裂变径迹低温热年代学(Fission Track Low Temperature Thermochronology)技术广泛用于造山带隆升研究中,近年来裂变技术和(U-Th)/He技术相结合,对造山带内岩石经历的热历史进行有效约束,对地质体的隆升时间、隆升过程及构造活动时间都能进行定量化限定。
裂变径迹作为新兴的热年代学技术方法,其低封闭温度(如磷灰石为100℃,锆石为250℃)可有效记录地质体经历低温范围内的相关信息,给出构造热事件最后阶段的热演化信息,在地质研究领域中的应用不断扩展,取得新进展(陈小宇等, 2016; 雷永良等, 2008; Yuan et al., 2003, 2006, 2009, 2019; Fellin et al., 2006; Tagami, 2005; Cheng et al., 2018; Li et al., 2019; Lin et al., 2019)。国内外大量研究从不同角度刻划青藏高原的隆升剥蚀过程,解决诸多实际地质问题,其中裂变径迹技术发挥了重要作用,目前对于三江地区的低温热年代学的相关报道并不多,尤其是锆石裂变径迹年代学数据更是鲜有。
西南“三江”地区位于青藏高原东南缘,处欧亚板块与印度板块结合部东侧,在空间上兼具南北两大板块特征,属东特提斯构造带南部巨型弯转地带,在漫长地质演化过程中,构造岩浆活动频繁而强烈,成矿条件优越,是目前特提斯构造动力学研究的热点地区(邓军等, 2012)。三江地区经历原特提斯、古特提斯、中特提斯和新特提斯消亡和陆陆碰撞等大陆岩石圈和大洋岩石圈两种构造体制之间的转换,诸如泛非期原特提斯消亡,加里东期陆内造山,晚海西-印支、燕山和喜马拉雅期俯冲碰撞造山等多次构造事件(刘增乾等, 1993; 李兴振等, 1999; 潘桂棠等, 2003),完整记录超级大陆裂解→增生→碰撞等特提斯演化过程。
三江造山带的成矿作用和造山机制研究一直是当前研究的热点问题,是全球特提斯构造域研究中的重要组成部分。三江特提斯经历了晚古生代特提斯构造演化向新生代大陆碰撞造山的叠加改造过程,伴随多次大规模多期成矿作用,形成众多金属矿床,目前对于三江造山带的成矿作用研究取得多项进展,诸如三江地区研究目前主要涉及成矿动力学背景(Hou et al., 2007),增生造山成矿系统(Deng et al., 2010, 2014a, b),碰撞造山成矿系统(Wang et al., 2016; Deng et al., 2014c),构造体制转换与复合叠加成矿作用(Deng et al., 2014a, d),成矿预测理论和勘查技术集成(Zhang et al., 2014; Deng et al., 2010),岩浆岩组合及时空分布(Mo et al., 1994; 莫宣学等, 2001, 2003; Cao et al., 2016),成岩成矿(Wang et al., 2014a; Zhang et al., 2017),特提斯开合演化历史(He et al., 2018; Liuzeng et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2018; Deng et al., 2018)等方面,成为当前整个青藏高原研究程度较高的地区。相关研究多集中于成矿作用,聚焦在义敦岛弧俯冲带内斑岩矿床(Yang et al., 2014, 2017a)和元素地球化学及其构造属性(Zi et al., 2012a, b; Peng et al., 2013),对俯冲-碰撞演化过程的年代学约束不够,积累的年代学数据不够多(Barr et al., 2000; Cao et al., 2016; 姜丽莉等, 2015; 冷成彪等, 2008; 曾普胜等, 2006),难以对构造事件提供精确而完整的年代学制约。热年代学手段以锆石U-Pb、独居石U-Th-Pb定年(邱昆峰和杨立强, 2011; 杨立强等, 2010)等常规方法,运用裂变径迹年代学的研究内容鲜有报道(Reid et al., 2005; Liuzeng et al., 2018; Tian et al., 2014)。
“三江”南段地区作为特提斯构造带东南突出的弧形山脉(岛弧)组成部分,其构造现象丰富、构造单元出露全面,在特提斯构造域形成演化时空、迁移规律和构造特征研究中,具有极强的代表性,是巨型复合造山带的理想研究区。本文通过对中咱地块-义敦岛弧不同层位露头样品的锆石进行裂变径迹分析,对区内中生代构造活动进行探讨,揭示三江南段义敦岛弧、中咱陆块及其相关地区侏罗纪以来经历的构造热事件,建立构造热演化事件时间格架,为三江南段构造演化历史研究提供精确的年代学证据,以期为深入认识三江地区构造演变过程与机理提供新佐证。
1 地质概况本文研究区跨越两个不同的构造单元,分别为义敦岛弧和中咱地块,是三江特提斯多岛弧盆系统的重要组成部分,是研究三江特提斯构造演化的重要窗口。研究区是青藏高原南缘部分向坝区过渡地带,属于西南“三江”南段,区内地质构造复杂,是晚古生代以来喜马拉雅期冈瓦纳大陆与欧亚大陆挤压作用极强烈地段之一。大地构造位置属于义敦岛弧构造-岩浆-成矿带南端和中咱地块结合部位(图 1)。
三江巨型复合造山带由岛弧、地块及走滑运动形成的碎块组成,其形成与演化经历复杂地球动力学过程,时空变化迁移规律错综复杂。伴随“三江”地区复合造山带的演变,多种构造-岩浆活动、变质作用并存,区内矿产的形成与分布创造广泛,分布众多金属矿如Cu(Mo)、Ni、Pb、Zn、Nb、Sn(W)、Ta、Au、Ag、Pt等。
义敦岛弧为西南三江最大火山弧,呈南北向展布于三江特提斯多岛弧盆系东缘,夹持于松潘-甘孜地体和羌塘地块之间,向西为金沙江缝合带,东与甘孜理塘缝合带相接,呈南北向展布,北从四川德格,南至云南中甸,是一条长500km、宽90~150km的NNW展布的构造岩浆带。带内出露上元古界-新生界地层,其中侏罗纪与白垩纪地层缺失,而三叠纪地层出露面积占全区总面积的80%以上,第三系和第四系零星出露。义敦岛弧经历印支期洋壳俯冲造山、燕山期弧-陆碰撞和造山后伸展、喜马拉雅期走滑转换,形成当今的复合造山带。晚二叠世-晚三叠世早期形成甘孜-理塘洋盆,晚三叠世末期开始向西大规模俯冲消减于中咱地块之下,相应在西侧形成义敦弧(Mo et al., 1994)。大致以北纬30°为界,其北部古洋盆东侧为松潘-甘孜地体,西侧为厚度20~23km拉张减薄的过渡性地壳;南部古洋盆东侧为扬子陆块,西侧为较大厚度的地壳。这种东、西区域构造差异性(可能与板片撕裂有关)使得洋壳板片向西俯冲的角度不同,北段洋壳板片高角度俯冲于张性弧(昌台弧),发育VMS型和浅成低温热液型多金属矿床;南段洋壳板片由于扬子地块向西推挤而低角度缓俯冲形成压性弧(中甸弧),发育斑岩和矽卡岩型矿床(侯增谦等, 2001)。碰撞造山作用阶段,发育同碰撞花岗岩,此时岛弧地壳挤压收缩和剪切应变作用下形成复杂变形构造(李文昌等, 2010)。甘孜-理塘洋盆在晚三叠世末期沿俯冲带收缩为残余盆地,义敦岛弧主体开始隆升,局部地区接受河道沉积,构成磨拉石-杂陆屑建造(侯增谦等, 2001)。造山后伸展作用阶段以燕山早期板内长英质火山岩分布在义敦弧北段,以及分布在弧后区近陆一侧燕山晚期A型花岗岩(曲晓明等, 2003)。造山后伸展可能与造山带去根作用或下地壳拆沉作用有关,下部热的软流圈上涌,诱发地壳部分熔融造成大规模岩浆作用(Bird, 1979; Kay et al., 1994)。喜马拉雅期陆内碰撞造山作用使得青藏高原隆起,此时其东缘三江地区义敦岛弧发生逆冲-推覆作用和大规模走滑平移活动、喜马拉雅期花岗岩侵位、拉分盆地形成,也是青藏高原碰撞隆起作用的远程效应(李文昌等, 2011)。
中咱地块夹在义敦岛弧带和金沙江带之间,系甘孜-理塘洋开启并裂离扬子陆块而成为独立的微板块,受印度洋板块、欧亚板块相互作用影响,区域地质构造复杂多变。受到区内逆冲断层的影响,地层出露不完整,地块中段的巴塘-得荣、南段巨甸-石鼓及北段盖玉附近出露古生界地层。中咱陆块和昌都陆块之间的碰撞,使得区内发育一系列近南北向的短轴背、向斜构造,古生代地层发生褶皱变形,晚三叠地层呈不整合覆于其上;岩浆岩从加里东期到印支期主要出露喷出岩,华里西期到喜山期以中酸性侵入岩为主(王全伟等, 2008),区内的变质岩极为发育,金沙江断裂带以东广泛分布变质程度较深的区域变质岩,为浅变质的绢云母-绿泥石相;在挤压破碎带及断裂附近分布以构造角砾岩、糜棱岩、碎裂岩等不同类型的动力变质岩。晚三叠世中晚期,甘孜-理塘洋壳向德钦-中甸陆块下俯冲,中咱地块东缘由被动边缘转化为活动边缘。自东向西沿俯冲方向形成昌台-乡城岛弧带和义敦弧后盆地。
2 样品与测试 2.1 样品本文获得测试结果的样品总计12件,样品采集于中咱地块和义敦岛弧,大多数样品位于中咱地块,分布在中甸县纳帕海-桥头断裂两侧,总体延伸呈近于垂直构造带。其中样品YN06取自中三叠统北衙组(T2b)地层,岩性以灰岩夹砂岩为主;YN07和YN12分别取自中泥盆统穷错组(D2qc)和古道领组(D2g),岩性以灰岩夹片岩为主;YN15和YN16取自下泥盆统何元寨组(D1h),主要岩性为厚层状泥灰岩,夹斜长角闪岩、白云岩、片岩、板岩和砂砾岩;其余样品采于震旦系巨甸岩群(Pt3J),岩性以千枚岩、片岩以及变质砂板岩为主。
2.2 测试方法采集的全岩样品通过常规方法进行粉碎、淘洗、烘干,进行粗选-电磁选-重液选等手段,提纯并分离出锆石单矿物颗粒。选矿工作在河北省区域地质矿产调查所实验室完成。
采集的样品通过锆石裂变径迹分析,计获得12件样品测试结果。实验室首先将锆石颗粒固定在聚四氟乙丙烯透明塑料片上,制作成光薄片,研磨抛光揭示矿物颗粒内表面。将锆石样片在210℃下KOH+NaOH高温熔融物内蚀刻20~35h,揭示自发径迹(Yuan et al., 2003, 2006)。将低铀白云母片作为外探测器盖在光薄片上,与CN2(锆石)标准铀玻璃(Bellemans et al., 1995)一并接受热中子辐照(Yuan et al., 2006)。在25℃条件下40% HF中蚀刻白云母外探测器20min揭示诱发径迹。最后在高精度光学显微镜100倍物镜下观测统计裂变径迹。应用IUGS推荐的Zeta常数标定法计算出裂变径迹中心年龄。根据标准锆石矿物的测定,加权平均得出Zeta常数值(Hurford and Green, 1983; Hurford, 1990)。本次试验获得的锆石样Zeta常数为(90.9±2.8)a/cm2。
2.3 测试结果样品测试结果表明,12个锆石裂变径迹年龄分布在75.6±12.9Ma~165.3±15.7Ma之间(表 1),样品的径迹年龄直方图及单颗粒年龄分布见图 2。
锆石裂变径迹年龄总体变化幅度不大。中心年龄与池年龄在误差范围也基本一致。锆石样品裂变径迹表观年龄总体上均小于区内岩体形成年龄,说明岩体上升侵位过程中冷却并于侏罗纪纪缓慢通过部分退火带,且其后区内发生的构造-热事件均未达到锆石裂变径迹封闭温度(250℃),锆石未完全退火,因此,样品裂变径迹年龄结果反映研究区所经历的地质热事件。借助Green et al. (1986)提供的方法计算误差,对所测单颗粒年龄是否属于同一年龄组概率进行评价,当P(χ2)大于5,表明各单颗粒年龄差别属于统计误差范围之内;当P(χ2) < 5,表明单颗粒年龄不均匀分布,可能存在多个总体、物源或成因复杂,此时基于泊松变异的常规分析无效,只能借助于平均年龄,本次研究的12个样品中,YN15、YN16、YN22、YN27等4个样品P(χ2) < 5。应用Binomfit软件(Brandon, 1992, 1996)对其径迹年龄进行分解,其中YN15锆石径迹年龄分解为两组拟合年龄89.1±6.3Ma和142.7±7.7Ma;YN16径迹年龄分解为三组拟合年龄75.6±12.9Ma,99.2±11.4Ma和126.3±11.7Ma;YN20分解为100.3±5.9Ma和127.2±9.6Ma;YN22分解为102.3±13.3Ma和165.3±15.7Ma;YN27分解为98.6±16.7Ma和134.2±19.3Ma(图 3)。
锆石裂变径迹体系(ZFT)的封闭温度可作为一个有用的热年代学计,可揭示汇聚造山带长期剥蚀历史。造山带岩石具有相对清晰的冷却模式,并与构造热事件和剥蚀作用有关。值得引起注意的是,不同年龄和遭受不同程度辐射损伤的锆石,曾受到低温热扰动事件影响,在这种情况下,矿物的非均相退火(heterogeneous annealing)和部分退火机制会导致年龄分布较分散,甚至在所有颗粒都经历相同热历史的深成岩中也是如此。辐射损伤的微小变化会带来单颗粒之间U+Th浓度的差异,进而影响其退火动力学机制,而这种退火效应往往出现在经历多次构造热事件扰动的造山带中(Garver et al., 2005)。
其余的8个样品的P(χ2)>5%,单颗粒年龄直方图为较为典型的单峰式分布,表明属于同一年龄组,各个样品的裂变径迹年龄都可反映相应构造热事件,有确切地质意义(袁万明等, 2002)。单颗粒年龄直方图显示年龄分布范围较大,根据年龄值分布特征,并结合研究区所经历的构造活动,将裂变径迹年龄值分为6组:165Ma、144Ma、135~134Ma、126~108Ma、102~89Ma和76Ma(图 4)。
西南三江特提斯造山带形成演化经历了古生代与中生代古特提斯、中特提斯和新特提斯洋盆开合过程,并伴随由洋盆闭合引发的增生造山以及新生代-印度欧亚大陆汇聚导致的碰撞造山作用。本文取得的锆石裂变径迹年龄变化于165~76Ma之间,是区内所经历构造活动的记录。这些年龄值由多个细分年龄组构成,即165Ma、144Ma、135~134Ma、126~108Ma、102~89Ma和76Ma。不同年龄组即是不同构造热事件发生发展的反映,又是对相关构造事件时限的制约。
(1) 165Ma:班公湖-怒江洋形成阶段。晚三叠世以来,甘孜-理塘洋壳向西俯冲,义敦岛弧开始形成,发育弧火山-复理沉积建造。三叠世末,甘孜-理塘洋关闭,整个川西地区全面抬升成陆,开始进入中特提斯晚期演化阶段。随着甘孜-理塘洋盆的关闭,于早、中侏罗世形成怒江洋。165Ma正是怒江洋处于形成时代。冈底斯地块产出的系列斑岩型Cu-Au矿中Re-Os年龄为177~170Ma,同时产出大量184~158Ma钙碱性熔岩和花岗杂岩体,形成长500km的岩浆弧(杨志明等, 2011; Lang et al., 2014; Hou and Zhang, 2015),这正是班公湖-怒江洋盆向冈底斯地块俯冲的产物。与之同时,雅鲁藏布江洋盆此时亦打开,形成所谓南北两支新特提斯洋(Hou and Zhang, 2015; Pan et al., 2012)。
(2) 144Ma:班公湖-怒江洋开始闭合。晚侏罗世班公湖-怒江洋壳俯冲、碰撞,直至闭合。144Ma记录开始关闭时间。印缅岭蛇绿岩带锆石U-Pb年龄及Hf同位素研究表明,洋壳形成或洋底变质作用的时间为163Ma,洋-洋俯冲闭合时间为147Ma(邓军等, 2011; Shi et al., 2009),这与本文164Ma和144Ma的锆石裂变径迹年龄一致。Wang et al. (2014b)通过羌塘-拉萨碰撞带研究,证实从140Ma开始发生自东向西的穿时碰撞。
(3) 135~134Ma:雅鲁藏布江洋形成。侏罗纪末(144Ma)班公湖-怒江洋的闭合,使得雅鲁藏布江地体与冈瓦纳被动大陆边缘分离,进而于早白垩世(135~134Ma)形成雅鲁藏布江新特提斯洋(Hou et al., 2011; Stampfli and Borel, 2002)。从135~134Ma起,雅鲁藏布江洋壳开始进入俯冲阶段。此时在德兴斑岩Cu矿区形成与Pb-Zn-Ag有关的145~125Ma英安质火山-次火山岩(Hou et al., 2011)。此时在德兴斑岩Cu矿区形成与Pb-Zn-Ag有关的145~125Ma英安质火山-次火山岩(Hou et al., 2011)。
(4) 126~108Ma:班公湖-怒江洋闭合与雅鲁藏布江洋俯冲消减。班公湖-怒江洋最终闭合,完成拉萨地体与羌塘地体的碰撞拼合过程。同时,雅鲁藏布江新特提斯洋向北俯冲,在拉萨地体南部边缘形成冈底斯安第斯型岩浆弧,伴随白垩纪末新特提斯洋的闭合,该岩浆弧向欧亚大陆南部边缘增生(莫宣学等, 2003; Hou et al., 2006; Shahabpour, 2005)。上述144Ma年龄与本阶段的关系,在于前者开始进入硬碰撞闭合阶段,而本年龄组126~108Ma代表最后碰撞闭合过程。之所以记录到两个年龄组144Ma和126~108Ma,可能体现班公湖-怒江洋闭合作用总体发生在早白垩世,并具有阶段性,即萨地体与羌塘地体的碰撞拼合以早白垩世的早、晚期为主。冈底斯地体发育约110Ma的火山岩(Zhu et al., 2013; Chen et al., 2014),腾冲地块发育锆石U-Pb年龄为127~115Ma的花岗岩(Cong et al., 2011; Xu et al., 2012; Deng et al., 2014a),都是新特提斯洋盆消亡过程的体现(Hou and Zhang, 2015)。雅鲁藏布江洋关闭是印度板块与拉萨板块碰撞拼合的结果,标志着区内中特提斯演化阶段的结束。在雅鲁藏布江中生代缝合带保留有大量洋壳残余物(蛇绿岩和混杂岩),记录着曾经的洋盆环境(Hou et al., 2011; Şengör AMC and Natal'in, 1996; Sorkhabi and Heydari, 2008)。
(5) 102~89Ma:陆内碰撞。义敦岛弧和中咱地块晚白垩世约100~81Ma发育高SiO2贫Ba、Sr、Eu花岗岩,属于陆内碰撞成因(Wang et al., 2014a, 2016; Cao et al., 2016)。拉萨地体-羌唐地体此时同样处于陆内碰撞环境。燕山期强烈的成岩成矿规模,诸如热林蚀变花岗斑岩及其(钨)钼矿、红山隐伏斑岩及其(铜)钼矿、铜厂沟(铜)钼矿等,也表明燕山期存在一次由增生造山向碰撞造山构造动力体制转换(李文昌等, 2011)。燕山期S型花岗岩的侵入,为带内浅成低温热液型金矿的形成提供了充足的热动力条件,促使蛇绿混杂岩含矿建造中的金活化转移,在有利的构造-岩性部位聚集成矿。
(6) 76Ma:伸展阶段。随着班公湖-怒江洋闭合,印度板块向欧亚板块的俯冲以及东部扬子地块的阻挡,导致青藏高原全面隆升和造山构造活动,三江地区地壳被挤压和强烈缩短、地体被强烈挤出并向南或南东逃逸,形成大规模逆冲推覆、走滑、深部韧性剪切和拆离滑脱构造活动,并伴随强烈的构造岩浆活动和成矿作用,形成许多金属矿产。白垩纪经历后造山伸展作用,义敦岛弧中、北段发育A型花岗岩及矽卡岩型锡矿(侯增谦等, 2003)。义敦岛弧燕山晚期造山后伸展环境下的花岗岩浆侵入活动集中在~80Ma,与区内成矿作用同期,例如红山大型斑岩铜钼矿区岩体锆石U-Pb年龄77Ma和79Ma,辉钼矿Re-Os矿化年龄77Ma和80Ma(Yang et al., 2017b)。红山矿区花岗斑岩锆石U-Pb年龄81.1±0.5Ma(王新松等, 2011)。Queershan-Cilincuo belt晚白垩世A型花岗岩发育(Qu et al., 2002; Wu et al., 2016),中甸地区乡城措莫隆钾长花岗岩Ar-Ar年龄为77Ma(吕伯西等, 1993),腾冲地块中部与多个热液Sn-W矿床有关的A型花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄为76~68Ma(Xu et al., 2012; Deng et al., 2014d),这些都是区内此次伸展阶段的产物,与残余洋片重熔有关。羌塘地体南部存在的80~76Ma富钾岩浆岩,亦是岩石圈拆沉的结果(Li et al., 2013)。
总之,在锆石裂变径迹年龄165~76Ma期间,虽然中咱地块和义敦岛弧处于陆内演化过程,但是,这些年龄和年龄组却较好地揭示了三江地区新特提斯构造-岩浆热事件,特别是对班公湖-怒江洋盆形成、俯冲、闭合以及拉萨-羌塘地块陆内碰撞,扩展了具体的时限制约。
4 结论本文工作穿越三江特提斯域义敦岛弧和中咱地块,通过对不同构造部位样品的锆石裂变径迹热年代学分析,获得新特提斯构造演化过程的新证据。
(1) 所获得锆石裂变径迹年龄为165~76Ma,可划分为165Ma、144Ma、135~134Ma、126~108Ma、102~89Ma和76Ma多个年龄组。
(2) 年龄165Ma和144Ma揭示怒江洋盆形成阶段和最终俯冲关闭的时间,而135~134Ma和126~108Ma年龄组较好地记录雅鲁藏布江洋开始裂开俯冲与逐步俯冲闭合的时间。洋盆开合的同时,均伴随系列火山喷发-岩浆侵入活动及其成矿作用。
(3) 年龄102~89Ma是继雅鲁藏布江洋闭合之后,在拉萨-羌塘地块乃至松潘-甘孜地块发生陆内碰撞时限;年龄76Ma反映晚期陆内伸展作用。特提斯域进入陆内演化之后,是大规模成矿作用时期。
致谢 谨以此文祝贺翟裕生院士九十华诞。翟院士在成矿系统理论和找矿实践领域取得的科研成就令人叹服,他精益求精、不折不挠的治学精神使人肃然起敬,他胸怀家国天下的情怀值得我们终身学习。同时,感谢参与和支持本文工作的各位同仁。
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