塘、纱岭、新城、寺庄等大型-特大型金矿床；焦家断裂下盘与之近平行产出的次级断裂(如望儿山、灵山沟-北截、河西、侯家、邱家断裂等)控制了望儿山、河西等大型金矿床。焦家断裂走向长约20km(焦家矿区内出露长度1.9km)，宽100~500m，呈舒缓波状S形展布，平均走向约30°，倾向NW，倾角上陡下缓，近地表倾角60°~70°，深部倾角16°~40°。断裂在地表大致沿新太古代变质岩与侏罗纪玲珑花岗岩的接触带分布，深部则穿切玲珑花岗岩或郭家岭花岗岩。
2 矿床地质特征焦家深部金矿床共圈定4个矿体群，包括99个矿体，其中I号矿体延伸稳定，规模最大，资源量约占总储量的90%。矿体走向长580~1160m，斜深790~2470m，最大控制垂深1120m，矿体呈似层状、大脉状产出，具分枝复合等特点；矿体产状与控矿的焦家断裂基本一致，走向约为30°，倾向NW，倾角16°~30°；厚度1~38m，品位1.01×10-6~11.97×10-6(李杰，2012)，矿体在倾角由陡变缓部位变大变厚，形成了“富矿台阶”。其他矿体大多位于I号矿体之下，或与之平行、或沿陡倾裂隙发育(图 2)。
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图 2 焦家深部金矿床典型勘探线剖面图 Fig. 2 Geological section of typical exploration line in the Jiaojia deeply-seated gold deposit |
焦家深部金矿床矿石呈灰白色、灰色、淡肉红色(对应不同的矿化类型)，碎裂、碎斑结构，浸染状、斑杂状构造。矿石中主要金属矿物为自然金和黄铁矿，其次为黄铜矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿，见少量磁黄铁矿；主要非金属矿物为石英、绢云母、长石等。围岩蚀变类型主要有钾长石化(红化)、黄铁绢英岩化、硅化和碳酸盐化等，呈现出蚀变作用持续时间长、各种蚀变作用相互叠加、蚀变分带明显的特点(宋明春等, 2010, 2011a, b；李杰，2012)。矿石自然类型主要有细粒浸染状黄铁绢英岩化碎裂岩型、浸染状-细脉状-脉状黄铁绢英岩化花岗质碎裂岩型、细脉-网脉状黄铁绢英岩化花岗岩型等三种类型(图 3a-e)；矿石工业类型为低硫型金矿石。根据控矿构造与矿体的关系、矿化蚀变与金品位关系等，将热液成矿期划分为四个阶段：黄铁矿-石英阶段(ⅰ)、金-石英-黄铁矿阶段(ⅱ)、金-石英-多金属硫化物阶段(ⅲ)和石英-碳酸盐阶段(ⅳ)，其中第ⅱ、ⅲ阶段是金的主要成矿阶段。
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图 3 焦家深部金矿床矿化特征 (a、b)硅化、黄铁绢英岩化碎裂岩；(c)细脉状黄铁绢英岩化碎裂岩；(d)浸染状黄铁绢英岩化碎裂岩；(e)黄铁矿化花岗岩夹石英脉；(f、g)黄铁矿呈自形(五角十二面体)-半自形产出，局部发育裂隙(反射光照片)；(h、i)黄铁矿呈自形(立方体)-半自形产出，未见明显环带结构(背散射照片) Fig. 3 Mineralization characteristics of the Jiaojia deeply-seated gold deposit (a, b) pyrite sericitized cataclastic rocks with silicification; (c) veinlet pyrite sericitized cataclastic rocks; (d) disseminated pyrite sericitized cataclastic rocks; (e) pyritized granite with quartz veins; (f, g) pyrite occurs in euhedral-granular texture (pentagonal dodecahedron) and hypidiomorphic-granular texture with local fissures (reflected); (h, i) pyrite occurs in euhedral-granular texture (cube) and hypidiomorphic-granular texture, no obvious zonal structure was found (BSE) |
黄铁矿是矿石中最主要的金属矿物，含量一般为5%左右，最高达10%。黄铁矿是主要的载金矿物，其含量与金品位呈正相关关系。矿石中的黄铁矿呈浅黄色，强金属光泽，自形-半自形晶粒状或不规则粒状结构，立方体和五角十二面体晶形均有发育，呈稀疏或稠密浸染状分布于脉石矿物中，或呈脉状填充于裂隙中(图 3c-e)，粒度一般在0.01~2mm之间，大者可达5mm以上。镜下观察发现，不同成矿阶段的黄铁矿存在差异：金-石英-黄铁矿阶段(ⅱ)的黄铁矿多呈不规则粒状，浅黄色，强金属光泽，具裂纹但不发育，粒度较粗者常与石英呈脉状集合体分布(图 3f，g)；金-石英-多金属硫化物阶段(ⅲ)中的黄铁矿以细粒自形晶为主，灰黄色，光泽暗，常与黄铜矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿等多金属硫化物共生，呈细脉状、网脉状分布。对黄铁矿进行背散射电子扫描成像(BSE)和电子探针分析发现，不同晶形和不同期次黄铁矿的成分较为均一、结构简单(未见环带生长结构)(图 3h，i)，反映出形成环境的一致性，是一次成矿事件的产物。
3 样品采集和分析方法本次研究选择焦家深部金矿床I号主矿体，系统采集了112、128、144勘探线上9个钻孔中-602~-1050m深度的矿石样品(图 2)，在进行详细野外和室内岩相学观察的基础上，挑选了主成矿期(第ii成矿阶段)黄铁矿单矿物进行测试分析。用于测试的黄铁矿呈浅黄色，强金属光泽，自形-半自形粒状结构，粒度50~1000μm，呈浸染状、细脉状分布于黄铁绢英岩化碎裂岩中。黄铁矿微量元素和S同位素分析在核工业北京地质研究院分析测试中心完成，黄铁矿He-Ar同位素组成分析在中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所稀有气体实验室完成。
黄铁矿微量元素(包括稀土元素)分析采用ICP-MS法，仪器型号为Element Ⅰ。主要实验条件：仪器功率1400W，冷却气16L/min，辅助气1.21L/min，雾化气流速0.852L/min，进样泵速20r/min，进样冲洗时间50s，单个元素积分时间0.001s，各元素的检出限为0.002×10-6。详细分析流程见参考文献(陈炳翰等，2014)。S同位素分析样品以Cu2O作为氧化剂制样，在1000℃真空条件下反应15分钟，将S氧化为SO2，测试SO2的硫同位素组成。所用质谱仪型号为Finnigan MAT-251，以VCDT为标准，测试精度为±0.2‰。
先将挑纯后的黄铁矿用5%的稀HNO3超声波清洗以去除可能的蚀变影响以及颗粒表面放射性成因和宇宙射线成因的元素影响(Moreira and Madureira, 2005)，然后用去离子水超声波清洗干净，并用丙酮清洗、烘干，准确称量样品装载到真空粉碎器中在Noblesse稀有气体质谱仪上进行He、Ar同位素测量。通常通过约1500psi的压力单次静压样品以释放气体，释放出的气体依次通过液氮温度下的不锈钢冷阱去除一些高熔沸点的气体(H2O等)、四个锆铝泵(两组，每组中一个室温，另一个约200℃)去除一些活性气体，利用液氮温度下的装有活性炭的不锈钢冷阱可以吸附Ar以完成He和Ar的分离。详细实验流程参见文献(He et al., 2011；苏菲等，2014)。该仪器的大于700的质量分辨率足以将3He和HD分开，实验观测证明，当3He的计数大于1cps时，HD的影响基本上不存在，故以此作为筛选数据的依据之一。样品数据结果是以空气作为标样计算得到。假设所测量气体是来源于压碎后小于100目的样品，在实验结束后将所装样品过筛，称取小于100目(75μm)的样品重量作为样品重量来计算稀有气体的含量(Burnard et al., 1999)。
4 测试结果 4.1 黄铁矿微量元素组成焦家金矿床I号主矿体黄铁矿稀土、微量元素含量及特征参数如表 1所示。黄铁矿稀土总量介于3.27×10-6~38.5×10-6之间，平均值为14.6×10-6；LREE/HREE介于5.28~31.6之间；(La/Yb)N值介于7.86~130之间；δEu值介于0.67~1.43之间；δCe值介于0.81~1.05之间。特征元素对比值Co/Ni介于0.54~1.57之间，Hf/Sm介于0.22~2.68之间，Nb/La介于0.01~0.95之间，Th/La介于0.09~0.74之间，Y/Ho介于21.9~35.5之间，Zr/Hf介于9.44~37.7之间，Nb/Ta介于1.40~23.8之间。
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表 1 焦家深部金矿床黄铁矿稀土、微量元素含量(×10-6)及特征参数表 Table 1 Contents (×10-6) and characteristic parameters of trace elements of pyrite in the Jiaojia deeply-seated gold deposit |
黄铁矿S同位素组成如表 2所示。δ34SCDT值介于7.5‰~9.8‰之间，平均值为8.7‰。
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表 2 焦家深部金矿床I号主矿体黄铁矿硫同位素组成 Table 2 Sulfur isotopic compositions of pyrite in No. I orebodies of the Jiaojia deeply-seated gold deposit |
焦家深部金矿床矿石的黄铁矿流体包裹体中He、Ar同位素组成及比值如表 3所示。3He含量介于4.9×10-14~13.3×10-14 ccSTP/g，4He含量介于2.8×10-7~8.2×10-7 ccSTP/g，40Ar含量介于4.0×10-7~14.3×10-7 ccSTP/g，40Ar*含量介于2.7×10-7~12.9×10-7 ccSTP/g。3He/4He比值为1.6±0.1Ra~1.8±0.1Ra(Ra代表大气氦3He/4He=1.4×10-6)，相应的R/Ra变化范围为1.61~1.73，40Ar/36Ar比值为750.4±11.4~3106.7±487.0，40Ar*/4He比值为0.65~1.56，38Ar/36Ar比值为0.185±0.002~0.197±0.026。
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表 3 焦家深部金矿床黄铁矿He-Ar同位素含量及比值 Table 3 Helium and argon isotopic compositions and ratios of pyrites in the Jiaojia deeply-seated gold deposit |
由于稀土元素(REE)和高场强元素(HFSE)很难类质同象代替黄铁矿中的Fe2+，它们在黄铁矿中最可能的赋存方式是存在于流体包裹体或晶体缺陷中，其含量受晶体结构的影响不大，因此，黄铁矿微量元素组成和特征代表了成矿流体中微量元素的基本特征(毕献武等，2004)。稀土元素在溶液中可与卤族元素、碳酸根、硫酸根等结合，形成氯化物、氟化物、硫酸盐、碳酸盐或复杂络合物等(韩吟文等，2003).
焦家金矿床I号主矿体黄铁矿稀土含量整体较低(ΣREE为3.27×10-6~38.48×10-6)，轻、重稀土元素具有较大的分馏(LREE/HREE为5.28~31.55，(La/Yb)N为7.86~130.0)(表 1)。黄铁矿稀土配分曲线呈右倾型(图 4a)，富集LREE，表明成矿流体这含有大量的Cl-或F-(Haas et al., 1995；Keppler，1996；毕献武等，2004)。研究表明，富Cl的热液中Hf/Sm、Th/La、Nb/La比值一般小于1；富F的热液中Hf/Sm、Th/La、Nb/La比值一般大于1，且富集HFSE(Oreskes and Einaudi, 1990)。焦家金矿床黄铁矿微量元素中亏损HFSE，相对富集Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Co、Ni等亲硫、亲铁元素(图 4b)，Th/La、Nb/La比值均小于1，表明成矿流体为富Cl流体。
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图 4 黄铁矿球粒陨石标准化稀土元素分布型式图(a, 标准化值据Sun and McDonough, 1989)及大陆地壳标标准化微量元素蛛网图(b, 标准化值据Rudnick and Gao, 2003) Fig. 4 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns (a, normalization values after Sun and McDonough, 1989) and continental crust-normalized trace element spider diagrams (b, normalization values after Rudnick and Gao, 2003) of pyrite |
Ce和Eu是稀土元素中的变价元素，氧化条件下，Ce3+被氧化为Ce4+，与其他稀土元素分离而呈现出Ce异常，可用来反映体系的氧化还原环境。焦家深部金矿黄铁矿δCe值变化范围较小(0.81~1.05)，整体显示无明显异常(图 4a)，表明在金成矿体系处于相对还原的物理化学环境，这与前人对该区域金成矿流体的研究结论一致(陈炳翰等，2014；郭林楠等，2019)。在高温还原性热液中，Eu3+易于还原为Eu2+脱离热液体系进入矿物相，使矿物中呈现出Eu正异常；对应的低温还原性环境下，矿物中则容易产生Eu负异常(陈炳翰等，2014)。焦家深部金矿黄铁矿δEu值变化范围较大(0.67~1.43)，表明成矿温度变化范围较大，这与石英流体包裹体测温的结果一致(温度变化范围介于360~128℃之间，主要集中在340~270℃)(宋明春等，2013)。
黄铁矿中的微量元素Co和Ni等呈类质同象取代Fe，Co与Fe的地球化学性质更相似，故Co比Ni更易进入黄铁矿晶格，因此黄铁矿中的Co/Ni比值对成矿条件具有一定的指示意义(Brill，1989)。黄铁矿的Co/Ni比值还可以用来指示矿物的形成温度(胡瑛等，2009)，一般Co/Ni值越小，矿物的形成温度越低(盛继福等，1999)。研究表明，沉积成因的黄铁矿Co/Ni比值通常小于1，平均为0.63；热液成因的黄铁矿Co/Ni比值平均值约为1.7，且一般小于5；与火山成因有关的黄铁矿Co/Ni比值通常大于5，典型的在5~50之间(Bralia et al., 1979)。焦家深部金矿床黄铁矿Co/Ni比值介于0.54~1.57之间，平均为0.99，说明其与火山成因无关，同时说明成矿温度整体为中低温，这与δEu值指示的成矿温度一致。在图 5中，焦家深部金矿床黄铁矿落在沉积成因、热液成因区的左下方，与焦家金矿石全岩投点规律相似，均位于Co/Ni=1的线附近。对比区域上的金矿床发现：台上金矿床黄铁矿投点落在沉积成因区及外围附近，Co、Ni含量及Co/Ni比值变化均较大；罗山金矿床黄铁矿投点落在沉积和热液成因区及外围附近；金翅岭金矿床黄铁矿投点均位于沉积成因、热液成因区的左下方，变化范围较大。整体而言，胶东金矿床黄铁矿Co、Ni含量偏低，Co/Ni比值变化范围大，在Co-Ni关系图上投点除少数落在沉积成因和热液成因区内，大部分投点均位于其左下方，表明黄铁矿成因与热液作用和沉积作用有关。胶东地区整体缺失中生代沉积地层，推测载金黄铁矿应为热液成因。大部分投点偏离热液成因区的原因可能是成矿过程经历了不同形式的热液演化或有不同的流体混入，投到沉积成因区的黄铁矿可能为区域变质基底中残留的沉积成因黄铁矿。
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图 5 焦家深部金矿床黄铁矿Co-Ni分布图(底图据Bajwah et al., 1987；Brill, 1989) 焦家深部金矿床黄铁矿数据为本文测得.其他数据来自：宋明春等，2013；陈炳翰等，2014；郭林楠等，2019；朱照先等，2019 Fig. 5 Co vs. Ni distribution diagram of pyrites from the Jiaojia deeply-seated gold deposit (base map modified after Bajwah et al., 1987; Brill, 1989) |
胶东金矿成矿热液流体性质一直存在争议，争论的焦点在于成矿流体是岩浆流体还是变质流体(陈衍景等，2004；毛景文等，2005；宋明春等，2013；杨立强等，2014)。从焦家金矿床黄铁矿Co、Ni含量分布情况(图 5)看，其明显低于岩浆流体中的含量，而与变质热液型金矿中的平均含量相近(郭林楠等，2019)，Co/Ni比值明显低于岩浆热液型金矿(Co/Ni=8.16)而略高于变质热液型金矿(Co/Ni=0.60)(Yan et al., 2014)。可见焦家金矿成矿流体与变质流体相近，这可能与板片俯冲及后撤过程中脱水形成的流体有关。
Y-Ho、Zr-Hf和Nb-Ta这三组元素对分别具有相近的离子半径和电价，Y/Ho、Zr/Hf和Nb/Ta值在同一热液体系中比值稳定，但当体系受热液活动或交代作用影响时，这些元素对比值则会有较大的变化范围(Bau and Dulski, 1995；Yaxley et al., 1998)。焦家深部金矿黄铁矿Y/Ho、Zr/Hf和Nb/Ta值变化范围较大(分别为：21.93~35.46、9.44~37.67、1.40~17.57)，表明成矿热液体系可能发生了交代作用或有多期次热液活动叠加。其中Y/Ho值(21.93~35.46)与地幔值(25~30)和中国东部大陆地壳值(20~35)接近，指示成矿流体与地壳和地幔均有一定的渊源。
上述研究表明，焦家深部金矿床的成矿流体稀土元素总量较低，富集轻稀土元素，亏损高场强元素，温度范围变化较大，为还原性流体，成矿热液体系可能发生了交代作用或有多期次热液活动叠加。
5.2 成矿流体同位素示踪 5.2.1 S同位素焦家深部金矿床黄铁矿的δ34SCDT介于7.5‰~9.8‰之间(表 2)，平均值为8.7‰，极差2.3‰，说明硫均一化程度高，整体具有一致的来源，且呈现出富集34S的特征。焦家浅部金矿床δ34S介于8.7‰~11.8‰之间，平均值为10.1‰(李俊健，2006)，本次测得的深部金矿床硫同位素组成整体低于浅部金矿床，也低于宋明春等(2013)的测试结果(δ34S介于11.1‰~12.6‰之间，平均值为11.4‰)。前人已经注意到胶西北地区金矿床δ34S值呈现出自东向西递增的规律(王义文等，2002)和从石英脉型到蚀变岩型金矿更加富集34S的特点(毛景文等，2005)。本文对胶东地区不同空间位置(胶西北成矿区、牟乳成矿区、栖蓬福成矿区以及胶莱盆地周缘)、不同矿化类型(蚀变岩型、石英脉型、硫化物石英脉型、蚀变角砾岩及砾岩型等)、不同深度(矿床浅部与深部)的典型金矿床黄铁矿硫同位素组成(表 4、图 6)研究发现：胶东金矿硫同位素组成整体一致，除极少数矿床34S值呈现出个别负值外，绝大多数34S值均为正值，变化范围主要集中在6‰~12‰。整体而言，δ34S值呈现出：石英脉型＜硫化物石英脉型＜蚀变岩型(包括破碎带蚀变岩型、蚀变砾岩型和蚀变角砾岩型)的变化规律。空间上，栖蓬福成矿区的金矿床δ34S值最低，其次为牟乳成矿区，胶莱盆地东北缘较胶西北成矿区金矿床的δ34S值略高，胶西北成矿区自西向东δ34S值整体呈减小的趋势，与这一规律相对应的是这些地区金矿的矿化类型的差异，栖蓬福成矿区的金矿类型主要为石英脉型，牟乳成矿区的金矿类型主要为硫化物石英脉型，胶西北成矿区西部金矿主要为蚀变岩型而东部则为石英脉型。可见，造成硫同位素组成差异最大的因素是金矿类型的不同。在垂向上，已取得深部找矿突破的矿床均呈现出由浅到深δ34S值整体呈减小的趋势(图 6)。有学者认为造成这一现象的原因是石英脉型金矿成矿流体来源较深，代表了成矿原始流体系统的硫同位素组成，而蚀变岩型金矿成矿流体在成矿时与围岩中的硫发生了同位素交换，混入了较多的表生硫，导致δ34S值增高(毛景文等，2005；宋明春等，2013)。综合分析胶东金矿硫同位素特征及成矿背景，本文认为胶东金矿床中的硫是与古老的变质基底岩系、中生代花岗岩以及幔源流体具有继承演化关系的混合硫。焦家深部金矿床δ34S值整体较浅部低，说明深部成矿物质受近地表围岩的混染程度降低或者有更多的幔源物质加入。
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表 4 胶东地区典型金矿床硫同位素组成 Table 4 Sulfur isotopic compositions of typical gold deposits in Jiaodong area |
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图 6 胶东地区典型金矿床硫同位素组成 Fig. 6 Diagram showing sulfur isotopic compositions of typical gold deposits in Jiaodong area |
焦家深部金矿床黄铁矿流体包裹体中的3He/4He值为1.6~1.8Ra，与前人测得焦家浅部金矿床数据基本一致(张连昌等，2002)，这一数值远高于大陆地壳流体特征值(0.01~0.05Ra)(Stuart et al., 1994, 1995)，而低于地幔特征值(6~9Ra)(Dunai and Porcelli, 2002)，表现为地幔与地壳混合组成的特点。在3He-4He图解上(图 7)，投点位于地壳与地幔组成的过渡带，且呈现出由地幔氦向地壳氦演化的趋势。根据壳-幔混合二元模型(Stuart et al., 1995)，计算的焦家深部金矿床黄铁矿中幔源He所占比例为20.6%~22.2%(表 3)，说明有较多的幔源流体参与了成矿过程。
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图 7 焦家深部金矿床黄铁矿流体包裹体3He-4He图(据Mamyrin and Tolstikhin, 1984修改) Fig. 7 3He vs. 4He diagram of fluid inclusions from the Jiaojia deeply-seated gold deposit (after Mamyrin and Tolstikhin, 1984) |
在4He含量与3He/4He比值图解中(图 8)，投点落在地壳流体范围和大陆岩石圈地幔流体范围之间，黄铁矿中4He含量(2.8×10-7~8.2×10-7 ccSTP/g)较高，显示该矿床的矿物流体包裹体中含有较高的放射成因4He(Gautheron et al., 2005)。
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图 8 焦家深部金矿床黄铁矿4He含量与3He/4He比值关系图(据Gautheron et al., 2005) Fig. 8 4He vs. 3He/ 4He diagram of fluid inclusions from the Jiaojia deeply-seated gold deposit (after Gautheron et al., 2005) |
焦家深部金矿床黄铁矿中的40Ar/36Ar比值为750.4~3106.7，均高于饱和大气水(295.5)和古老地壳流体的特征值(295.6)，但又明显低于地幔流体特征值(＞40000)(Allègre et al., 1987；王先彬等，1996；Kaneoka，1998)，同样显示出混合来源特征。根据Kendrick et al.(2001)计算的黄铁矿中放射性成因40Ar(40Ar*)所占比例为60.62%~90.49%，相应大气Ar所占比例为9.51%~39.38%，说明成矿流体中有一定的大气水混入，且表现出随着深度增加大气Ar所占比例呈明显减小的趋势(表 3、图 9)。
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图 9 焦家深部金矿床黄铁矿40Ar/36Ar-R/Ra图(据Winckler et al., 2001) Fig. 9 40Ar/36Ar vs. R/Ra diagram of fluid inclusions from the Jiaojia deeply-seated gold deposit (after Winckler et al., 2001) |
地球系统的流体源主要为地幔/软流圈、地壳和大气来源(Matsumoto et al., 2001；Gautheron and Moreira, 2002；Trieloff et al., 2002; Buikin et al., 2005)，但大多数矿床的流体往往不具有上述典型流体源特征，而是显示出混合型流体性质(Turner and Stuart, 1992；毛景文和李晓峰，2004；孙晓明等，2006)。本文的研究同样表明，焦家深部金矿床的成矿流体不具单一来源流体特征，而是地壳和地幔的混合流体，有较多的幔源流体参与了成矿过程，指示金成矿与壳-幔相互作用有关。
中生代，中国东部岩石圈大规模减薄(邓晋福等，1999)，华北克拉通破坏、强烈壳幔相互作用、地壳拆沉，在这种构造背景下，在短时间内集中爆发形成了一系列与克拉通破坏有关的金矿(朱日祥等，2015)，深部流体在向上运移的过程中与地壳流体相互作用造成金元素巨量聚集成矿。
6 结论(1) 焦家深部金矿床黄铁矿稀土含量较低，富集轻稀土元素和Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Co、Ni等亲硫、铁族元素，亏损高场强元素，为富Cl、中高温-中低温还原性流体，具有多期次交代作用或热液活动叠加的特点。Co/Ni比值介于0.54~1.57之间，平均为0.99，表明成矿流体与变质流体相近；Y/Ho值介于21.9~35.5，与地幔值(25~30)和中国东部大陆地壳值(20~35)接近，指示成矿流体与壳-幔相互作用有关。
(2) 焦家深部金矿床黄铁矿δ34S值介于7.5‰~9.8‰之间，平均值为8.7‰，整体低于浅部金矿床δ34S值，硫同位素组成均一化程度较高，整体具有一致的来源，且呈现出富集34S的特征。
(3) 胶东金矿硫同位素组成整体一致，绝大多数矿床δ34S值均为正值，变化范围主要集中在6‰~12‰，δ34S值整体呈现出石英脉型＜硫化物石英脉型＜蚀变岩型的变化规律，在垂向上，δ34S值呈现出由浅到深整体呈减小的趋势。造成硫同位素组成差异最大的因素是金矿类型的不同。
(4) 黄铁矿的3He/4He值和40Ar/36Ar值均指示了成矿流体具有壳-幔混合来源特点，幔源He的平均含量为21%，表明幔源流体参与了成矿过程。焦家金矿成矿与燕山晚期中国东部强烈的壳-幔相互作用密切相关。
致谢 感谢山东省地矿局第六地质大队在基础资料、野外调查及取样方面给予的帮助和支持！感谢两位审稿专家的建设性意见和建议。
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