2019, Vol. 35
2. 自然资源部古地磁与古构造重建重点实验室, 北京 100081;
3. 河南省地质调查院, 郑州 450001
2. Key Laboratory of Paleomagnetism and Tectonic Reconstruction, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China;
3. Henan Institute of Geological Survey, Zhengzhou 450001, China
华北克拉通南缘豫西地区保存有较为完整的变质结晶基底，其上被中-新元古代沉积盖层不整合覆盖，该套沉积盖层主要包括熊耳群火山-沉积岩系(1.80~1.75Ga)及其上的中-新元古代陆源碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩沉积序列(李钦仲等, 1985；关保德等，1988；河南省地质矿产局，1989；周洪瑞等，1998；高林志，2002；左景勋，2002；赵太平等, 2002, 2004；He et al., 2009；Wang et al., 2010；Cui et al., 2011, 2013)。按照长期以来的地层划分方案，豫西地区中-新元古代沉积地层主要包括嵩萁地区中-新元古代五佛山群、渑池-确山地区中元古代汝阳群和新元古代洛峪群以及熊耳山地区中元古代官道口群和新元古代栾川群等(河南省地质矿产局，1989)，其上被震旦系-寒武系地层不整合覆盖。以往的研究认为豫西地区中-新元古代沉积地层发生在1.8~0.6Ga漫长的时间内(关保德等，1988；河南省地质矿产局，1989；河南省地质科学研究所，1990①；胡健民等，1996；Xiao et al., 1997；周洪瑞等，1998；尹崇玉和高林志，2000；高林志等，2002；Gao et al., 2009)，但是近年来洛峪群洛峪口组凝灰岩夹层的锆石U-Pb年龄(1.61~1.64Ga)限定了该区汝阳群-洛峪群的形成时代为1.75~1.60Ga(苏文博等，2012；苏文博，2016；李承东等，2017)。同时锆石U-Pb年代学研究结果表明燕辽地区中-新元古代沉积主体(长城系、蓟县系和下马岭组)可能在中元古代中期(~1.32Ga)已经结束(高林志等, 2007, 2008; Su et al., 2008；李怀坤等，2009；苏文博等，2010)，华北克拉通中部和南部普遍缺失中元古代中-晚期沉积记录(苏文博，2016)。因此，以往认为的燕辽地区和华北南缘的部分被认为是新元古代的地层应该形成于中元古代，这使得地层的划分和对比发生了较大的变化。
① 河南省地质科学研究所. 1990.河南省栾川群研究. 1-84
近年来很多学者对豫西地区中元古代沉积地层的厘定和构造演化作了大量研究(赵太平等, 2004, 2015；高林志等，2009；苏文博等，2012；Zhang et al., 2016a; 苏文博，2016；Liu et al., 2019)，但由于新元古代地层没有准确的划分，对该地区新元古代的构造演化缺乏进一步的认识。豫西地区新元古代栾川群分布于华北南缘与秦岭造山带相邻的栾川-卢氏地区，沿洛南-栾川断裂带(LL断裂带)分布(图 1)。洛南-栾川断裂带是秦岭造山带与华北克拉通南缘的拼合带，带内发育大量的断层和韧性剪切带，具有左旋斜向俯冲的运动学特征(宋传中等，2009)。目前，大量的年龄数据表明，秦岭、大别-苏鲁造山带和华南板块具有强烈的新元古代早-中期岩浆活动(Li et al., 2003; Zheng et al., 2004, 2008; Zhou et al., 2006, 2009; Yu et al., 2008; Dong et al., 2014; Dong and Santosh, 2016)，并且可能与Rodinia超大陆的裂解有关，但该时期的岩浆活动在华北南缘较少出现。栾川群是目前发现的华北南缘出露最早的新元古代火山-沉积地层，主要由下部的碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩和上部的碱性火山岩组成，形成于浅海-潮坪相沉积环境(蒋干清等，1994)，并有大量辉长岩侵入，已有的研究结果表明其具有多期侵入特征(830Ma和849Ma, Wang et al., 2011; Ling et al., 2015)。栾川群大红口组碱性火山岩以粗面质熔岩为主，前人根据大红口组粗面岩的Sm-Nd、Rb-Sr等时线年龄(682±60Ma和660±29Ma)认为栾川群形成于震旦纪晚期(张宗清等，1991；鲁祖惠等，1994；石铨曾等，1996)，但是年龄误差较大，不能准确限定栾川群的形成时代，且与近期获得的大红口组粗面岩(~860Ma，阎国翰等，2010)和变流纹斑岩(854±8Ma，贾超，2018)的锆石U-Pb年龄相差较大。由于栾川群侵入岩具有多期次侵入特征，已有的年龄不能很好的限定其形成时代，而大红口组火山岩断续分布于华北南缘栾川断裂带附近，延伸约320km(王跃峰，2000)，其是否具有多期次喷发尚不确定。因此，需要对大红口组碱性火山岩的年龄进行精确测定，以更好的限定栾川群的沉积时代。
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图 1 华北克拉通南缘栾川地区地质简图(据河南省地质科学研究所，1990修改) Fig. 1 Simplified geological map of Luanchuan area in the southern margin of the NCC |
为了探讨秦岭造山带新元古代构造演化以及与华北克拉通的构造关系，前人对秦岭造山带内的新元古代岩浆活动做了大量研究，认为北秦岭和华北克拉通南缘在新元古代早期(1000~900Ma)发生碰撞(董云鹏等，2003a；陆松年等，2003；王涛等，2005；丁仨平等，2006；刘会彬等，2006；Dong et al., 2014；Dong and Santosh, 2016)，在~890Ma进入后碰撞伸展演化阶段(张成立等，2004)，844Ma左右北秦岭造山带由碰撞后伸展转换为板内非造山拉张阶段(包志伟等，2008)。华北克拉通南缘发现的栾川群大红口组碱性火山岩和侵入到栾川群的辉长岩具有“双峰式”岩石组合特征，表现为板内裂谷环境(石铨曾等，1996；王跃峰，2000；Wang et al., 2011)，是否与北秦岭同时期的板内非造山事件有关需要进一步研究。因此，精确限定大红口组碱性火山岩的年龄，结合已有的岩石学和地球化学特征以及区域构造分析，对于研究华北南缘新元古代岩浆事件和构造演化及其与北秦岭新元古代构造关系具有重要意义。
1 地质背景华北克拉通自古元古代末最终碰撞拼合之后，发生裂解形成了西北部的渣尓泰-白云鄂博裂谷、东北部的燕辽裂谷和南部的熊耳裂谷，沿着这三大裂谷带发育巨厚的中-新元古代沉积盖层(关保德等，1988；高林志和乔秀夫，1992；李怀坤，1995；赵太平等, 2002, 2004；Lu et al., 2002, 2008；Li et al., 2007；高林志等，2008；胡波等，2009)。华北克拉通南缘沉积盖层非常发育，尤其是与秦岭造山带相邻的栾川地区，沉积盖层分布广泛，主要由熊耳群火山-沉积岩系(赵太平等, 2002, 2004)、中元古代官道口群(Zhu et al., 2011)和新元古代栾川群以及更年轻的沉积地层组成。熊耳群以火山熔岩为主，主要为玄武安山质岩石，夹有火山碎屑岩和沉积岩。官道口群角度不整合覆盖于熊耳群之上，主要由下部的石英砂岩和上部的燧石条带白云岩、泥砂质白云岩和隐晶质白云岩组成，含少量的砂砾页岩，且叠层石发育。
栾川群整合覆盖于官道口群之上，为一套陆源碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩建造，沉积厚度达2000m左右，以含碳质和石煤层为主要特征，沉积环境主要为浅海-潮坪相(蒋干清等，1994)。栾川群自下而上分为三川组、南泥湖组、煤窑沟组和大红口组。三川组上部为条带状大理岩，顶部为绢云钙质片岩，下部为变质砂岩、变质石英砂岩夹千枚岩，底部为含砾变质砂岩；南泥湖组上部为片状大理岩和炭质绢云片岩，局部为云母片岩夹石英岩和大理岩，下部为薄层状细粒石英岩；煤窑沟组上部为白云石大理岩夹千枚岩、含炭大理岩和钙质片岩(河南省地质科学研究所，1990)，中部为白云石大理岩、叠层石大理岩，下部为石英大理岩与石英岩、片岩互层，底部为变质白云细砂岩；大红口组以碱性粗面质熔岩为主，少量粗面质集块岩、角砾岩、凝灰岩和粗玄岩，夹绢云石英片岩和白云石大理岩(图 2)(关保德等，1988；河南省地质矿产局，1989；河南省地质科学研究所，1990；王志宏等，2008)。
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图 2 豫西地区栾川群地质剖面(图 1中的F-F′剖面)(据河南省地质科学研究所, 1990修改) Fig. 2 Representative geological section showing the volcanic rocks and gabbro intrusions within the Neoproterozoic Luanchuan Group in western Henan Province (Line F-F′ in Fig. 1) |
秦岭造山带是扬子板块和华北板块之间的复合造山带，主要包括前寒武纪基底(早前寒武纪深变质结晶基底和中-新元古代浅变质基底)、新元古代-中三叠世受板块构造控制的相关构造岩石单元、中新生代陆内断陷盆地和广泛的岩浆活动(张国伟等，2001)，记录了秦岭造山带不同阶段多种构造运动的性质和特征。以商丹和勉略缝合带为界可划分为北秦岭构造带、南秦岭构造带和扬子板块北缘构造带，与华北克拉通南缘相连的北秦岭构造带呈狭窄带状分布在洛南-栾川断裂带和商丹缝合带之间，北秦岭主要构造单元自北向南依次为宽坪群、二郎坪群、秦岭群、松树沟蛇绿岩和丹凤混杂岩，是秦岭造山带中变形变质、岩浆活动最为强烈的地带，各构造单元之间均以断裂带为界，表现为透镜体状相互拼接在一起(张国伟等，2001；Dong et al., 2011；Shi et al., 2013；Zhao et al., 2015)。
宽坪群呈带状分布于最北部，是北秦岭构造活动带的主要组成部分，其下部主要由斜长角闪岩和绿片岩组成，中部以石英片岩为主，上部主要为大理岩(河南省地质矿产局，1989；张本仁等，2002；李承东等，2018)，变质程度达绿片岩相-角闪岩相。二郎坪群位于宽坪群和秦岭群之间，主体为一套火山-沉积岩系，岩石组合主要为镁铁-超镁铁质杂岩、层状镁铁质熔岩、石英角斑岩及凝灰岩，出现大量碳酸盐岩和硅质岩(张宗清等，1994；孙勇等，1996)，该地层遭受了绿片岩相-低角闪岩相变质作用。秦岭群为该区最古老的结晶基底，主要由黑云母斜长片麻岩、钙硅酸盐和石墨大理岩组成，夹少量变基性岩(张国伟等，2001；张宗清等, 2006；Cao et al., 2017；Shi et al., 2018)。松树沟蛇绿岩总体呈北西向展布的透镜状构造岩片，主要是一套变质的镁铁-超镁铁质岩石，以斜长角闪质或角闪质糜棱岩为主，夹高压基性麻粒岩或石榴单斜辉石岩残块(刘良和周鼎武，1994；董云鹏等，1997；陈丹玲等，2002)。丹凤杂岩主体为变火山岩系，伴随少量变碎屑沉积岩，火山岩以变玄武岩为主，其次为少量变安山岩类(张宗清等，1994；张国伟等，2001；张本仁等，2002)，遭受了绿片岩-角闪岩相变质作用。
2 大红口组岩石学特征粗面岩为大红口组火山岩的主要组成部分，呈青灰-褐红色(图 3)，具变余斑状结构，基质为变余粗面结构。岩石局部发生变质作用，有少量细小的绢云母片。斑晶主要由钾长石及少量石英组成，总体来看，钾长石斑晶大小约0.28~1.94mm，多为微斜长石及条纹长石，局部颗粒隐约可见条纹及格子双晶发育，且晶内裂纹发育普遍；石英斑晶粒径为0.24~0.56mm，部分可见晶内裂纹发育。基质具微粒结构，主要由长石、石英组成，粒径均小于0.20mm，长石基本绢云母化及粘土化强烈，石英局部颗粒发育静态重结晶作用，颗粒间呈平直接触，绢云母呈他形细鳞片状(图 4a)。
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图 3 栾川群大红口组火山岩典型野外照片 Fig. 3 Representative field photographs of the volcanic rocks in the Dahongkou Formation of the Luanchuan Group |
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图 4 栾川群大红口组火山岩显微照片 Q-石英; Kfs-钾长石; Ser-绢云母; Pl-斜长石 Fig. 4 Micrographs of the volcanic rocks in the Dahongkou Formation of the Luanchuan Group Q-quartz; Kfs-K-feldspar; Ser-sericite; Pl-plagioclase |
栾川群南泥湖组大理岩和煤窑沟组片岩中有大量辉长岩侵入(图 2)，而正长斑岩侵入到大红口组片岩中，发生不同程度的蚀变，独居石U-Pb年龄表明其形成于早古生代(作者未发表数据)。正长斑岩呈浅红色，具有斑状结构，块状构造。斑晶主要由钾长石组成，少量的斜长石和石英，斑晶约占全岩含量的35%。其中，钾长石呈板状，裂纹发育，被石英和后期粘土杂质充填，部分发育绢云母化、黏土化和绿帘石化；斜长石聚片双晶发育，发育粘土化、绢云母化；石英晶内裂纹发育，沿裂纹部位充填有后期粘土等杂质。基质具细粒结构，成分与斑晶一致。其中石英呈他形粒状，部分分布于长石裂隙中；钾长石部分发生绢云母化和黏土化；斜长石呈半自形板状；绢云母呈鳞片状，大部分分布于长石周围。副矿物见锆石及磷灰石，另见不透明金属矿物(图 4b)。
3 样品及分析方法本文用于锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄分析的粗面岩样品采自河南省栾川县陶湾镇以北约5km处，样品17Y05-2、18Y015和18Y017的GPS位置分别为33°52′12.0″N/111°27′15.1″E、33°52′16.0″N/111°27′13.7″E和33°52′17.4″N/111°27′14.8″E。
选取新鲜的粗面岩样品破碎到40~60目，然后用常规方法分选锆石，并在双目镜下挑纯。将锆石样品置于环氧树脂中，然后磨至约1/3，使锆石露出核部，用于阴极发光及LA-ICP-MS分析。测试前用体积百分比为3%的HNO3清洗样品表面，以除去样品表面的污染。然后进行透射光和反射光照相，锆石阴极发光照相在武汉上谱分析科技有限责任公司完成。典型阴极发光图像见图 5。
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图 5 栾川群大红口组火山岩锆石CL图像 圆圈内数字为分析点号，碎屑锆石下方数据为其206Pb/238U年龄 Fig. 5 Representative CL images for zircons from the volcanic rocks in the Dahongkou Formation of the Luanchuan Group The numbers in the circles are analytical spots and the data under each photo is 206Pb/238U age |
样品17Y05-2的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb分析在西北大学地质学系大陆动力学国家重点实验室完成。实验条件及方法见参考文献Yuan et al.(2004, 2008)。实验中所使用的激光剥蚀系统为美国相干(Cohernet)公司生产的GeoLas 200M深紫外(DUV)193nm UArF准分子(excimer)激光剥蚀系统，使用的ICP-MS型号为Agilent 7500a。实验中采用的激光斑束直径为32μm。U、Th、Pb及其它微量元素以29Si作为内标，NIST 610作外标进行校正。数据处理采用GLITTER (ver 4.0)程序，年龄计算以标准锆石91500为外标进行同位素比值分馏校正，锆石谐和图用Isoplot程序(ver 3.0)获得(Ludwig, 2003)。
样品18Y015和18Y017的锆石U-Pb同位素分析在武汉上谱分析科技有限责任公司使用Agilent 7700e型ICP-MS进行测试，加载COMPexPro 102 ArF 193nm准分子激光器和MicroLas光学系统。详细的仪器参数和分析流程见Zong et al. (2017)。所测锆石的粒径在80~200μm，采用激光束斑直径和剥蚀频率分别为32μm和5Hz，能量密度为8J/cm2，U-Pb同位素分析处理过程中采用锆石91500和NIST610作外标进行同位素和微量元素分馏校正。数据处理采用软件ICPMSDataCal (Liu et al., 2008, 2010)完成。锆石样品的U-Pb年龄谐和图绘制采用Isoplot程序(ver 3.0)完成(Ludwig, 2003)。
4 分析结果3个粗面岩样品的锆石U-Pb年龄分析结果见表 1。
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表 1 栾川群大红口组火山岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄分析结果 Table 1 LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating results for zircons from the volcanic rocks in the Dahongkou Formation of the Luanchuan Group |
样品17Y05-2分选出的锆石大小不均匀，粒径最小为35μm，最大达到150μm，大多数介于60~120μm之间，形状多为棱角状。阴极发光图像显示，锆石呈现亮白色和灰黑色，大多数锆石岩浆震荡环带比较明显(图 5)。对该样品共测定了27个点，锆石Th/U比值较高(0.31~1.42)，18个测点为继承锆石，其207Pb/206Pb年龄为1550~2217Ma，其中1550~1650Ma的继承锆石较多，与该地区龙王花岗岩体(~1.6Ga；包志伟等，2009；Wang et al., 2013a)、麻坪花岗斑岩的年龄(1583±28Ma和1600±24Ma，邓小芹等，2015；1598±9Ma，柳晓艳，2011)一致。其余9个测点的206Pb/238U年龄为835~846Ma，加权平均年龄为840±4Ma(MSWD=0.35)(图 6)，该9颗锆石的阴极发光图像均匀，环带较明显，其Th/U比值较高(0.54~1.12)，且该样品没有明显的变质变形的特征，应为岩浆结晶锆石，因此206Pb/238U加权平均年龄(840 ± 4Ma)代表了栾川群大红口组火山岩的结晶年龄。
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图 6 栾川群大红口组火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄谐和图 Fig. 6 U-Pb concordia diagrams for zircons from the volcanic rocks in the Dahongkou Formation of the Luanchuan Group |
样品18Y015分选出的锆石较大，粒径为80~180μm，大部分锆石呈次圆状和棱角状，CL图像上大多数锆石显示岩浆震荡环带(图 5)。对该样品共测定了22个点，谐和度均较好，锆石Th/U比值为0.32~1.06。9个测点为继承锆石，其207Pb/206Pb年龄为1554~2142Ma，其中6个点的206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为1542±12Ma(MSWD=1.14)。其余12个测点的206Pb/238U年龄为841~852Ma(去除信号区间较窄的测试点16)，加权平均年龄为845±5Ma(MSWD=0.11)(图 6)，该12颗锆石的阴极发光图像较均匀，多数锆石具有明显的岩浆振荡环带，其Th/U比值较高(0.32~1.06)，显示出岩浆结晶锆石的特点，所以该206Pb/238U加权平均年龄(845±5Ma)应该代表栾川群大红口组火山岩的结晶年龄。
样品18Y017分选出的锆石大小不一，粒径为50~200μm，大部分锆石呈次圆状和棱角状，表现为亮白色和灰黑色，部分锆石具有较明显的岩浆震荡环带(图 5)。对该样品共测定了23个点，谐和度均较好，锆石Th/U比值为0.16~2.05。11个测点为继承锆石，其207Pb/206Pb年龄为1435~2599Ma，其余12个测点的206Pb/238U年龄为841~870Ma，加权平均年龄为846±6Ma(MSWD=0.52)(图 6)，该12颗锆石的阴极发光图像较均匀，呈灰白色和灰黑色，环带较为明显，其Th/U比值较高(0.23~1.21)，为岩浆成因的锆石，所以该206Pb/238U加权平均年龄(846±6Ma)代表了栾川群大红口组火山岩的结晶年龄。
5 讨论 5.1 栾川群的沉积时代栾川群大红口组虽然发现有很多碱性火山岩和正长斑岩、辉长岩等侵入岩，但由于分布相对较少，且适于定年的矿物含量不多，其年龄一直没有很好的限定。张宗清等(1991)测得大红口组粗面岩的Sm-Nd等时线年龄为682±60Ma，Rb-Sr等时线年龄为660±29Ma, 认为时代应属震旦纪。鲁祖惠等(1994)通过磷灰石裂变径迹方法所得到的第二组年龄值(550±38Ma)认为大红口组火成岩的形成年龄应该大于550±38Ma。阎国翰等(2010)在栾川群大红口组碱性粗面岩中获得了约860.3±8.2Ma的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄，认为栾川群主体应早于这一年龄，形成于新元古代青白口纪。由于栾川群内辉长岩侵入体的年龄已经被限定在~849Ma(Ling et al., 2015)和~830Ma(Wang et al., 2011)，因此，栾川群的年龄应早于830Ma。栾川群下伏的官道口群上部白术沟组最年轻的一组碎屑锆石年龄介于1100~1000Ma之间(Liu et al., 2019)，贾超(2018)获得的白术沟组变质沉积岩最年轻的碎屑锆石年龄为991±72Ma，表明栾川群应该晚于1000Ma。苏文博(2016)通过岩性特征和地层叠覆关系以及大红口组碱性火山岩的年龄(~860Ma，阎国翰等，2010)认为栾川群三川组可与鲁山一带的董家组对比，栾川群主体应归属于传统的“青白口系”(1000~850Ma)。本文新获得的3个大红口组碱性火山岩样品的锆石U-Pb年龄为840±4Ma、845±5Ma和846±6Ma，结合阎国翰等(2010)的研究成果，可以限定大红口组火山岩的形成时代主要在840~860Ma，从而限定栾川群的时代为新元古代早期(1000~840Ma)。
5.2 华北南缘与北秦岭新元古代构造意义华北克拉通自~1.85Ga完成最终碰撞拼合，之后经历了四期岩浆活动，分别为~1780Ma的熊耳群火山岩和基性岩墙(赵太平等, 2002, 2004；Peng et al., 2005, 2008; He et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2010；胡国辉等, 2010)、1720~1620Ma的非造山岩浆组合(杨进辉等, 2005; Zhang et al., 2007; 高维等, 2008; Zhao and Zhou, 2009; 张拴宏等, 2013)、~1320Ma的辉绿岩床(Zhang et al., 2009, 2012a, b, 2017; 李怀坤等, 2009)和~900Ma的镁铁质岩墙群(Wang et al., 2011; Peng et al., 2014; 翟明国等，2014；Zhai et al., 2015)。邵济安等(2002)认为华北克拉通存在1.8~1.7Ga、1.3~1.2Ga和0.8~0.7Ga三次伸展事件，阎国翰等(2007)提出华北克拉通板内拉张性岩浆作用分别与哥伦比亚(Columbia)和罗迪尼亚(Rodinia)超大陆的拉张裂解事件有关。已有的研究资料表明，华北克拉通古元古代末-中元古代岩浆活动的频率强度大，空间分布广，但是新元古代岩浆活动较为局限，主要分布于华北克拉通东南缘(邵济安等，2002; Peng et al., 2011a, b; 王清海等，2011; Zhai et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2016b)，而华北南缘的新元古代岩浆活动较少，主要为豫西地区栾川群大红口组火山岩和侵入栾川群的辉长岩等。栾川群大红口组火山岩高硅(SiO2=60%~67%)、富钾(K2O=6%~10%)(王跃峰，2000)，与辉长岩(SiO2=44.8%~50.1%，Wang et al., 2011)构成典型的双峰系列，地球化学特征均表明其形成于板内裂谷环境(石铨曾等，1996；王跃峰，2000；Wang et al., 2011)。由于栾川群所处的地理位置的特殊性和复杂性，其与秦岭-大别造山带的构造演化关系密切。
秦岭造山带是华北陆块与扬子陆块之间的汇聚带，以蛇绿岩、微陆块和强烈的构造推覆为特点，经历了自中元古代以来多次的板块碰撞和分离过程(Meng and Zhang, 2000; 董云鹏等，2003a；包志伟等，2008；Dong and Santosh, 2016)，其内部被北部商丹缝合带和南部勉略缝合带分割成北秦岭、南秦岭和南部扬子地块北缘带。已有的研究表明，北秦岭至新元古代早期为一独立地体(Dong and Santosh, 2016; Yu et al., 2016; Cao et al., 2017; Shi et al., 2018)，在980~900Ma发生碰撞造山事件(陆松年等，2003；王涛等，2005；丁仨平等，2006；刘会彬等，2006)，北秦岭商洛地区形成于碰撞后构造环境的蔡凹花岗岩体(889±10Ma)，是秦岭新元古代碰撞造山强烈挤压之后碰撞阶段岩浆作用的产物(张成立等，2004)。包志伟等(2008)通过总结秦岭造山带新元古代的岩浆活动认为890~860Ma秦岭造山带进入碰撞后伸展构造演化阶段，北秦岭方城碱性正长岩(~844Ma)具有板内裂谷环境岩浆岩的地球化学特征，形成于板内非造山构造环境，表明北秦岭可能在~844Ma已经完成了由碰撞后向板内非造山拉张构造环境的转变(包志伟等，2008)。北秦岭860~710Ma的岩浆活动记录较少，主要分布在南秦岭和扬子陆块周边地区，发育有大量与拉张环境有关的双峰式岩浆活动(Li et al., 2002；陆松年等，2003；Ling et al., 2003；李献华等，2005；Wang et al. 2012)。
前人对华北克拉通和秦岭造山带中-新元古代岩浆活动做了大量的研究和对比，探讨两者的构造演化关系。张本仁等(1998)和董云鹏等(2003a)认为北秦岭于中元古代早期拼接到华北克拉通南缘，在1300~1000Ma发生扩张裂解，形成宽坪裂谷-洋盆构造。松树沟蛇绿岩的存在则表明1000Ma以前华北克拉通和扬子克拉通之间存在一洋盆(古秦岭洋)，全岩Sm-Nd等时线年龄(~1030Ma)和Nd模式年龄(1271~1440Ma)限定了古洋盆存在时限大约为1.0~1.4Ga(董云鹏等, 1997, 2003b)。秦岭杂岩中的长英质高压麻粒岩(矿物对Sm-Nd等时线年龄为983±140Ma，李曙光等，1991；刘良等，1996)和大量同碰撞型花岗岩的发现(裴先治等, 1996, 2003；陆松年等，2003)表明华北克拉通、北秦岭和扬子克拉通在新元古代早期(1000~900Ma)汇聚靠拢，北秦岭再次拼贴于华北克拉通南缘(Dong and Santosh, 2016)，可能与Rodinia超大陆聚合的造山过程有关(陆松年等, 2003, 2004; Wang et al., 2003, 2013a)。北秦岭新元古代早期主要有979~911Ma和889~844Ma两期岩浆活动，分别形成于碰撞/同碰撞和碰撞后构造背景(Wang et al., 2013b; Dong et al., 2014; Dong and Santosh, 2016)。商洛地区蔡凹花岗岩体(889±10Ma)表明秦岭在~ 890Ma由主碰撞挤压转向后碰撞伸展演化阶段(张成立等，2004)。华北南缘形成于板内裂谷环境的栾川群火山岩(840~860Ma)和辉长岩(830Ma和849Ma)与北秦岭形成于板内非造山构造环境的方城碱性正长岩(~844Ma)等岩浆活动共同指示了华北南缘与北秦岭在新元古代早期已经碰撞拼合，而在~845Ma均处于板内拉张阶段。
6 结论(1) 华北克拉通南缘栾川群大红口组碱性火山岩以粗面质岩石为主，粗面岩主要由钾长石和石英组成，高硅富钾，与侵入到栾川群的辉长岩构成典型的双峰式岩石组合。
(2) 栾川群大红口组三个粗面岩样品的锆石年龄为840±4Ma、845±5Ma和846±6Ma，结合已有的栾川群下伏地层最年轻的碎屑锆石年龄(~1000Ma)，限定栾川群的形成时代为新元古代早期(1000~840Ma)。
(3) 栾川群大红口组碱性火山岩形成于板内裂谷环境，与北秦岭同时期的岩浆活动指示了华北南缘与北秦岭在~845Ma均处于板内拉张阶段。
致谢 野外工作和样品测试得到了中国科学院广州地球化学研究所赵太平研究员、河南省地质调查院韩江伟高级工程师和西北大学第五春荣教授的大力帮助；王孝磊教授、包志伟研究员、彭头平研究员、祝禧艳副研究员和周艳艳副研究员对本文提出了宝贵的修改意见；在此表示衷心感谢！
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