2. 青岛海洋科学与技术国家实验室海洋矿产资源评价与探测技术功能实验室, 青岛 266237;
3. 太原理工大学地球科学与工程系, 太原 030024;
4. 吉林大学地球科学学院, 长春 130061
2. Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China;
3. Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024;
4. College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
我国东北地区,大地构造位置上处于中亚造山带的东段(传统上称之为“兴蒙造山带”),北依西伯利亚板块,南邻华北板块,东为太平洋板块,由不同时代、不同性质的地块及缝合带相互拼合组成,以微地块群与俯冲-增生杂岩带的交织分布为显著特征(黄汲清和姜春发,1962;李春昱和王荃,1983;Tang,1990;任纪舜等,1999;Wu et al., 2011;Liu et al., 2017)。自西向东依次被划分为:额尔古纳地块、兴安地块、松嫩地块(松辽地块)、佳木斯地块;各地块之间分别以新林-喜桂图缝合带、黑河-贺根山缝合带和牡丹江缝合带为界(张兴洲等,2008;刘永江等,2010;图 1)。该区构造演化历史复杂,不仅具有古亚洲洋构造域的特点,又经历了蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋和古太平洋构造域的叠加与改造,进而形成了“三大构造体系,两次叠合改造”的构造格局,故成为地学界研究大陆增生改造、微地块群碰撞拼贴及洋-陆转换的热点区域(Li,2006;Liu et al., 2017;Xiao et al., 2018;Zhao et al., 2018)。
从槽台学说到板块构造理论,前人对该区已有多年的研究历史且已取得重要的成果和进展:1)通过对基底变质杂岩的研究,限定东北地区具有前寒武纪基底的微地块包括额尔古纳地块和佳木斯地块(Wu et al., 2011);2)通过对大量岩浆事件的解剖,证明显生宙时期东北地区以显著的垂向增生为主(Wu et al., 2011;Ge et al., 2015);3)通过对古生物古地理的分析,表明东北曾经存在过统一的“佳蒙古陆”,并且于晚古生代末-早中生代初沿西拉木伦-长春缝合带与华北克拉通完成拼合(王成文等,2009);4)通过对区域沉积建造的研究,提出中-晚泥盆世古亚洲洋沿艾力格庙-锡林浩特-黑河缝合带最终闭合消失(徐备等, 2014, 2018;Xu et al., 2015);5)通过对区域古地磁的研究,东北地块群前古生代处在南纬低纬度地区,中生代诸地块共同快速北移至现今位置(陈养炎等,1992;杨惠心等,1998)。最近张东海等(2018)对黑龙江多宝山地区下泥盆统泥鳅河组砂岩剖面进行了古地磁研究,北部乌里雅斯太陆缘与兴安地块已无纬度差异(28°~30°N),而松嫩-锡林浩特地块位于赤道低纬度,两者之间的界限为贺根山-黑河缝合带,其代表古亚洲洋的主洋盆。
相对于上述大量的岩浆活动、沉积作用、古生物古地理等方面的深入研究(王成文等,2009;李锦轶,2009;刘永江等,2010;Wu et al., 2011;张兴洲等,2012;许文良等,2013;Xu et al., 2015;徐备等,2018;Liu et al., 2017;Zhou et al., 2018;Guan et al., 2019),东北地区蛇绿(混杂岩)或者蛇绿岩残片的研究仍相对薄弱。
鉴于此,我们在充分收集和整理东北地区有关蛇绿岩资料的基础上,初步总结了东北地区蛇绿岩的时空分布、岩石组合、形成时代及其构造环境,分析了东北地区与蛇绿岩相关的区域构造演化历史。
1 东北微地块的重新厘定 1.1 额尔古纳地块额尔古纳地块位于大兴安岭最西北端(图 1),北邻俄罗斯境内的岗仁地块,南接蒙古国的艾伦达瓦地块(Ereendavaa地块),过去一直认为额尔古纳地块的东界为得(德)尔布干断裂带,但是,近年来的研究表明得尔布干断裂只是一个明显的地球物理重力梯度带,构造上表现为NE向的大型伸展剪切带(孙晓猛等,2011;郑涵等,2015;刘勃然等,2016;Liu et al., 2017),而且沿构造带缺少与俯冲碰撞相关的岩石学记录,不具有缝合带的性质。通过岩石地球化学和锆石Hf同位素组成的系统对比研究,我们认为额尔古纳地块的东部边界应该是新林-喜桂图缝合带(图 1)(刘永江等,2010;张丽等,2013;Feng et al., 2016;Liu et al., 2017)。
目前,额尔古纳地块存在前寒武纪的古老结晶基底已是不争事实,其发育前寒武纪地质体,包括部分兴华渡口群(~850Ma;Ge et al., 2015)、佳疙疸组(790~738Ma;Zhao et al., 2016)和额尔古纳河组(738~712Ma;Zhang et al., 2014),结合前人已报道的新元古代地质体(847~738Ma;Wu et al., 2011;张丽等,2013;Tang et al., 2013;赵硕等,2016),充分说明在新元古代时期额尔古纳地块上岩浆作用和沉积作用均较为发育,暗示额尔古纳地块上可能存在更古老的基底,并且已被新元古代岩体的最大年龄(915±3Ma;杨华本等,2017)和分布于额尔古纳地块东部十七站附近~1840Ma变质岩系(孙立新等,2013)所证实。此外,最新的岩芯资料显示,在内蒙古自治区根河市得尔布干镇西南比列亚铅锌多金属矿区的钻孔226m深处获得了形成年龄为~2555Ma的片麻状二长花岗岩(邵军等,2015),暗示额尔古纳地块应该是具有新太古代结晶基底的古老微陆块。
1.2 松嫩-锡林浩特地块松嫩地块位于东北地区中部,东西夹持于兴安增生地体与佳木斯地块之间(图 1)。该地块最显著的特点是显生宙花岗岩和火山岩极为发育,其绝大多数为中生代岩浆作用的产物(Wu et al., 2011)。传统观点认为松嫩地块基底由前寒武纪变质岩系组成,如张广才岭群、东风山群、一面坡群、风水沟群等,但近期研究结果显示部分古老基底岩系并非形成于前寒武纪,而多是古生代-中生代构造混杂岩(Wang et al., 2012)。Wu et al.(2011)认为松嫩地块中的所谓前寒武纪残留岩片可能是来自华北克拉通北缘的构造碎片,并不能反映其存在前寒武纪的结晶基底,这也得到了该地块上岩石Sr-Nd同位素的支持。与之相反,大部分学者认为该微地块存在前寒武纪结晶基底。首先,大量钻孔资料表明,在松辽盆地南缘识别出3个花岗质片麻岩样品,其原岩年龄被论证为~1800Ma(裴福萍等,2006;金鑫等,2011);其次,高福红等(2016)对伊春地区出露的“晚古生代”红山组和黑龙宫组碎屑岩进行了碎屑锆石年代学研究,确定了它们的沉积时代应为新元古代(分别为747~561Ma和805~561Ma);再者,最新研究证实松嫩地块西缘龙江和乌兰浩特地区存在新太古代-古元古代岩浆记录(2579±15Ma、1879±4Ma、1864±7Ma;程招勋等,2018;钱程等,2018)。Han et al.(2017)报道了龙江南部苏尼特左旗中元古代的A型花岗岩(1397~1360Ma)。张超等(2018)又在龙江附近地区识别出马山二长花岗岩(1808±14Ma,εHf(t)=-9.2~-2.8),结合该地块已经发现的新元古代-中元古代的岩浆事件(927~895Ma;Luan et al., 2019),进一步认为松嫩地块与华北克拉通具有一定的亲缘性。尽管尚存争议,但现有的数据指示松嫩地块具有前寒武纪结晶基底。
目前,锡林浩特地块与东北地块群各地块的亲缘性备受争议,争议的焦点是与兴安地块相连还是与松嫩地块相连。部分学者发现,锡林浩特杂岩中斜长角闪岩及角闪石岩Sm-Nd同位素年龄为1045±41Ma(徐备等,1996),斜长角闪岩Sm-Nd等时线年龄为1284Ma(郝旭和徐备,1997),变辉长岩SHRIMP年龄为739Ma(周文孝和葛梦春,2013)以及碱性玄武岩中捕获锆石的年龄为~2500Ma(Pan et al., 2015),这些与中亚造山带地区存在的古老地块的性质相一致。然而,施光海等(2003)和王善辉等(2012)获得锡林浩特杂岩中的斜长花岗岩和碎屑锆石年龄为316~437Ma,进而认为锡林浩特地块并不具有古老地块的性质。最近,Han et al.(2017)对锡林浩特杂岩进行了精确定年,获得了1371±9Ma、1369±11Ma、1391±9Ma、1360±12Ma等几组年龄,暗示其具有前寒武纪古老基底。另外,通过对锡林浩特地块之上的晚古生代沉积盖层碎屑锆石源区系统研究,以及结合松嫩地块最新发现的新元古代-中元古代的岩浆事件(钱程等,2018;张超等,2018;Luan et al., 2019),指示锡林浩特地块与松嫩地块具有较强的亲缘性,称其为松嫩-锡林浩特地块。
1.3 佳木斯地块佳木斯地块是中亚造山带东段的一个重要构造单元(图 1),其变质基底以麻山群为代表。麻山群由表壳岩与新元古代深成侵入体组成,该表壳岩为一套变质沉积岩系,被认定为一套典型的孔兹岩系(姜继圣等,1997)。吕长禄等(2014)对穆棱地区麻山群中的角闪黑云花岗质片麻岩进行锆石U-Pb测年得到892±3Ma的岩浆结晶年龄。Yang et al.(2017)获得深成侵入体的原岩结晶年龄为898~891Ma,并结合副片麻岩的碎屑锆石年龄谱,限定了麻山群表壳岩的原岩沉积时限为1050~898Ma,另外在密山地区识别出~563Ma麻粒岩相变质作用和518~496Ma退变质作用,进一步认为这两期变质事件代表了泛非期造山及晚泛非期造山带垮塌的过程。Wilde et al.(2000)对三道沟和西麻山的麻山群中片麻岩和石榴子石花岗岩样品进行SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年,分别获得了496±8Ma与507±12Ma的变质峰期年龄数据,同时在柳毛地区也获得了类似结果。温泉波等(2008)对麻山群中的花岗质片麻岩用独居石CHIME Th-U-Pb化学法进行测年得到3组早古生代的变质年龄:481±23Ma、494±23Ma和507±52Ma。最近,部分学者在松嫩地块东缘的张广才岭南段也发现了1859±11Ma的地质体(许文良等,2019)。以上研究数据表明,佳木斯地块至少具有中元古代古老结晶基底,并且已被绝大多数学者认可。
1.4 兴安增生地体兴安地块的基底属性一直存在争议,目前主要有两种看法:一种观点认为兴安地块具有大面积前寒武纪古老基底,兴安地块与额尔古纳、松嫩-锡林浩特及佳木斯地块共同经历了~500Ma泛非运动(周建波等,2010;Zhou et al., 2011);另一种观点认为兴安地块并不具有前寒武纪基底属性,实际为陆缘增生带,也称为兴安岛弧(苏养正,1996;李仰春等,2013)、南蒙古-大兴安岭造山带(Li,2006)或兴安增生体(Wu et al., 2011),由一系列增生杂岩、岛弧等组成(Li,2006;Wu et al., 2011;Cui et al., 2015;孙巍等,2017;Feng et al., 2018a, b)。近年来,随着研究的不断深入,发现兴安地块上原定为前寒武纪的新开岭群、落马湖群、额尔古纳河组、倭勒根群和风水沟河群,其实际形成时代为晚古生代-早中生代(表 1;Xu et al., 2012;Sun et al., 2014)。
孙巍等(2017)基于兴安地块下古生界碎屑锆石年代学的研究,认为兴安地块为早古生代期间的活动大陆边缘。经大量统计发现(图 2),古生代岩浆事件的锆石εHf(t)值具有较高正值(0~+18)(图 2a),反映其熔融源区主要为新增生年轻地壳,而额尔古纳地块以负值为主要特征(Feng et al., 2018c;图 2b);另外,兴安地块至今未发现前寒武纪岩浆记录(图 2c),最老以早古生代火成岩为代表,其锆石Hf两阶段模式年龄主要集中于新元古代(图 2d),说明兴安地块基底可能为新元古代新增生的地壳。近期,部分学者又在兴安地块两侧及内部识别出新元古代-晚古生代蛇绿混杂岩、岛弧岩浆带和早古生代俯冲增生杂岩带(Feng et al., 2018a, c)。
据以上分析,我们认为兴安地块是额尔古纳地块向西南增生的陆缘活动带(造山带),主要由新元古代-寒武纪新林-牙克石陆缘增生带、早古生代嫩江-大石寨俯冲型岩浆带(502~420Ma)、晚古生代牙克石-扎兰屯俯冲型岩浆带(390~330Ma)和弧后盆地(420~330Ma)以及二叠纪小兴安岭西北部-锡林浩特造山后碱性岩浆带(292~260Ma)构成,俯冲增生时间可能从新元古代持续到早石炭世晚期。其中新元古代-寒武纪新林-牙克石陆缘活动带主要由倭勒根岩群、兴隆群和零点群组成,主要为一套活动陆缘碎屑岩-钙碱性弧火山岩沉积,新近获得的倭勒根群的原岩年龄分布范围为685~503Ma(Li et al., 2018;蒋立伟等,2018),其中石英片岩时代为615±2Ma,凝灰岩时代为503±3Ma,安山岩时代为536±4Ma,兴隆群高力沟组的绢云母片岩时代为581±2Ma(未发表)。
2 东北蛇绿岩的分布及主要特征蛇绿岩或蛇绿混杂岩是造山带中最基本的构造单元,是俯冲带最重要的组成部分,不仅是古板块边界的重要标志,也是认识地幔组成和壳-幔演化的重要媒介,对研究洋-陆格局重建以及造山带演化过程具有重要意义,一直是地学界最为核心的研究领域(简平等,2003;张旗等,2003;史仁灯,2005;Dilek and Furnes, 2011;Furnes and Dilek, 2017)。东北地区蛇绿岩虽分布广泛,但多以蛇绿混杂岩或蛇绿岩残片形式出现,较典型蛇绿岩剖面一般层序不完整,席状岩墙群不发育,主要沿缝合带或两侧展布。从形成时代上看,东北地区主要发育有新元古代-中生代的蛇绿岩,根据其空间分布大致划分为以下几个主要的蛇绿岩带(图 3)。
新林-喜桂图蛇绿混杂岩带位于额尔古纳地块东缘与松嫩-锡林浩特地块之间,主要由古生代地质体和洋壳残片组成。北段蛇绿岩主要出露于兴隆、大乌苏、新林、小库达音河等地(图 4)。
兴隆镁铁质-超镁铁质岩主要位于呼玛兴隆西北部,其中辉长岩具有E-MORB型地球化学特征,形成时代为443~432Ma,可能形成于弧后盆地(Feng et al., 2018b)。大乌苏蛇绿混杂岩为“倭勒根群”的解体单元,蛇绿岩残片由片理化角斑岩、细碧岩、变质玄武岩、硅质岩组成,其中细碧岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为477±3Ma,构造环境与兴隆镁铁质-超镁铁质岩类似(刘玉等,2016)。新林蛇绿岩虽然出露面积仅有3km2,却为众多学者认可的东北地区典型蛇绿岩之一,主要包括斜方辉石橄榄岩→二辉橄榄岩→变玄武岩→辉长岩→斜长花岗岩。早期学者根据接触关系认为其形成于新元古代,但受到质疑。最近,部分学者根据大乌苏蛇绿岩的形成时代和侵入新林蛇绿岩的斜长花岗岩的年龄(324±1Ma;Feng et al., 2019),推断新林蛇绿岩可能形成于早奥陶世,详细的地球化学研究表明,其为弧后盆地扩张过程中的早期产物,就位时代可能为早石炭世(李瑞山,1991)。
中段蛇绿岩主要为阿里河蛇绿混杂岩带,主要发育于环二库、吉峰和嘎仙地区,包括纯榄岩、橄长岩、斜辉橄榄岩、辉长岩和玄武岩等,具有类似洋内岛弧型蛇绿岩的地球化学特征,大量锆石U-Pb年龄显示其形成于697~628Ma,是目前东北地区时代最古老的蛇绿混杂岩(Feng et al., 2016, 2018a),完全可以和蒙古国新元古代蛇绿岩带对比(Jian et al., 2014)。
南段蛇绿岩包括头道桥蓝片岩、乌尔旗汗、乌奴耳、伊尔施和迈罕特乌拉蛇绿岩,头道桥蓝片岩是该蛇绿混杂岩带伴生的唯一高压变质岩,其原岩为OIB型的玄武岩,形成于晚寒武世(511±5Ma),证实新林-喜桂图洋盆中洋岛的存在。近年来,随着大兴安岭地质工作的深入研究,在头道桥南侧识别出乌尔其汗-乌奴耳多处蛇绿混杂岩,岩石组合为变玄武岩→变辉长岩→变辉绿岩→变辉绿玢岩→放射虫硅质岩,多以断块形式分布于奥陶系、泥盆系地层之间。关于该区蛇绿岩的形成时代分歧较大,董金龙等(2018)认为其形成于新元古代,但并未给出详细年代学证据。Zhang et al.(2017)限定其中E-MORB型辉长岩的锆石U-Pb年代学年龄为344~328Ma。Feng et al.(2018b)确定乌奴耳东南雅鲁MORB型辉长岩的形成时代为430±8Ma。另外,部分地质工作者在新林-喜桂图蛇绿混杂岩带最南段识别出了伊尔施和迈罕特乌拉蛇绿岩(邵学峰,2016),由蛇纹石化辉橄岩、辉长岩、枕状玄武岩、球颗玄武岩、辉绿岩和红色硅质岩组成,邵学峰(2016)认为迈罕特乌拉蛇绿岩为典型的SSZ型蛇绿岩,但未做具体年代学工作。
目前来看,新林-喜桂图蛇绿混杂岩带中的蛇绿岩已发现了从新元古代-早石炭世的年龄信息,并厘定、识别出不同性质的蛇绿岩残片,暗示了其所代表的古大洋具有长期且复杂的演化历史,值得深入研究。
2.2 多宝山-阿尔山蛇绿混杂岩带近期,在黑河-嫩江构造带与新林-喜桂图蛇绿混杂岩带之间识别出一条早古生代蛇绿混杂岩带,大致沿多宝山-卧都河-阿尔山一线展布(图 4),可能为洋岛型的蛇绿岩残块,其中多宝山地区主要由洋岛的玄武安山岩、玄武岩、超基性岩和大理岩组成。Zhao et al.(2019)在多宝山斑岩型铜矿区识别出一套具有弧前特征的高镁玄武岩-安山岩组合,其形成时代为506~484Ma。卧都河地区的岩石组合为洋内安山岩、大理岩、玄武岩、安山岩和板岩组成(黑龙江省地质矿产局,1988)。阿尔山南主要发育堆晶角闪石岩、玄武岩、碎屑岩化橄榄玄武岩、阳起石化的玄武岩、角闪辉长岩和辉绿岩,其中辉长岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为464±2Ma,εHf(t)值为5.57~7.71,地球化学与玄武岩相似,兼有E-MORB和OIB特征(未发表)。
2.3 二连浩特-贺根山蛇绿混杂岩带二连浩特-贺根山蛇绿混杂岩带位于内蒙古锡林郭勒盟北部,主要由贺根山、朝根山、小坝梁、崇根山、乌斯尼黑等北北东向展布且互不连续的岩块组成(图 5)。尽管目前在嫩江-大石寨地区未见典型蛇绿混杂岩出露,但多宝山岛弧的存在及两侧古生代地层对比暗示二连浩特-贺根山蛇绿混杂岩带可能向北进入大兴安岭北段,延伸至嫩江-黑河一带(Liu et al., 2017)。
二连浩特-贺根山蛇绿岩的岩石组合由二辉橄榄岩、方辉橄榄岩、纯橄榄岩、橄长岩、辉长岩、玄武岩、辉绿岩、斜长花岗岩和放射虫硅质岩组成。早期硅质岩中放射虫时代一般认为是晚泥盆世(刘家义,1983;曹从周等,1986),但通过各种同位素方法获得的年龄则分歧较大,蛇绿岩套的Sm-Nd等时线年龄为403±27Ma(包志伟等,1994)。Miao et al.(2008)获得贺根山西南块状玄武岩Ar-Ar基质等时限年龄为292±1Ma,朝根山辉长岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为295±15Ma和298±9Ma。Jian et al.(2012)在贺根山地区限定辉长岩墙和斜长花岗岩脉的年龄分别为354±7Ma和333±4Ma。Zhang et al.(2015)在二连浩特地区获得较好的锆石U-Pb年龄,辉长岩和斜长花岗岩年龄分别为354±5Ma和345±6Ma。黄波等(2016)在崇根山镁铁质堆晶杂岩中获得辉长闪长岩年龄341±1Ma,与变质橄榄岩断层接触的玄武岩年龄为359±5Ma。结合与乌斯尼黑蛇绿岩不整合接触的格根敖包组的形成时代(鲍庆中等,2011),以及与小坝梁蛇绿岩不整合接触的哲斯组的形成时代(285~272Ma;Zhou et al., 2015),我们更加倾向于贺根山-黑河蛇绿岩带的形成时代不晚于早石炭世,构造侵位时代是在早石炭世末。
多数学者研究认为二连浩特-贺根山蛇绿岩形成于洋中脊环境(MORB型)(曹从周等,1986;包志伟等,1994;Song et al., 2015),或具有俯冲带特征(SSZ型),如岛弧边缘盆地体系、弧后拉张洋盆等(Robinson et al., 1995, 1999;Miao et al., 2008;王树庆等,2008;Zhang et al., 2015),少数学者认为“贺根山蛇绿岩”是早石炭世软流圈上涌、地壳垂向增生形成的镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体(Jian et al., 2012;Xu et al., 2015)。总体来看,二连浩特-贺根山蛇绿岩的形成时代不晚于早石炭世,所代表的前生洋盆应该具有一定规模。
2.4 达青牧场-迪彦庙蛇绿混杂岩带达青牧场-迪彦庙蛇绿混杂岩带位于松嫩-锡林浩特微陆块北缘宝力道岛弧增生混杂岩带内(Xiao et al., 2003)(图 5)。由迪彦庙、达青牧场、西乌旗等蛇绿岩组成,其中迪彦庙蛇绿岩包括北部的白音布拉格蛇绿岩和南部孬来可吐蛇绿岩。白音布拉格蛇绿岩沿白音布拉格-陶勒斯陶勒盖-温多尔图地区呈近东西向断续展布,延伸约30km。孬来可吐蛇绿岩位于迪彦庙-孬来可吐地区,以北北东向延伸长度约28km,宽度约3km(李英杰等,2012)。迪彦庙-达青牧场蛇绿岩岩石组合完整,层序自下而上包括变质橄榄岩、堆晶杂岩和火山熔岩单元,其上覆岩系出露层状硅质岩和硅质泥岩(李英杰等, 2012, 2013),其中火山熔岩出露规模最为广泛,下部为块状玄武岩、细碧岩,上部为枕状玄武岩,局部发育球颗玄武岩、角砾状玄武岩,以及角斑岩、石英角斑岩等酸性海底熔岩,与寿山沟组地层呈断层接触关系。李英杰等(2013)限定南部孬来可吐蛇绿岩中玄武岩形成时代为333±9Ma。Song et al.(2015)确定迪彦庙蛇绿岩中辉长岩和枕状玄武岩的锆石U-Pb年龄分别为346±2Ma和304±4Ma。地球化学特征与马里亚纳前弧玄武岩(FAB)相一致(李英杰等,2013;Li et al., 2018)。
达青牧场蛇绿岩位于迪彦庙蛇绿岩西南侧50km处,主要发育于达青牧场东部的准木布台-乌拉塔卓尔一带(图 5),北东向延伸约20km(董金元,2014)。岩石组合包括蛇纹石化辉石橄榄岩、枕状安山岩/玄武岩、辉长岩、辉绿岩和斜长花岗岩,其中块状闪石化辉长岩的锆石年龄为321±2Ma(董金元,2014),玄武岩的形成时代为318±3Ma(Liu et al., 2013),席状岩墙时代为299±3Ma(Song et al., 2015)。关于达青牧场蛇绿岩的构造环境,大部分学者认为其形成环境为俯冲上盘(SSZ型)的岛弧环境,说明早石炭世时期存在洋内俯冲。
总体上看,达青牧场-迪彦庙蛇绿混杂岩带的形成时代与二连浩特-贺根山蛇绿岩带大体一致或略早,其成因很可能与贺根山蛇绿岩代表的洋壳早期向南俯冲到松嫩-锡林浩特微陆块北缘有关。
2.5 嘉荫-牡丹江蛇绿混杂岩带嘉荫-牡丹江蛇绿混杂岩带主要沿牡丹江断裂东侧近南北向带状分布于萝北、依兰、牡丹江、道河和虎林地区(图 6),其中以萝北和依兰较为完整。萝北蛇绿岩残片主要出露于黑龙江省嘉荫县东南部马连站-吉庆一带,向南西至大金顶子一带,分布于黑龙江杂岩带中,从嘉荫太平沟地区蛇绿岩剖面来看(图 7),岩石组合主要由斜辉辉橄岩、橄榄岩、变辉长岩、变质基性岩(原岩为拉斑玄武岩)和蛇纹石化大理岩组成。任子慧(2017)获得萝北太平沟地区斜长角闪岩和变质辉长岩的锆石U-Pb年龄分别为267±2Ma和264±2Ma。李旭平等(2010)对萝北地区金满屯太平沟含云母绿帘角闪岩和头道沟的混合花岗岩的锆石进行LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年研究,获得加权平均年龄分别为256±1Ma和227±1Ma。
依兰蛇绿岩主要产于绿片岩中,主要由辉橄岩-橄榄岩、蛇纹石片岩、滑石片岩、变玄武岩、变辉长岩和硅质岩组成。1:25万佳木斯市幅区调(黑龙江省地质调查研究总院,2014①)在依兰附近蛇纹岩中获得2组锆石U-Pb谐和年龄256±1Ma和199±3Ma,辉长岩锆石U-Pb谐和年龄为261±1Ma。吕长禄等(2016)在依兰县城东平安村变堆晶辉长岩和变枕状玄武岩中分别获得锆石U-Pb年龄251±1Ma和252±1Ma,认为其代表古洋壳残片。周建波等(2009)限定依兰含蓝闪石钠长云母片岩中的沉积年龄上限为256Ma。朱莹等(2017)确定依兰珠山变辉长岩的形成时代为256±3Ma,其形成可能与古太平洋板块的俯冲作用有关。Dong et al.(2018a)获得依兰珠山林场辉长岩的256±2Ma和桦南太平林场辉长岩为259±3Ma。
① 黑龙江省地质调查研究总院.2014. 1:25万佳木斯市幅区域地质调查报告
总体来看,嘉荫-牡丹江蛇绿岩带主要形成于二叠纪,地球化学特征显示多以SSZ型为主(毕君辉,2018),可能为牡丹江洋洋壳进入俯冲消减过程中的产物。
2.6 完达山蛇绿混杂岩带完达山蛇绿岩带主要包括跃进山蛇绿岩和饶河蛇绿岩。张魁武等(1997)明确指出跃进山群是一套以变质沉积岩为基质,镁铁质-超镁铁质岩为外来岩块的构造混杂岩,并具有蛇绿岩组合特征,主要分布于宝清县、东方红镇、哈马顶子、八五三和勤得利等地区(图 6),由纯橄榄岩、辉石橄榄岩、蛇纹岩、变质玄武岩和辉长岩组成(张旗等,2003)。王继尧等(2016)获得跃进山蛇绿岩的年龄为311±11Ma。Bi et al.(2015)报道了东方红地区辉长岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为274±2Ma~280±3Ma。Sun et al.(2015)在东方红镇西辉长岩中获得SHRIMP U-Pb加权平均年龄274±4Ma和276±3Ma。郭冶(2016)和曾振(2017)在跃进山杂岩中识别出二叠纪辉长岩年龄为287±2Ma。地球化学显示,跃进山蛇绿岩以N-MORB为主(Zhou et al., 2015)。
近年来,许多岩浆岩证据显示佳木斯地块的东缘和西缘在293~260Ma、270~244Ma期间分别处于活动大陆边缘(吴福元等,2001;黄映聪等,2008;孟恩等,2008;于介江等,2013;张磊等,2013;毕君辉等,2014;蒲建彬等,2015;丛智超等,2016;Yang et al., 2017),指示了二叠纪时期佳木斯地块东侧存在洋壳向西俯冲事件。此外,佳木斯地块东缘地区发育的晚石炭世珍子山组的沉积上限为~310Ma,沉积环境为活动大陆边缘(Li et al., 2018),即佳木斯地块东侧洋壳至少于晚石炭世时期开始俯冲,到二叠纪时期俯冲作用仍在继续。
另外,不整合于佳木斯地块东缘二叠纪花岗岩之上的南双鸭山组海陆交互相地层与跃进山杂岩上覆晚三叠世沉积地层具有相同的碎屑锆石特征,且共同的年龄峰值分别为~800Ma、~500Ma和~260Ma(曾振,2017),这三组年龄均在佳木斯地块广泛发育,说明跃进山杂岩上覆的晚三叠世沉积物的物源来自佳木斯地块,指示跃进山杂岩当时已经增生于佳木斯地块东缘,时间应在晚石炭世-中二叠世。当时的俯冲板块并非古太平洋板块,而是某未知洋壳,可能为泛大洋洋壳。
饶河蛇绿岩北起新开,南至向阳川,整条岩带长约50km,宽为5~8km,呈北北东以构造透镜体分布于晚侏罗世-早白垩世砂泥碎屑岩中,主要为超镁铁质-镁铁质堆晶杂岩、基性枕状熔岩、辉绿岩墙以及含放射虫硅质岩。李春昱等(1980)最早提出饶河蛇绿岩的概念,虽然其不发育典型的地幔橄榄岩,但仍得到大部分学者的认同(张庆龙等,1989;康宝祥等,1990;唐克东,1994;赵海玲等,1996)。Zhou et al.(2015)报道饶河杂岩中蛇绿辉长岩年龄为231±5Ma,枕状玄武岩为167±1Ma。1:5万关山咀子等3幅矿调项目(黑龙江省第一地质勘查院,2014①)在八里桥辉长岩中获得锆石LA-ICP MS U-Pb谐和年龄200±1Ma。1:5万太平村幅区调项目(黑龙江省地质调查研究总院,2002②)在坨窑山辉橄岩中获得全岩Sm-Nd等时线205Ma,在大带林场辉长岩中获得单颗粒锆石U-Pb年龄156±3Ma。程瑞玉等(2006)在大岱辉长岩中获得锆石U-Pb加权平均年龄为166±1Ma。张国宾(2014)在关门咀子-大岱林场一带枕状熔岩中获得锆石LA-ICP MS U-Pb谐和年龄222±10Ma。
① 黑龙江省第一地质勘查院.2014. 1:5万关山咀子等3幅矿产地质调查报告
② 黑龙江省地质调查研究总院.2002. 1:5万太平村幅区域地质调查报告
这些数据表明饶河蛇绿混杂岩原岩大致形成年龄为228~166Ma(赵海玲等,1996;程瑞玉等,2006;田东江, 2007;Zhou et al., 2014;王继尧等,2016),地球化学数据主要体现为OIB特征(Zhou et al., 2015),代表了洋底海山或洋岛的形成时间,且含放射虫硅质岩的形成时间约为165Ma,这些都表明了饶河蛇绿混杂岩就位时间应晚于中侏罗世。此外,至今发现的最老的侵入饶河蛇绿混杂岩中的花岗岩的年龄为131Ma(程瑞玉等,2006),该年龄限制了饶河杂岩就位的最小时间。因此,饶河杂岩可能于中侏罗世开始增生,于150~131Ma期间就位。
2.7 西拉木伦蛇绿混杂岩带西拉木伦蛇绿混杂岩带分布广泛,可以分为西段索伦-林西和东段长春-延吉蛇绿混杂岩带,作为东北陆块群与华北板块的构造拼合带,同时也是古亚洲洋在东段最终闭合的缝合带。
2.7.1 西拉木伦蛇绿岩带西段索伦-林西蛇绿岩带,自西向东主要包括索伦、满都拉、温都尔庙、柯单山、五道石门、杏树洼、九井子(小苇河)和半拉山(图 5)。温都尔庙蛇绿岩主要分布于武艺台-温都尔庙-图林凯地区,总体呈东西向展布,断续出露40~50km。蛇绿岩套各单元均以岩块产出,主要由四部分组成:变质橄榄岩主要零星分布于德言其苗、图林凯、孙德拉图等地,岩性以方辉橄榄岩为主,少见纯橄榄岩,斜长花岗岩分布局限,仅见于德言其苗一带;枕状熔岩系指温都尔庙桑达来音呼都格组,展布于孙德拉图-桑达来音呼都格-白音诺尔-道德音扎格一线,主要包括枕状玄武岩、拉斑玄武岩、细碧岩和球颗玄武岩等。另外,在孙德拉图地区的枕状熔岩中有辉绿岩和辉长岩岩墙贯入。关于温都尔庙蛇绿岩形成时代,主流观点为早古生代,彭立红(1984)根据蛇绿岩套中硅质岩产出的化石,限定为前寒武纪。这一认识也得到了后期不同测年方法的支持,如K-Ar、Sm-Nd和Rb-Sr的测年结果为961~523Ma(王东方等,1985;张臣和吴泰然,1998),但都误差较大。刘敦一等(2003)利用国际先进SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年,确定图林凯地区蛇绿岩形成时代为467~429Ma,根据地球化学特征认为其代表古亚洲洋早期洋壳俯冲。另一种观点为三叠纪,如温都尔庙蛇绿岩中枕状熔岩年龄为~260Ma(Miao et al., 2007),变质基性火山岩年龄为246±3Ma(Chu et al., 2013),可能代表弧后盆地或者后期有限洋盆。结合华北北缘发育有早、晚古生代与俯冲相关的岩浆弧(Chen et al., 2000;Xiao et al., 2003;Zhang et al., 2007;Jian et al., 2008),我们认为温都尔庙蛇绿岩很可能代表了古亚洲洋洋壳从早古生代到晚古生代向华北板块北缘之下持续俯冲形成的残余洋壳。
索伦蛇绿岩位于该带的西端,白云鄂博以北的中蒙边界附近,西起哈布特盖,沿途经索伦敖包、包珠尔,东至林西,延伸约380km,宽约15km。岩石单元包括方辉橄榄岩、纯橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩、基性枕状熔岩,含较少的辉长岩、辉绿岩极少(王荃等,1991)。关于索伦蛇绿岩的形成时代,少数学者限定变质橄榄辉长岩的形成时代为434±4Ma,并认为索伦蛇绿岩形成于早古生代(陶继雄等,2004)。大部分学者认为索伦蛇绿岩形成于二叠纪,不仅有早二叠世海相磨拉石沉积建造和硅质岩中放射虫化石为间接证据(王荃等,1991;李钢柱等,2017),还利用SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年方法限定索伦蛇绿岩中辉长岩的年龄为279±10Ma和292±2Ma(Miao et al., 2007;Jian et al., 2010)。以上结果表明索伦蛇绿岩可能形成于早二叠世。
满都拉蛇绿岩紧邻索伦蛇绿岩,出露于内蒙古达茂旗满都拉苏木西约45km,蛇绿岩成分主要包括镁铁-超镁铁质堆积岩系、火山熔岩和部分蛇绿岩上覆的沉积岩系(陶继雄等,2004),其中玄武岩和辉绿岩的时代分别被限定为274±1Ma和279±3Ma,具有洋中脊玄武岩地球化学特征(Chen et al., 2000;Jian et al., 2010)。
柯单山蛇绿岩位于西拉木伦河北侧,出露面积约8km2,主要岩石有变质橄榄岩、辉长岩、纯橄岩、辉石岩、玄武岩和硅质岩。何国琦和邵济安(1983)在柯单山硅质岩和石灰岩中识别出奥陶纪介形虫化石,认为柯单山蛇绿岩形成于奥陶纪,后期陈森煌等(1991)和梁日暄(1994)分别利用Sm-Nd和Rb-Sr等时线定年法确定其形成于新元古代。目前关于柯单山蛇绿岩的形成时代尚存争议。
五道石门蛇绿岩由何国琦和邵济安(1983)提出,仅有枕状玄武岩和硅质岩出露,根据克什克腾旗五道石门枕状细碧岩中硅质岩夹层和透镜体中的微体化石,初步认定其为早古生代蛇绿岩建造。后来的矿物学及岩石地球化学研究,证明其为古洋壳蛇绿岩套的一部分,枕状基性熔岩可能来自于上地幔的玄武质岩浆,但一直未见精细年代学研究(李锦轶,1986)。最近,王炎阳等(2014)通过锆石U-Pb年代学方法限定五道石门枕状玄武岩为277±3Ma。
杏树洼蛇绿岩位于林西县南东40km,主要由蛇绿岩、玄武岩、辉长岩、硅质岩和灰岩组成。王玉净和樊志勇(1997)在杏树洼蛇绿岩的硅质岩中甄别出二叠纪放射虫,就此认为其形成于二叠纪,这一结论也得到玄武岩中锆石SHRIMP定年(280±3Ma;Song et al., 2015)的支持。另外,刘建峰等(2016)和Miao et al.(2008)分别限定了杏树洼东部九井子蛇绿岩中的辉长岩和半拉山堆晶辉长岩的形成年龄分别为275±2Ma和256±3Ma。地球化学数据显示,杏树洼蛇绿岩中玄武岩具有多种成因,既有正常洋中脊(N-MORB)、富集洋中脊(E-MORB),又有岛弧或陆源弧等,指示该蛇绿岩所代表的洋盆可能是一个长期演化的大洋。
总体来看,西段索伦-林西蛇绿混杂岩带形成时代主要集中于二叠纪-三叠纪。关于该带蛇绿岩的性质或构造环境一直备受争议,有些学者认为其形成于后期裂谷盆地,类似“红海陆间洋盆”(Jian et al., 2012;徐备等,2014;Luo et al., 2016)。但大多数学者通过对玄武岩、铬铁矿等地球化学研究显示索伦-林西蛇绿岩具有俯冲带(SSZ型)或者洋中脊特征。结合该蛇绿岩带上硅质岩中二叠纪放射虫及牙形石化石的发现,我们认为索伦-林西蛇绿岩带可能与一个长期演化的大洋环境有关。
2.7.2 西拉木伦蛇绿岩带东段长春-延吉蛇绿混杂岩带,由西向东大致分布于长春、舒兰和延吉地区(图 8),主要出露于呼兰群、清河群和开山屯组等。长春九台石头口门-波泥河蛇绿岩,除未见典型的枕状玄武岩和高镁安山岩外,其它蛇绿岩套岩石均有出露,包括镁铁质-超镁铁质杂岩、基性熔岩、辉绿岩墙以及深海相放射虫硅质岩等(徐公愉和方文昌,1990;徐公愉,1993)。
吉林市小绥河一带出露的超基性岩,北临伊舒断裂,南依华北地块北缘,呈北东向带状断续展布,长约5km,宽约20~140m,由大小16个块体所组成,块体岩性主要为蛇纹岩、纯橄岩(吉林省区调队,1970①)。仁河洞蛇绿岩残片于1:20万珲春幅地质调查发现(吉林省区调队,1985①),主要残存在二叠系关门嘴子组和青沟山组地层中,蛇绿岩主要由蛇纹石化辉石橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩、辉石岩、辉长岩、硅泥质岩及片理化安山岩、片理化安山质角砾岩等组成。由仁河洞向北西方向,在新华村一带,见有基性辉长岩出露。据1:20万大兴沟幅(吉林省区调队三分队,1966②)资料,在该新华村-南城子一带发现有中性成分的闪长岩和基性成分的辉长岩,尚有少量的超基性成分的橄榄岩,并将其时代定位晚二叠世侵入。
① 吉林省区调队.1970. 1:20万吉林市幅区域地质调查报告
① 吉林省区调队.1985. 1:20万珲春幅区域地质调查报告
② 吉林省区调队三分队. 1966. 1:20万大兴沟幅区域地质调查报告
机房沟-水曲柳地区的蛇绿岩带近东西向断续分布,西侧出露在九台机房沟,东侧至舒兰水曲柳镇,断续出露长约60km,宽约10km,由蛇纹石化橄榄岩、片理化角闪辉长岩、橄榄角闪石岩及其火山碎屑岩、绢云石英片岩、阳起石片岩、含榴黑云片岩、含榴绿泥片岩,硅化(片理化)泥质粉砂岩及大理岩等组成(吉林省地质矿产局,1988)。
芹菜沟-头道沟蛇绿混杂岩位于吉林省永吉县头道沟一带,西起永吉县芹菜沟,东至头道沟东侧和尚帽,断续出露长约10km,宽约3km,呈东西向分布,岩石类型主要为辉橄岩、橄榄岩类和辉长岩,岩石具蛇纹石化、透闪石化及滑石化,岩体内赋存有数个小铬铁矿体(杨巍然和王豪,1991)。
延边开山屯-江域一线的蛇绿混杂岩主要由方辉橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩、纯橄岩、菱镁岩、辉长岩、斜长岩、辉绿岩、硅质岩、灰岩、玄武岩、辉石玄武岩、角闪片岩及强烈变形的泥砾岩等组成,局部夹有豆夹状铬铁矿(邵济安和唐克东,1995)。
目前,尽管关于长春-延吉蛇绿混杂岩带的形成时代为早古生代(王荃等,1991)、晚古生代(邵济安和唐克东,1995)或者前寒武纪(孟繁兴,1992;彭玉鲸和王占福,1997),以及构造环境如弧后拉张洋盆(邵济安和唐克东,1995)、岛弧边缘盆地体系(徐公愉和方文昌,1990)或者宽阔大洋盆地(王东方等,1990)尚存争议,但古生代时期长春-延吉一线存在古洋盆已是不争事实(Li,2006;Wu et al., 2011;Liu et al., 2017;Xiao et al., 2018),而且大多数学者目前认为该蛇绿混杂岩带的形成时代应该为晚二叠世-早三叠世(Li,2006;刘永江等,2010;Wu et al., 2011;赵英利等,2012;Liu et al., 2017;Guan et al., 2018;Xiao et al., 2018;Zhou et al., 2019)。当然,相对于西拉木伦蛇绿混杂岩带西段的精细研究,长春-延吉蛇绿混杂岩带的研究还十分薄弱,亟待进一步详细研究。
3 中亚造山带东段陆缘增生过程古亚洲洋是指西伯利亚板块与塔里木-华北板块之间的古大洋(Dobretsov et al., 1995),在我国主要沿西/东准噶尔、天山、北山、内蒙到东北地区长春-延吉一带展布(王鸿祯,1982;李春昱和王荃,1983;Wu et al., 2011;Xiao et al., 2003, 2018)。部分学者认为中亚造山带东段古亚洲洋主洋盆闭合于贺根山-黑河一线(苏养正,1981;郭胜哲,1986;田昌烈,1986;Miao et al., 2008;Song et al., 2015),但是更多学者倾向于在二叠纪末期于索伦-西拉木伦-长春-延吉缝合带关闭(王鸿祯,1982;李春昱和王荃,1983;Xiao et al., 2003; 刘永江等,2010;Wu et al., 2011;赵英利等,2012;Liu et al., 2017)。虽然东北地区被认为是典型的增生型造山带,但增生杂岩、蛇绿混杂岩、钙碱性火山岩和花岗岩的时代等都不支持沿一个单一古大洋俯冲带不断增生造山的特点。结合东北地区陆块群基底特征及目前已确定的蛇绿岩年代学分布特征,中亚造山带东段古亚洲洋的增生过程不仅与索伦-西拉木伦-长春-延吉的主洋盆有关,而且还与古亚洲洋的一些分支洋盆有密切关系,如西部新元古代-寒武纪新林-喜桂图洋(也称之为新林洋或吉峰洋;Xu et al., 2015;Feng et al., 2016)、寒武纪-石炭纪嫩江洋(也称之为贺根山洋;李英杰等,2018)和东部的牡丹江洋(Dong et al., 2018a)。
3.1 新林-喜桂图洋的开启与闭合目前识别和重建大洋的演化历史仍然立足于蛇绿混杂岩带或大洋板块地层(OPS)的研究(Dilek and Furnes, 2011)。近期在新林-喜桂图缝合带中发现有大量的蛇绿混杂岩出露,前寒武纪蛇绿混杂岩露头面积较小,其中时代最早的为大兴安岭中段新元古代阿里河蛇绿混杂岩带,获得吉峰辉长岩、嘎仙辉石岩和辉绿岩、环二库辉长岩的锆石年龄分别为647±5Ma、628±10Ma、668±10Ma和697±5Ma(Feng et al., 2016, 2018a)。另外,头道桥洋岛玄武岩(511±5Ma)也是该洋盆早期存在的最可靠的证据(Miao et al., 2015;Zhou et al., 2015)。
地球化学特征显示,前寒武纪辉长岩(697~628Ma)具有似洋中脊的地球化学特征,锆石176Hf/177Hf比值介于0.282602~0.282854之间,εHf(t)值平均值为15.9,反映其岩浆源区为亏损地幔,这表明其应该是来自古大洋中具有扩张脊构造环境的洋壳残片,可能代表洋内俯冲环境,说明新林-喜桂图洋中南段可能在新元古代或更早就已经开始裂解,至寒武纪已经具备了一定规模的洋盆(Feng et al., 2016, 2018a)。该认识也得到区域上大量新元古代岩浆裂解事件(850~730Ma;Tang et al., 2013)和新元古代沉积事件的支持(额尔古纳河群和乌宾敖包组;Zhang et al., 2014;Zhao et al., 2016)。
虽然与前寒武纪蛇绿混杂岩相伴生的沉积地层鲜有报道,但根据兴隆群高力沟组(596± 2Ma)变质粉砂岩中早寒武世的微体化石(Lophosphaeridium sp.、Estiastra sp.和Micrhystridium sp.),塔源寒武统零点群浊积岩中发现的藻类化石(杨文麟等,2014)和阿尔山下寒武统苏中组古杯化石(曹桐生等,2011),可以证明缝合带中前寒武纪残余洋壳的存在,推测新林-喜桂图洋盆的范围可能从阿尔山一直延伸至呼玛一带。以上至少说明在新元古代之前该洋盆就开始裂解。随后开始洋内俯冲,直至弧-陆碰撞,伴随晚寒武世钙碱性花岗岩(511±2Ma)侵入到头道桥蓝片岩以及塔河-洛古河后造山花岗组合(520~480Ma;葛文春等,2005)的产出,新林-喜桂图洋盆晚寒武世末期关闭。至于新林-喜桂图缝合带古生代蛇绿岩,大部分显示拉张环境,可能与东部嫩江洋演化有关(详见下文)。
3.2 嫩江洋的开启与闭合古亚洲洋嫩江分支洋盆是用来描述二连浩特-贺根山蛇绿岩所代表的前生洋盆,尽管蛇绿岩在嫩江-大石寨地区鲜有出露,但早古生代大洋板块地层(OPS)(Feng et al., 2018b)、岩相古地理特征(刘永江等,2010;赵英利等,2018)、早古生代岛弧岩浆带(赵芝等,2010;Feng et al., 2018a)、多宝山弧前增生楔和造山后二叠纪A型花岗岩带(洪大卫,1994;孙德有等,2000),都是嫩江洋存在的主要印记,记录了古洋盆演化与消亡过程。晚寒武世,新林-喜桂图洋盆闭合的同时,嫩江洋向西俯冲且不断向东迁移,形成了多宝山-阿尔山(497~464Ma)蛇绿混杂岩带、多宝山-伊尔施岛弧岩浆带(485~439Ma)及多宝山斑岩型铜矿。多宝山地区高镁玄武岩-玄武安山岩506~485Ma的锆石年龄(Zhao et al., 2019)和阿尔山南蛇绿混杂岩中辉长岩464Ma的锆石年龄说明嫩江洋已经打开(未发表)。与此同时,嫩江洋持续向西俯冲导致沿新林-喜桂图缝合带再次拉张,于多宝山岛弧带西部形成新林-兴隆-呼玛-海拉尔-伊尔施弧后盆地,新林-乌奴耳蛇绿岩带可能为弧后盆地洋壳的代表,伴随的沉积地层主要包括伊勒呼里山群、库纳森河组和黄斑脊山组等,其中北部以呼玛弧后沉积最为典型。
嫩江洋闭合位置和时间一直存在较大争议。关于闭合位置,张兴洲等(2012)根据地球物理特征提出嫩江洋沿黑河-嫩江-乌兰浩特-开鲁一线闭合。徐备等(2014)通过沉积建造研究认为嫩江洋沿艾力格庙-锡林浩特-黑河一线于晚泥盆世之前已经闭合。关于洋盆闭合时间的观点主要有晚志留世-泥盆纪(Şengör and Natal’in,1996),晚泥盆世-早石炭世(邵济安等,1991;徐备等,2014),早石炭世晚期(刘永江等,2010;赵芝等,2010;Liu et al., 2017;Ma et al., 2019)、二叠纪之前(童英等,2010)和三叠纪(Chen et al., 2000;Miao et al., 2004)。目前,大部分学者支持嫩江洋沿贺根山-嫩江-黑河一线于早石炭晚期-晚石炭世早期闭合,主要证据如下:(1)通过构造-岩相古地理的研究,发现泥盆纪时期东北地区西部以贺根山-嫩江-黑河一线为界,北部为海相/海陆交互相,南部为陆相;早石炭世仍保持北海南陆的构造格局;但晚石炭世发生了重大的海陆变迁,贺根山-嫩江-黑河一线以南为海相/海陆交互相沉积,而北部主体为古陆隆起区(刘永江等,2010;Liu et al., 2017);(2)大量的岩浆事件研究(Wu et al., 2011;Li et al., 2014;Zhang et al., 2018)显示,存在一条晚泥盆世-早石炭世岩浆弧,从牙克石一带向东迁移至黑河-阿荣旗一线,根据岩浆弧的空间展布,认为嫩江洋的闭合位置与该岩浆弧带基本一致;(3)大兴安岭北段黑河-贺根山地区发现了一套290~260Ma的A型花岗岩组合,其指示后造山背景(洪大卫, 1994;Wu et al., 2011);(4)古地磁数据对于识别板块古位置具有重要指示作用,张东海等(2018)对黑龙江多宝山地区下泥盆统泥鳅河组砂岩剖面进行了古地磁研究,北部乌里雅斯太陆缘与兴安增生地体已无纬度差异(28°~30°N),而松嫩-锡林浩特地块位于赤道低纬度,两者之间的界限为贺根山-嫩江-黑河一线;(5)贺根山北部乌斯尼黑地区葛根敖包组与贺根山蛇绿岩不整合接触关系,较好的限定贺根山蛇绿岩就位时代在~300Ma。
关于嫩江洋的俯冲极性,通常认为向西俯冲(刘永江等,2010;赵芝等,2010;Liu et al., 2017;Feng et al., 2018a, b;Ma et al., 2019),但是,近年来在松辽盆地西缘扎赉特旗地区发现有石炭纪与碰撞和碰撞后伸展相关的花岗岩(马永非等,2018;Ma et al., 2019及其中的参考文献)。此外,深反射地震剖面显示,松辽盆地西缘深部存在一个向东倾的强反射界面一直延伸到莫霍面(Hou et al., 2015)。这些事实说明嫩江洋洋壳在石炭纪存在向东的俯冲。因此,我们认为嫩江洋在石炭纪之前为向西俯冲,石炭纪开始出现向东西两侧双向俯冲的特征。
综上所述,本文认为嫩江洋俯冲启动时间至少是在晚寒武世或之前,嫩江洋持续俯冲-增生,形成了早古生代的多宝山-阿尔山、二连浩特-贺根山和迪彦庙-达青牧场蛇绿混杂岩,最终沿贺根山-嫩江-黑河一线于早石炭晚期-晚石炭世早期闭合,额尔古纳-兴安与松嫩-锡林浩特地块完成拼贴。
3.3 黑龙江洋和牡丹江洋的开启与闭合牡丹江洋的提出源于松嫩-锡林浩特地块与佳木斯地块间出露的黑龙江杂岩(Wu et al., 2007;Zhou et al., 2009),嘉荫-牡丹江蛇绿岩带上黑龙江杂岩中的MORB型玄武岩、斜辉辉橄岩、纯橄榄岩/蛇纹岩、变辉长岩和蛇纹石化大理岩以及两地块上古生代沉积地层对比结果,可以限定牡丹江洋盆的存在(Meng et al., 2010)。然而,由于对黑龙江杂岩属性和牡丹江断裂两侧古生代弧型火山岩的认识分歧,导致对牡丹江洋的开启、闭合及演化尚存较大争议。部分学者认为新元古代(777±18Ma)-中侏罗世,牡丹江洋一直存在,并且双向俯冲于松嫩-锡林浩特地块与佳木斯地块之下(颉颃强等,2008)或单向俯冲于松嫩-锡林浩特地块之下(杨文麟,2015),但至今在黑龙江杂岩中未识别出与之相关的新元古代-寒武纪的大洋板块地层。
目前,主流观点主要有,一种认为在古生代-中侏罗世,牡丹江洋一直存在且具有双向俯冲特征(Dong et al., 2018a, b);另一种认为牡丹江洋形成于早中生代,是在原来已经拼合的松嫩-锡林浩特地块与佳木斯地块之上重新裂开的短期洋盆(李锦轶等,1999;许文良等,2012)。首先,颉颃强等(2008)在牡丹江地区依兰识别出了一套蛇绿岩残片,时代定为777Ma。李锦轶等(1999)在牡丹江地区的“黑龙江杂岩”中鉴别出奥陶纪几丁虫化石,表明此时就已存在一个洋盆。其次,将佳木斯地块上的泥盆纪黑台组与松嫩地块上哈尔滨东部的泥盆纪黑龙宫组和宝泉组沉积时限进行对比,发现黑台组沉积时限为484~390Ma,宝泉组为413~386Ma,黑龙宫组沉积下限为403Ma,两地砂岩碎屑锆石测年结果都显示与麻山群变质年龄相吻合,由此认为哈尔滨东部的黑龙宫组和宝泉组具有佳木斯地块基底物质来源(Meng et al., 2010),可知松嫩-锡林浩特地块与佳木斯地块应于黑龙宫组和宝泉组沉积之前就已经拼合在一起,当时两地块间的大洋已经关闭。但是,近年来对黑龙江杂岩大量的同位素年代学和地球化学研究表明,二叠纪到三叠纪佳木斯地块与松嫩-锡林浩特地块间存在一个有限的陆间洋盆,嘉荫-牡丹江蛇绿岩带中玄武岩的形成时代为267~256Ma,稍后有三叠纪A型花岗岩的侵入(Xu et al., 2012),这说明原来已经关闭的大洋又重新打开。另外,黑龙江杂岩(磨刀石、依兰和萝北地区)中的沉积单元最年轻的碎屑锆石年龄介于235~180Ma,而黑龙江杂岩中蓝片岩的白云母Ar-Ar年龄和变辉长岩中金红石的U-Pb年龄介于177~171Ma之间(Zhou et al., 2009;Ge et al., 2015;Dong et al., 2018b)。
鉴于此,根据松嫩-锡林浩特地块与佳木斯地块之间大洋的开合时间,我们将古生代时期两地块间存在的大洋称之为黑龙江洋,归于古亚洲洋体系;将中生代时期两地块间的大洋称之为牡丹江洋,属于古太平洋体系。通过上述分析可以看出,黑龙江洋应该在新元古代就已经存在(颉颃强等,2008),晚志留世松嫩-锡林浩特和佳木斯地块拼接聚合后,黑龙江洋盆关闭。到晚二叠世-中三叠世两地块间重新拉开,形成牡丹江洋,并最终于中侏罗世闭合。
3.4 古亚洲洋东段最终闭合的时间与方式对于古亚洲洋主洋盆最终的闭合时间存在较多的分歧,主要观点有:(1)基于东北地区泥盆纪稳定陆缘沉积建造,徐备等(2014)指出中-晚泥盆世后,东北地区完成了由古亚洲洋到兴蒙造山带构造格局的转变,随之二叠纪时期兴蒙造山带发生多期伸展作用,二叠系沉积于伸展裂陷形成的陆表海环境(邵济安等,2014);(2)部分学者根据二叠纪磨拉石沉积建造组合及变质作用时间,认为最终古亚洲洋东段闭合发生在中-晚二叠世(吉林省地质矿产局,1988;Shi,2006;Wu et al., 2007;李锦轶,2009);(3)依据苏尼特左旗碰撞相关的岩浆岩(296~234Ma;Chen et al., 2009),西拉木伦河沿岸双井地区晚二叠世-早三叠世同碰撞花岗岩(李锦轶等,2007)和吉中地区二叠纪末-早三叠世同碰撞花岗岩、碰撞相关的变质事件,多数认为古亚洲洋东段的最终闭合发生在晚二叠世-中三叠世(张艳斌等,2002;孙德有等,2004;郗爱华等,2006;赵英利等,2016)。
我们以蛇绿岩为主线,结合古生物化石、岩相古地理展布、岩浆作用、古地磁等多学科证据对该缝合带进行了系统的分析:(1)蛇绿岩:沿索伦-西拉木伦-长春-延吉缝合带发育多条蛇绿岩带,从早期俯冲-增生形成的早古生代温都尔庙蛇绿混杂岩带(467~429Ma),到晚古生代-中生代的西部索伦-林西蛇绿岩带(~299Ma)、东部的石头口门-开山屯(277~260Ma),机房沟-水曲柳带(~290Ma)和小绥河-新华村蛇绿混杂岩带(250~208Ma),说明该洋盆具有一定的规模,并且可以限定古亚洲洋东段至少从奥陶纪一直持续到二叠纪。依据地球化学特征和深水放射虫硅质岩,尽管部分学者认为该洋盆在石炭纪-二叠纪为“红海裂谷型”(Xu et al., 2015;Luo et al., 2016),但绝大部分学者认为是具有一定规模的宽阔大洋(Xiao et al., 2003;Li,2006;Wu et al., 2011;Liu et al., 2017;Zhou et al., 2018;许文良等,2019);(2)古生物学:该缝合带不仅是东北一条规模较大的断裂带,还是石炭系、二叠系的重要沉积相分区界限,断裂以北早二叠世大石寨组和中二叠世哲斯组发育冷水型动物群,安加拉植物群分子,而断裂以南则主要发育华夏型植物为主,两植物群的混生现象不明显,表明中二叠世之前,古亚洲洋东段仍未闭合(孙跃武等,2018);(3)岩浆作用:根据沿索伦-西拉木伦-长春-延吉一线晚古生代晚期-早中生代同碰撞型花岗岩的研究数据,自西向东同碰撞型花岗岩形成时代有逐渐变新的趋势(Wang et al., 2015b);在东段长春-延吉一带发育有早古生代和晚古生代的陆缘及增生岩浆弧(Wang et al., 2015a, b;Pei et al., 2016),最年轻的与碰撞有关的花岗岩为中三叠世(Wang et al., 2015a),代表古亚洲洋在最东端的最终闭合时间;(4)沉积建造及物源分析对比:二叠纪沉积建造的空间变化及中、晚二叠世-早三叠世物源分析对比(克旗-林西地区、阿鲁科尔沁-扎鲁特地区和索伦、蘑菇气地区),说明自西向东二叠纪海相地层具有逐渐变年轻的趋势(吉林省地质矿产局,1988;赵英利等,2016);(5)古地磁:黄宝春和朱日祥(1996)根据华北地块古地磁欧拉极最佳小圆拟合法所得结果,认为华北板块与西伯利亚板块之间的洋壳俯冲消亡主要发生在早石炭世末至早二叠世。该认识也得到了内蒙古阿鲁科尔沁旗上二叠统林西组陆相沉积的支持(任收麦和黄宝春,2002;秦华峰等,2013)。
结合白乃庙岛弧和苏尼特左旗岛弧的形成时代(~490Ma;聂凤军等,1995;唐建洲等,2018),本文认为古亚洲洋东段俯冲开启时间至少在奥陶纪之前,最终闭合时间为早、中三叠世,并且表现为南北双向俯冲消减自西(晚二叠世-早三叠世)向东(早三叠世-中三叠世)的剪刀式闭合方式,东北陆块群与华北板块联合成统一整体。
3.5 中亚造山带东段古太平洋增生过程关于中亚造山带东段古太平洋增生过程的分歧主要在于俯冲起始时间和俯冲影响范围。首先,俯冲起始时间的主流观点有:一种认为俯冲作用开始于三叠纪(黄汲清等,1977;任纪舜,1989;弗鲁布列夫斯基等,1995;周建波等,2009;Zhou et al., 2014);一种认为俯冲作用开始于侏罗纪(赵越等,1994;孙德有等,2005;裴福萍等,2008;Yu et al., 2012;Xu et al., 2013;Guo et al., 2015;Wang et al., 2017)。另外还有一些研究者认为古太平洋板块至少从晚石炭世-早二叠世就开始影响和控制东北东部及邻区的构造演化(Li,2006;Bi et al., 2017;Yang et al., 2015)。其次,一部分学者认为古太平洋俯冲影响范围可能仅限于松辽盆地以西(许文良等,2013),另一部分学者认为其影响范围可能更大,西部大兴安岭隆升可能与古太平洋俯冲有关(李四光,1973;黄汲清等,1977;邓晋福等,1996;牛耀龄,2005;田有等,2019)。需要指出的是,佳木斯地块东、西缘二叠纪时期的大洋板块是归属古亚洲洋,还是划到古太平洋体系,亦或古亚洲洋与古太平洋为联通共存关系,目前有较大争议。
最近,部分学者发现最古老的太平洋洋壳为167Ma(Ludden et al., 2006),如果我们用洋壳的存在来定义一个大洋,那么太平洋最早应该在中生代才开始出现,也就是我们通常说的古太平洋。依据这个原则我们认为二叠纪时期佳木斯地块周缘的大洋应归属于古亚洲洋范畴,或者是泛大洋。
东北地区饶河蛇绿岩带的形成时代为晚三叠世-中侏罗世(228~166Ma),构造就位时代为150~131Ma(程瑞玉等,2006;Wu et al., 2007;Li et al., 2009;李旭平等,2010),从时间上看其与古太平洋俯冲有关。饶河蛇绿岩的构造就位时间说明了古太平洋起始俯冲时间至少是~220Ma,而后持续俯冲导致饶河蛇绿岩的增生就位。
4 中亚造山带东段的构造演化依据对中亚造山带东段中国东北地区主要蛇绿岩的时代和性质的系统分析与总结,我们重建了中亚东段古亚洲洋主洋盆(西拉木伦)、古亚洲洋新林-喜桂图、嫩江和黑龙江分支洋盆以及古太平洋的洋盆演化过程。
4.1 中亚造山带东段古亚洲洋分支洋盆演化(1) 新元古代早期,新林-喜桂图洋壳向西洋内俯冲导致阿里河蛇绿混杂岩(嘎仙-吉峰-环宇;697~628Ma)形成,伴随685~615Ma倭勒根群的沉积(图 9);
(2) 新元古代晚期-中寒武世,首先阿里河蛇绿混杂岩增生就位于额尔古纳地块东缘,形成侵入阿里河蛇绿混杂岩的岛弧型花岗闪长岩(557~526Ma),随后头道桥洋岛玄武岩(~516Ma)增生就位,并被花岗岩(~511Ma)侵入,同时发育倭勒根群(596~503Ma);
(3) 晚寒武世,额尔古纳地块与阿里河及头道桥洋岛发生陆-弧碰撞,新林-喜桂图洋盆关闭,伴随额尔古纳地块西缘~500Ma的造山后花岗岩。与此同时,嫩江洋盆开始向西出现洋内俯冲,形成晚寒武纪多宝山-阿尔山洋岛玄武岩。另外,东部的牡丹江洋也开始向西俯冲到松嫩-锡林浩特地块东缘之下,形成埃达克质岩石(510~482Ma);
(4) 早奥陶世,多宝山-阿尔山洋内岛弧增生就位于额尔古纳地块东缘,形成宽阔增生杂岩带,即为兴安增生地体;
(5) 早奥陶-早志留世,嫩江洋向西俯冲后撤,形成多宝山-阿尔山(480~440Ma)火山岩和多宝山斑岩型铜矿,在兴安增生地体上沿新林-海拉尔一线拉张形成初始弧后盆地(新林-大乌苏蛇绿岩,~470Ma),并接受奥陶纪的广泛沉积。另外,在额尔古纳地块东缘形成480~440Ma的造山后花岗岩。与此同时,牡丹江洋的持续俯冲导致松嫩-锡林浩特地块东缘形成大量埃达克质岩石(480~430Ma);
(6) 中、晚志留世,嫩江洋持续向西俯冲,在额尔古纳地块东缘增生地体上出现弧后拉张,形成沟-弧-盆体系,发育俯冲型~420Ma依克特闪长岩,弧后盆地持续扩张(兴隆蛇绿岩~420Ma)。松嫩-锡林浩特地块与佳木斯地块完成陆-陆拼贴,广泛沉积黑龙宫组和宝泉组、黑台组,牡丹江洋闭合;
(7) 早石炭世晚期,弧后盆地进入衰亡期(乌奴耳蛇绿岩~340Ma),嫩江洋板块向西持续俯冲的同时,开始向东侧俯冲到松嫩-锡林浩特地块之下,在西南段表现为向南的俯冲,导致迪彦庙-达青牧场蛇绿混杂岩(340~290Ma)的增生就位,同时,在松辽盆地西缘形成与俯冲相关的岩浆弧;到早石炭世末-晚石炭世嫩江洋盆闭合,额尔古纳地块与松嫩-锡林浩特地块完成拼贴,导致一条北东向二叠纪的造山后碱性花岗岩带的形成。至此,东北陆块群已完成全部拼贴,从晚石炭世开始整个地区进入稳定盖层演化阶段。在陆块群的东缘(佳木斯地块东缘)存在一个大洋,我们认为应该是泛大洋,因为当时古太平洋尚未形成;
(8) 晚石炭世-中二叠世,泛大洋洋壳向西俯冲到东北东部佳木斯地块东缘之下,在该洋盆中存在一系列海山(跃进山蛇绿岩);
(9) 晚石炭世-中二叠世,泛大洋俯冲导致跃进山蛇绿混杂岩的增生就位,同时引发了佳木斯地块上的大量二叠纪岩浆活动;
(10) 晚二叠世-晚三叠世,由于跃进山蛇绿混杂岩的增生就位导致泛大洋洋壳的俯冲向东后撤,造成佳木斯地块西缘弧后伸展并使佳木斯地块从松嫩-锡林浩特地块上裂解,其间牡丹江洋再次打开。
4.2 中亚造山带东段古亚洲洋主洋盆(西拉木伦)演化(1) 早奥陶世-早志留世,该洋盆发生双向俯冲,向北俯冲在西段形成苏尼特左旗岩浆弧带(490~464Ma)和二道井-红格尔蛇绿混杂岩带(483~409Ma);在东段形成吉中地区早古生代增生杂岩带(490~443Ma);向南俯冲在西段形成白乃庙岩浆弧带(459~440Ma)和温都尔庙蛇绿混杂岩带(467~429Ma)(图 10);
(2) 晚志留世-晚石炭世,洋壳持续双向俯冲,在西段又形成~430Ma宝力道岩浆弧带,东段形成张家屯同碰撞花岗岩(425~396Ma)和西别河组张家屯段磨拉石建造;
(3) 早二叠世-中二叠世,洋盆进入衰亡阶段,俯冲-增生形成SSZ型西拉木伦蛇绿岩带,在华北北缘及松嫩-锡林浩特南缘西部分别形成哲斯组浅海相沉积建造和大石寨组火山岩;东部吉中地区发育中二叠世埃达克质岩石;
(4) 晚二叠世-早三叠世,沿索伦-西拉木伦河-长春-延吉缝合带古亚洲洋主洋盆呈现自西向东剪刀式闭合,东部吉中东部地区敦化-延吉依次出现同碰撞和后碰撞岩石组合,古亚洲洋最终关闭。
4.3 古太平洋俯冲增生(1) 晚三叠世-早侏罗世,古太平洋板块(伊泽奈岐板块)开始向佳木斯地块东缘下俯冲,洋底海山或洋岛开始形成并随俯冲大洋板块拖拽向陆块边缘移动。受该俯冲事件影响,牡丹江洋壳也开始向松嫩地块东缘之下发生俯冲(图 11);
(2) 中侏罗世-晚侏罗世,古太平洋板块继续向西俯冲;同时,牡丹江洋壳也向西持续俯冲,发生高压低温变质作用,形成蓝片岩,且在俯冲过程中,蓝片岩发生构造折返卷入佳木斯地块西缘的变质沉积地层共同形成黑龙江杂岩带;
(3) 早白垩世,佳木斯地块与松嫩地块发生拼合,牡丹江洋壳消失,形成以黑龙江杂岩带为标志的牡丹江缝合带;饶河蛇绿混杂岩增生就位于佳木斯地块东缘,就位时间150~131Ma,随后,碰撞造山后的花岗岩(~131Ma)侵入饶河和跃进山蛇绿混杂岩,同时,佳木斯地块上也发育了少量早白垩世岩浆活动。
5 结论(1) 东北地区存在具有前寒武纪古老结晶基底的微地块,包括额尔古纳、松嫩-锡林浩特和佳木斯地块。兴安地块并不存在古老结晶基底,为一增生地体,其基底由新元古代-寒武纪增生楔和早古生代的岛弧组成,并不具有古老地块构造属性;
(2) 东北地区蛇绿岩主要以蛇绿混杂岩形式呈现,形成时代跨度较大,多以古生代为主,前寒武纪和中生代次之。蛇绿岩所代表的前生洋盆包括早奥陶世-晚三叠世古亚洲洋主洋盆、古亚洲洋分支新元古代-晚寒武世的新林-喜桂图洋,早寒武世-晚石炭世的嫩江洋,新元古代-晚志留世的黑龙江洋和晚二叠世-中侏罗世牡丹江洋;
(3) 早石炭世末-晚石炭世初,东北地区古亚洲洋分支洋盆全部闭合,所有微陆块完成聚合形成统一的东北陆块群。晚二叠世-早三叠世时期,古亚洲洋主洋盆沿索伦-拉木伦-长春-延吉缝合带自西向东从早到晚以剪刀式最终闭合,完成东北陆块群与华北板块的拼接聚合;
(4) 古太平洋俯冲起始时间为晚三叠世-早侏罗世,东北地区东部陆缘进入古太平洋俯冲增生构造体系。
致谢 中亚造山带东段构造演化过程十分复杂,其中蛇绿岩多以蛇绿岩残片或蛇绿混杂岩形式存在,加之研究区覆盖严重且大部分岩石组合不完整,大大增加了研究难度。本文仅对东北蛇绿岩进行了初步梳理和阶段性总结,对区域构造演化提出了一些自己的想法供大家参考,有不当之处请大家批评指正。本文研究与撰写过程中,与徐备、许文良、裴福萍、魏春景、宋述光、郭锋、迟效国、周建波、葛文春、钱程、李小玉、张铁安和李利阳等同行进行了有益讨论,在此表示衷心感谢。同时感谢两位审稿人提出的宝贵意见。
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