岩石学报  2017, Vol. 33 Issue (1): 1-15   PDF    
伊宁地块石炭纪火山岩及其对构造演化的约束
李永军1,2, 吴乐1, 李书领1, 李甘雨1, 沈锐1, 李钊1, 王祚鹏1, 汪振宇1     
1. 长安大学地球科学与资源学院, 西安 710054;
2. 国土资源部岩浆作用成矿与找矿重点实验室, 西安 710054
摘要: 西天山伊宁地块的构造格局及其演化之认识久存争议,倍受关注。分歧焦点有三:①石炭纪有无洋盆存在?②若有洋盆,何时闭合?③“沟-弧-盆”消亡时究竟是单向俯冲还是双向俯冲?若是单向俯冲,俯冲方向是由北向南或是相反(即俯冲极性)?因此,这些重大地质问题均聚焦于本区的火山岩。石炭纪火山岩是伊宁地块中的最主要建造和指示构造演化的关键层位,争论长久而激烈。本文认为,伊宁地块早石炭世发育弧前-岛弧-弧后盆地钙碱性火山-沉积建造,是塔里木板块北缘的主要组成部分;而晚石炭世碱性系列双峰式火山岩及其沉积组合则是大陆裂谷火山-沉积建造,形成于区域性伸展构造环境,是准噶尔板块与塔里木板块缝合后的陆内建造,因而古洋盆的关闭时限是早石炭世晚期(鄯善运动)。依据区内早石炭世建造的空间分布和变化规律,作者们认为古天山洋盆与当今地学界作为典型的日本沟-弧-盆体系有着极好的相似性和空间分布可对比性。石炭纪火山岩为本区的构造演化研究提供了重要的约束信息。
关键词: 火山岩     古构造格局与演化     石炭纪     伊宁地块     西天山    
Tectonic evolution of Yining Block: Insights from Carboniferous volcanic rocks
LI YongJun1,2, WU Le1, LI ShuLing1, LI GanYu1, SHEN Rui1, LI Zhao1, WANG ZuoPeng1, WANG Zhen Yu1     
1. Earth Science & Resources College, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China;
2. Key Laboratory for the Study of Focused Magmatism and Giant Ore Deposits, MLR, Xi'an 710054, China
Abstract: Although the Yining Block has long been focused on, specifics of the evolution and configuration during Carboniferous are still debated. There are three main controversial views. First one focuses on whether or not the Tianshan oceanic basin existed in Carboniferous. Second one is, if the oceanic basin existed, when closed it is. Meanwhile, the third topic is about the polarity of subduction. Therefore, these significant geologic issues focus on volcanic rocks. Carboniferous volcanic rocks are widespread in Yining Block; this association plays a key role for tectonic evolution, with acute controversies for a long time. This study showed that calc-alkaline volcano-sedimentary rocks were developed during Early Carboniferous in fore-arc-inter-arc-back-arc basin system in Yining Block from Tarim plate. By contrast, Late Carboniferous bimodal volcanic rocks and sedimentary association formed within regional extension tectonic setting and show affinity with continental rift, a responsible for intra-continental geological processes after the assembling of the Junggar and Tarim blocks. These observations suggest that the ancient oceanic basin should be close in late Early Carboniferous. The temporal-spatial distribution, which of the Early Carboniferous volcanic-sedimentary rock association, suggest that Tianshan ancient oceanic basin in Early Carboniferous is similar with the mordent typical trench-arc-basin system from Japan. Moreover, Carboniferous volcanic rocks provide the momentous information to restrict tectonic evolution in Yining Block.
Key words: Volcanic rocks     Ancient tectonic framework and evolution     Carboniferous     Yining Block     West Tianshan    

天山造山带位于中亚造山带(CAOB, Şengör et al., 1993; Jahn et al., 2000; Windley et al., 2007; Xiao et al., 2010, 2015; Wilhem et al., 2012; Kröner et al., 2014; Xiao and Santosh, 2014)西南缘(图 1a),是一个重要的晚古生代碰撞造山带(Windley et al., 1990; Gao et al., 1998)和典型的增生型造山带(Xiao et al., 2009)。其中伊宁地块(本文所述的伊宁地块不同于“Yili Block” (Wang et al., 2006, 2008, 2009) or “Yili-Central Tianshan” (Gao et al., 1998; 高俊等, 2009),因Borohara Fault之北,NTF断裂之南这一区域(Borohara tectonic zone)的地层主要为早古生界而非晚古生界(与CTT大致可对比,图d),故将其单独分出,即本文的Yining Massif是前人的Yili Block剔出北部Borohara tectonic zone后所剩下的区域,图 1c, d)自西向东呈楔形尖灭,南北各有古生代叠加岛弧带与准噶尔板块和塔里木板块相隔(图 1b),具有复杂造山演化历史。

图 1 伊宁地块地质简图(a, 中亚造山带构造位置示意图据Jahn et al., 2000) 1-第四系;2-下-中侏罗统;3-中-上三叠统;4-上二叠统;5-下二叠统;6-下石炭统;7-上石炭统玄武岩和安山岩;8-下石炭统安山岩和流纹岩;9-泥盆系安山岩;10-青白口系;11-蓟县系;12-长城系;13-二叠纪辉长岩;14-二叠纪辉长岩脉;15-二叠纪花岗闪长岩;16-二叠纪闪长岩;17-二叠纪花岗岩;18-二叠纪石英二长岩;19-二叠纪花岗斑岩;20-二叠纪正长岩;21-石炭纪闪长岩;22-石炭纪花岗闪长岩;23-石炭纪闪长斑岩;24-石炭纪花岗岩;25-石炭纪石英二长岩;26-泥盆纪闪长岩;27-泥盆纪花岗闪长岩;28-泥盆纪花岗岩;29-早元古代序列;30-地质界线;31-断层;32-公路;33-角度不整合;34-风暴岩位置; 35-图 2中的样品位置 Fig. 1 Geological sketch map of Yining Block (a, simplified tectonic sketch of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt after Jahn et al., 2000) 1-Quaternary; 2-Lower-Middle Jurassic; 3-Middle-Upper Triassic; 4-Upper Permian; 5-Lower Permian; 6-Lower Carboniferous; 7-Upper Carboniferous basalt and andesite; 8-Lower Carboniferous rhyolite and andesite; 9-Devonian andesite; 10-Qingbaikou System; 11-Jixian System; 12-Changcheng System; 13-Permian gabbro; 14-Permian gabbro dyke; 15-Permian granodiorite; 16-Permian diorite; 17-Permian granite; 18-Permian quartz monzonite; 19-Permian granite porphyry; 20-Permian syenite; 21-Carboniferous diorite; 22-Carboniferous granodiorite; 23-Carboniferous diorite porphyry; 24-Carboniferous granite; 25-Carboniferous quartz monzonite; 26-Devonian diorite; 27-Devonian granodiorite; 28-Devonian granite; 29-Early Proterozoic sequence; 30-geological boundary; 31-fault; 32-road; 33-unconformity; 34-position of tempestite; 35-position of the sample in Fig. 2

古天山洋的沟-弧-盆构造格局及其演化之认识在地质界久存争议,倍受关注。主要有三大争论焦点:焦点之一是石炭纪西天山有无洋盆:车自成等(1996)张国伟等(1999)夏林圻等(2002)王京彬和徐新(2006)白建科等(2015)认为古天山洋在泥盆纪晚期已关闭,因而石炭纪已进入大陆板内演化阶段,不存在沟-弧-盆构造格局;更多的学者认为西天山进入石炭纪以来,仍然为一沟-弧-盆构造格局(姜常义等, 1993, 1995; 新疆维吾尔自治区地质矿产局, 1993, 1999; 高俊等, 1997, 2009; 成守德和张湘江, 2000; 杨金中等, 2003; 朱永峰等, 2005, 2006a, b, 2007; 李锦轶等, 2006; 王强等,2006; 李大鹏等, 2013; An et al., 2013; Tang et al., 2013, 2014; 朱志新等, 2013; Duan et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2014; Zhao et al., 2015; Jiang et al., 2014; Ge et al., 2015; Li et al., 2015; Yan et al., 2015; 周翔等, 2015),但洋盆的闭合时限争议较大(焦点之二):如Xiao et al. (2013)张立飞等(2005)认为天山古洋盆的关闭可能发生在二叠纪晚期,李曰俊等(2005)认为天山古洋盆的演化可能持续到了二叠纪晚期或三叠纪,李锦轶等(2006)认为天山古洋盆的关闭发生在石炭纪晚期,本文作者依据石炭纪构造岩石组合及其接触关系、构造变形与古生物区系差异等新成果,将天山古生代洋盆关闭时限限定为早石炭世晚期的鄯善运动,而后到晚石炭世转入伸展构造环境(李永军等, 2008a, b, 2009a, b, c, 2010a, b, c; Duan et al., 2014),支持这一观点的还有(An et al., 2013; Duan et al., 2014; Ge et al., 2015),西天山最东的智博和查岗诺尔铁矿一带大哈拉军山组可能有穿时性,成矿持续到晚二叠世早期,因此在成矿后才转入伸展构造环境(Zhang et al., 2014);对于晚石炭世火山岩的伸展构造环境也有两种截然不同的解释。李永军等(2010a, 李永军等(2010b, 李永军等(2010c)、An et al. (2013)Duan et al. (2014)等认为进入晚石炭世,区内整体结束俯冲造山而转入陆内伸展,而Yan et al. (2015)则认为那拉提弧之北为一弧后裂谷。焦点之三是在承认早石炭世有南天山洋盆存在的前提下,对古洋盆关闭究竟是由南向北的俯冲还是由北向南的俯冲认识不一,此前众多的文献多认为海沟在北(依连哈比尔尕海沟),由北向南俯冲拼合(成守德和张湘江, 2000; 新疆维吾尔自治区地质矿产局, 1993, 1999; Tang et al., 2013, 2014),而本文作者们获得了俯冲极向与此正好相反的重要证据(李永军等, 2010a, b, c),支持这一观点的有Yang et al. (2014)Zhang et al. (2014)Yan et al. (2015)。另外,Ge et al. (2015)还提出了双向俯冲的模式。显然,这些重大地质问题均聚焦于本区的火山岩。而石炭纪火山岩是伊宁地块中的最主要建造和指示构造演化的关键层位,本文从石炭纪火山岩及其构造岩石组合的分布、差异与区域变化、火山岩的地球化学特征等入手,就这三大争论问题再做讨论如下。

1 伊宁地块石炭纪建造与火山岩浆事件 1.1 石炭纪的沉积建造

石炭系为伊宁地块主要沉积建造和指示构造演化的关键地层(图 1表 1)。

表 1 西天山石炭系岩石地层单位特征对比表 Table 1 Table of Carboniferous lithostratigraphic unit's characteristic contrasted in western Tianshan

构造岩石组合自下而上依此为早石炭世大哈拉军山组钙碱性岛弧火山岩→早石炭世阿克沙克组碎屑岩及碳酸盐岩→晚石炭世伊什基里克组双峰式板内裂谷火山岩→晚石炭世东图津河组残留海相碎屑岩→晚石炭世科古琴山组陆相粗碎屑岩(李永军等, 2009a)。各组间多为不整合接触(李永军等, 2008b, 2009c),火山岩均有可靠的同位素年龄佐证,其值多为350~325Ma (朱永峰等, 2005, 2006a, b; 李永军等, 2009a, b, 2010a; 李大鹏等, 2013; 朱志新等, 2013; 周翔等, 2015);碎屑岩及碳酸盐岩中均有可靠化石发现(张天继等, 2006; 李永军等, 2009a, 2010a)。区内二叠系以来的地层均为陆相河湖相沉积建造(新疆维吾尔自治区地质矿产局, 1993, 1999; 钟红利等, 2014)。

大哈拉军山组总体为一套海相火山岩建造(图 2)。西部乌孙山-伊什基里克山一带以中酸性岩类为主(李永军等, 2010a),向东在新源县阿吾拉勒一带下部有少量安山玄武岩,主体以流纹岩类为主;上部以安山质-英安质火山角砾质凝灰岩为主,熔岩次之。在最东部的玉希莫勒盖达坂及其再东的独(山子)-库(车)公路一带以玄武岩-安山岩及其火山碎屑岩为主(王宝瑜等, 1994)(图 2图 3)。

图 2 伊宁地块石炭纪火山岩主要岩石类型 Fig. 2 The main rock types of Carboniferous volcano rocks in Yining Block

图 3 伊宁地块石炭纪沉积建造主要剖面柱状对比图 Fig. 3 The main columnar section comparison of the sedimentary construction of the Carboniferous from the Yining Block

伊什基里克组在区内自西向东没有明显变化。主要由熔岩和火山碎屑岩组成。熔岩以玄武岩、流纹岩为主。前人多报道的非双峰式火山岩主要见于本文作者限定的Borohara Suture区域,少量见于本文作者所称的Yining Massif北部边缘区。作者们统计了区内晚石炭世火山岩主要剖面,其统计多数总体双峰式明显,以新近实测的伊什基里克层型剖面为代表,伊宁中部晚石炭世火山岩主要为典型的双峰式火山岩(图 4)。本组火山岩具有双峰式特点(刘静等, 2006)。多个同位素年龄证实其时代为晚石炭世(朱永峰等, 2005, 2006b; 李永军等, 2008a)。

图 4 伊什基里克组双峰式火山岩剖面图 Fig. 4 The section of the bimodal volcanic rock of Yishijilike Formation

晚石炭世东图津河组为海陆交互相碎屑岩夹碳酸盐岩,科古琴山组为陆相粗碎屑岩。前者主要为残留海盆碎屑岩夹灰岩,腕足、腹足、珊瑚、瓣鳃、植物等化石丰富,时代为达拉阶-紫松阶(张天继等, 2006);后者为陆相粗碎屑岩,有丰富的瓣鳃类、腹足及植物等化石。

前人在博罗霍洛地层小区建立的科古琴山组和东图津河组,本次在伊宁地层小区发现,是2个地层小区在晚石炭世进入同一构造盆地沉积的重要记录,是北天山洋消亡,准噶尔板块与塔里木板块最终缝合成为统一大陆的见证(张天继等, 2006);早、晚石炭世的生物区系特征揭示了伊宁地块在早石炭世亲南(塔里木板块),晚石炭世亲北(准噶尔板块)的演化历程。

1.2 石炭纪的火山岩建造

钙碱性火山岩是活动陆缘环境和岛弧岩浆杂岩的重要组成部分,是板块汇聚背景下,洋盆俯冲物质再循环的调整、再造的物理化学作用过程中的产物。因此,即使在造山带不保存蛇绿岩时,它们的发育无疑是洋盆存在的关键证据之一。近年来,越来越多的新资料证实,大哈拉军山组主体为钙碱性岛弧火山岩组合(姜常义等, 1993, 1995; 杨金中等, 2003; 孙林华等, 2007; 李永军等, 2008b; 朱永峰等, 2005, 2006a, b; 李大鹏等, 2013; 朱志新等, 2013; 韩琼等, 2015b; 周翔等, 2015; Ge et al., 2015)。

近年来,随着阿吾拉勒铁矿成矿带智博、东德、查岗诺尔、松湖等铁矿床的相继发现和深入研究,越来越多的成果支持陆缘弧火山成矿说(韩琼等, 2015a, b; 蒋宗胜, 2014; 李大鹏, 2012; 李潇林斌等, 2014; 李新光等, 2014; 宋相龙等, 2013; 汪帮耀和姜常义, 2011; 薛春纪等, 2014; 赵晓波等, 2014; Zhang et al., 2014, 2015; Jiang et al., 2014; Duan et al., 2014; Li et al., 2015)。

大哈拉军山组钙碱性火山岩组合由南向北、由东向西均有着规律性的变化(图 3)。由表看出愈向北,愈远离岛弧火山口,即愈靠近大陆边缘。

系统研究近年来区内已完成的多个1:5万区调成果并结合部分发表文献,作者们统计证实,大哈拉军山组火山岩在地球化学上也有着明显的规律性的变化(图 5)。

图 5 伊宁地块大哈拉军山组火山岩主要剖面地球化学特征对比图 Fig. 5 Comparison of geochemical features for Dahalajunshan Formation from the Yining Block

对比显示,东中段火山岩以钙碱性为主,多数样品为中钾类型;而西段近1/2样品为碱性,绝大数样品为高钾类型。这与区域上东部以钙碱为主、有少量拉斑质,岩石总体为富钠低钾,愈向西由钙碱性向碱性过渡、由富钠低钾向贫钠中钾再到高钾过渡,Sr、Ba、Rb等大离子亲石元素愈向西愈增高,而Ti愈向西愈显著降低,表明愈向西由岛弧向陆缘弧过渡。

与此相反,晚石炭世的伊什基里克组火山岩具有双峰式特点,岩石化学及地球化学研究表明其为双峰式板内裂谷火山岩(刘静等, 2006)。由此看来,这两套火山岩分别成为确立西天山洋盆存在与消亡的关键证据。

通过对比大哈拉军山组和伊什基里克组火山岩Sr-Nd同位素数据可知,所有样品的初始比值(87Sr/86Sr)i均小于0.7119。大哈拉军山组安山岩的(87Sr/86Sr)i明显高于伊什基里克组,而在英安岩和流纹岩中则明显低于伊什基里克组。大哈拉军山组火山岩中εNd(t)平均值为2.21,而伊什基里克组火山岩中εNd(t)平均值为4.43,大哈拉军山组玄武岩和流纹岩的εNd(t)平均值分别为3.85和1.40,而伊什基里克组玄武岩和流纹岩的εNd(t)平均值分别为3.71和4.52。这些数据和图 6中均表现为显著的差别。

图 6 伊宁地块石炭纪玄武岩(143Nd/144Nd)-(87Sr/86Sr)i图解 Fig. 6 Plot of (143Nd/144Nd) vs. (87Sr/86Sr)i for the basalt of the Carboniferous in Yining Block

极为有趣的是,两组火山岩中的这些参数在由基性向酸性演化中,均表现为渐进式(逐渐增大和减小)变化,且在两组中变化方向刚好相反,表明两组火山岩在岩石成因和物质组成上有显著区别。大哈拉军山组火山岩的源区与富集地幔有关,而伊什基里克组火山岩中显示出较多的陆壳加入信息。结合区域地质特征,火山岩类的主、微量地球化学等特征,综合判别伊什基里克组火山岩产自陆内伸展环境。同时,Sr-Nd同位素的显著差异性支持伊宁地块在早、晚石炭世,由沟-弧-盆构造体制转化为陆内造山这一事件。

Yan et al. (2015)等通过对区内晚石炭世-早二叠世的火山岩浆作用研究,认为这一时期较发育的中基性侵入岩类是碰撞作用的重要岩浆记录。

1.3 石炭纪侵入岩分期及类型

与钙碱系列火山岩一样,钙碱系列的中、酸性岩浆深成侵入岩是确定古洋盆存在、发育规模、判断俯冲带位置的重要标志。因此,钙碱系列的中、酸性岩浆深成侵入作用在活动大陆边缘和碰撞型大陆造山带最为活跃,且有较好的时、空有序的分带性和成分极性。在强烈的挤压收缩和隆升剥蚀的碰撞型大陆造山带,即使在蛇绿岩可能被剥蚀殆尽时,深成的钙碱系列中、酸性岩也能较好出露,并与钙碱系列火山岩共同组合成为古洋盆恢复的主要证据(周鼎武等, 1997)。

伊宁地块中、酸性岩浆活动较强烈,主要发育两期。早石炭世为钙碱性闪长岩-花岗闪长岩-二长花岗岩组合(杨高学等, 2008; 李永军等, 2010a),同期还见有极典型的O型adakite岩(李永军等, 2008b),与时代基本近同的大哈拉军山组火山岩在地球化学特征上相似,二者共同构成了早石炭世岛弧(大陆外缘弧)火山-侵入岩建造。晚石炭世-早二叠世主要为碱性侵入岩类,有辉长岩-辉绿岩、二长花岗岩-正长花岗岩-碱长花岗岩组合,其地球化学特征与区内的晚石炭世伊什基里克组和早二叠世的乌朗组双峰式碱性火山岩地球化学特征极相似,共同构成了板内裂谷型双峰式碱性火山-侵入岩建造(杨高学等, 2008; 李永军等, 2010a)。同时还有大量的基性岩墙产出。这两期深成侵入岩,分别是形成于区域性挤压构造体制和区域性伸展构造背景的产物。

1.4 石炭纪古生物地理区系与盆地位移

阿克沙克组主要为一套海相灰岩-陆源碎屑岩建造。分布于大哈拉军山组两侧。沉积建造南、中、北3带分带特征明显(图 7),但化石组合较为相似,以Gangamophyllum-Palaeosmilia-Neoclisiphyllum为代表,属于典型的特提斯型(南方型)亚热带-热带区系组合(李永军等, 2010b)。

图 7 伊宁地块早石炭世阿克沙克组主要岩石类型 Fig. 7 The main rock types of Akeshake Formation of Early Carboniferous in Yining Block

北带,在喀什河之北-尼勒克县城之北的于赞一带(伊宁盆地最北缘)阿克沙克组维宪期海相珊瑚、腕足、菊石和陆相植物化石混生。可分为扇三角洲相和滨海相二种沉积相类型,属活动陆缘扇三角洲相沉积(李永军等, 2010c)。

中带广布于阿吾拉勒山-伊什基里克山-乌孙山北坡的伊宁地块中北部。岩性以灰黑色-深灰色长石岩屑砂岩、灰质粉砂岩、生物碎屑泥灰岩-灰岩为主。在喀什河之南总体为一套弧后盆地浅海相建造,多见珊瑚、腕足和菊石等化石(李永军等, 2009b),时代为大塘期。阔尔库中沟一带发现风暴岩产出,风暴侵蚀、风暴撕裂、风暴浪、风暴涡流等风暴岩独有构造极发育(李永军等, 2009c)。

南带主要出露于大哈拉军山组之南,东段在阿吾拉勒一带主要分布于该山的南侧,在阿吾拉勒山北侧呈断块偶见于阔尔库河谷沟脑,向西延伸到伊什基里克山南坡。深水相厚层硅质灰岩、灰岩-硅质岩互层,富含火山碎屑,无重要化石发现,偶见腕足类化石碎片。

阿克沙克组呈现出由北而南由深水硅质岩-风暴岩-扇三角洲3个差异显著的相带沉积,这一空间分布特征较好的说明了本区可能存在的“弧前-岛弧-弧后”格局。另外,从新近地质填图等成果来看,伊什基里克组双峰式火山岩主要产于伊宁地块中西部,且愈向西双峰式特色愈明显,而伊宁地块东部仍有钙碱性火山岩产出。因此作者认为伊宁地块主体或是占绝大数地区属于陆缘弧,但不排除地块东部有少量岛弧存在。

风暴是一种独特的热带海洋气旋,大多形成于南纬-北纬5°~20°的洋面上,阿克沙克组中的风暴岩现今位于北纬43°39′30″,如果以现代风暴形成和影响纬度最北纬的35°为比照(梁桂香, 1994),可推断其形成时风暴岩产出位置位于现今之南约达8°(920km)(李永军等, 2009c)。生物区系特征及其风暴岩表明阿克沙克组应形成于较低纬度带(热带-亚热带),显著的古纬度和现今纬度值差异,记录了伊宁地块在早石炭世之后向北漂移的足迹。巨大差异的早、晚石炭世生物群及古地理区系,为探索伊宁地块的空间位移和盆地演化提供了重要佐证。

科古琴山组和东图津河组以Xinjiangopecten tamugangensis-Obliquipecten xinjianggensis-Noeggerathiops组合为代表。植物化石有较浓的地方性色彩,在我国仅出现在北方生物大区准噶尔-兴安生物区系;腕足属典型北方型温带型组合(李永军等, 2010b)。

2 早、晚石炭世地层的变形差异与天山洋盆关闭的地质时限

地层间的区域性不整合面,是甄别褶皱幕、恢复古沉积盆地和鉴定地壳运动特征的关键证据。伊宁地块晚古生代地层中至少已发现了6个角度不整合面(李永军等, 2008b, 2009c, 2010a),而独具区域性构造意义的是阿克沙克组(早石炭世)与伊什基里克组(晚石炭世)之间的区域性角度不整合(鄯善运动),自东向西见于玉希莫勒盖达坂、阿吾拉勒山和伊什基里克山-乌孙山等地。

伊宁地块的地层变形差异,以阿克沙克组与伊什基里克组间的区域性角度不整合面为界,早、晚石炭世地层的褶皱形变强度差异最为明显,大哈拉军山组与阿克沙克组中发育极复杂的不协调褶曲、平卧褶曲、尖棱褶皱和无根褶皱,在乌孙山-伊什基里克山南一带,阿克沙克组硅质条带灰岩均为极强烈的揉皱、不协调褶曲和顶厚褶曲。而伊什基里克组及更新地层,均为平缓的单斜或是宽缓的向斜构造(图 8)。显示出两个显著有别的褶皱变形样式和构造变形样式,同样表明,前者是区域性挤压构造体制的产物,而后者是区域性伸展构造背景的产物。

图 8 伊宁地块下石炭统和上石炭统褶皱构造样式差异 (a)伊什基里克萨尔不顺沟剖面;(b)铁列克萨依北剖面;(c)伊特公路大哈拉军山组流纹岩;(d)阔尔库阿克沙克组灰岩;(e)铁列克萨依阿克沙克组灰岩 Fig. 8 Differences of fold structural styles between Early Carboniferous and Upper Carboniferous in Yining Block (a) section sketch in Yishenjilik Saerbushun gully; (b) section sketch in northern Tieliekesayi; (c) rhyolite of Dahalajunshan Formation of Yining City-Tekesi county highway; (d) limestone of Akeshake Formation in Kuoerku area; (e) limestone of Akeshake Formation in Tieliekesayi area

总之,伊宁地块石炭纪的沉积建造、风暴岩以及古生物地理区系分布特征,火山岩-侵入岩构造组合,广泛而明显的区域性角度不整合以及与此匹配的构造变形样式等特征表明,下石炭统是区域性挤压构造体制下的弧前-岛弧-弧后盆地建造,是塔里木板块的主要组成部分,而上石炭统大陆裂谷火山-沉积建造,形成于区域性伸展构造环境,是准噶尔板块与塔里木板块缝合后的陆内建造。这一重大转化事件清楚地表明,天山洋盆的关闭地质时限只能是以阿克沙克组与伊什基里克组间的区域性角度不整合面代表的鄯善运动(李永军等, 2010a)。

3 沟-弧-盆格局及其演化

总揽早石炭世地层的空间分布和叠置关系,大哈拉军山组岛弧(陆缘)钙碱性火山岩与其北依次分布的浅海相碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩→陆缘扇三角洲相粗碎屑岩以及更北的依连哈比尔尕海沟不能构成沟-弧-盆体系。因此,本文认为前人确立的这一格局(图 9a)不符合本区基本地质事实,依据板块构造的基本格局和原理,与大哈拉军山组岛弧火山岩匹配的海沟应位于阿吾拉勒山南坡弧前盆地深海-半深海相碳酸盐岩夹硅质条带沉积之南地区。伊宁盆地早石炭世沟-弧-盆体系位于阿吾拉勒山南坡一带,因为盆地北缘于赞一带实为大陆边缘扇三角洲环境(图 9b)(李永军等, 2010c)。

图 9 伊宁盆地早石炭世构造格局示意图 (a)前人划分盆地构造格局;(b)本文划分盆地构造格局 Fig. 9 Sketch map of Early Carboniferous tectonic pattern in Yining Basin (a) basin tectonic framework of predecessors; (b) basin tectonic framework of this article

区域上,晚石炭世以来各地层在空间展布上,无论从南到北,还是由东到西,均无明显的变化,但阿克沙克组和大哈拉军山组不仅有着由南向北的规律性变化,并且自东向西,确存在着规律性的变化。这一分布特征及其变化规律,很像是一个独立的日本型洋内弧(Xiao et al., 2013),与当今地学界作为典型的沟-弧-盆构造格局的日本沟-弧-盆体系有着十分的相似性和空间分布可对比性(图 10a),若将日本沟-弧-盆体系逆转90°,不难发现二者有绝好的可比性(图 10b-d)。

图 10 伊宁地块沟-弧-盆格局示意图 (a)当今日本岛弧及其周边构造格局;(b)西天山建造与日本岛弧带建造对应示意;(c)西天山西部阿西金矿一带沟-(大陆外缘)弧-陆格局;(d)西天山中东部部沟-(岛)弧-盆构造格局 Fig. 10 Trench-arc-basin system of the Yining Block (a) current Japan arc and its surrounding tectonic framework; (b) comparison between the West Tianshan construction and Japan arc belt; (c) trench-(continental margin) arc-continental configuration of Axi goldmine in western of the West Tianshan; (d) trench-(island) arc-basin system in eastern of the West Tianshan
4 结论

伊宁地块早石炭世发育弧前-岛弧-弧后盆地钙碱性火山-沉积建造,是塔里木板块北缘的主要组成部分;而晚石炭世碱性系列双峰式火山岩及沉积组合则是大陆裂谷火山-沉积建造,形成于区域性伸展构造环境,是准噶尔板块与塔里木板块缝合后的陆内建造。伊宁地块在早石炭世有洋盆存在;沟-弧-盆的空间分布格局是北邻大陆边缘,而海沟位于其南一侧;“沟-弧-盆”消亡,天山洋盆的关闭地质时限为早石炭世末期(阿克沙克组与伊什基里克组间的区域性角度不整合面为代表的鄯善运动);作者们倾向于洋盆消亡时是由南向北的单向俯冲。依据区内早石炭世建造的空间分布特征和变化规律,作者们认为古天山洋盆构造格局与当今地学界作为典型的日本沟-弧-盆体系有着极好的相似性和空间分布可对比性。石炭纪火山岩为本区的构造演化研究提供了重要的约束信息。

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