岩石学报  2016, Vol. 32 Issue (9): 2807-2822   PDF    
内蒙东部晚古生代构造格局:来自中、晚二叠-早三叠世砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学的证据
赵英利1, 李伟民2,3, 温泉波2,3, 梁琛岳2,3, 冯志强4, 周建平2, 申亮2     
1. 吉林大学古生物学与地层学研究中心, 长春 130026 ;
2. 吉林大学地球科学学院, 长春 130061 ;
3. 东北亚矿产资源评价国土资源部重点实验室, 长春 130061 ;
4. 太原理工大学地球科学与工程系, 太原 030024
摘要: 内蒙东部的克旗-林西-阿鲁科尔沁-扎鲁特-索伦-蘑菇气地区位于华北板块与西伯利亚板块所夹持的中亚造山带东段,西拉木伦缝合带与贺根山-黑河缝合带之间,是古亚洲洋晚古生代残余海盆最后消失的地区,保存了上述两缝合带构造演化过程的相关信息。本文针对中、晚二叠-早三叠世砂岩开展碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学研究。测试的上二叠统林西组与下三叠统陶海营子组、老龙头组砂岩均具有成分成熟度低,近源快速沉积的特点,碎屑骨架成分显示多为火山岩区物源供给。锆石CL图和Th/U值也指示了绝大多数锆石为岩浆成因锆石。结合前人研究成果,区域内已获得的2533粒碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄主要分为3组:约230~570 Ma(峰值年龄为270~315 Ma、430 Ma和500 Ma)、700~1100 Ma(峰值970 Ma)及>1500 Ma(峰值1800 Ma和2500 Ma)。较古老的峰值年龄1800 Ma和2500 Ma,暗示了华北克拉通基底的物源信息。其余两组年龄则与西拉木伦缝合带北侧的额尔古纳-兴安-锡林浩特地块内部岩浆事件的时间相吻合。对比分析内蒙东部不同区域(克旗-林西地区、阿鲁科尔沁-扎鲁特地区和索伦-蘑菇气地区)、不同时代(中、晚二叠世-早三叠世)沉积物碎屑组分变化趋势,推测古亚洲洋最终沿西拉木伦缝合带自西向东呈“剪刀”式闭合,时间持续至早三叠世。此外,索伦-蘑菇气地区中、晚二叠-早三叠世相对稳定的物源供给,证实了额尔古纳-兴安地块与松辽-锡林浩特地块至少在中二叠世沉积以前就已经沿贺根山-黑河缝合带完成拼贴,应为前人提出的早石炭世末。
关键词: 内蒙东部     中亚造山带     中、晚二叠-早三叠世     碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄     构造格局    
Late Paleozoic tectonic framework of eastern Inner Mongolia: Evidence from the detrital zircon U-Pb ages of the Mid-late Permian to Early Triassic sandstones
ZHAO YingLi1, LI WeiMin2,3, WEN QuanBo2,3, LIANG ChenYue2,3, FENG ZhiQiang4, ZHOU JianPing2, SHEN Liang2     
1. Research Center of Paleontology & Stratigraphy, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China ;
2. College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China ;
3. Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Evaluation in Northeast Asia, Ministry of Land and Resources, Changchun 130061, China ;
4. Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
Abstract: The studied Hexigten Banner-Lixin-Ar Horqin Banner-Jarud Banner-Suolun-Moguqi areas in eastern Inner Mongolia, tectonically locate between the Xar Moron suture zone and the Hegenshan-Heihe suture zone, and belong to the eastern segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) between the North China and Siberia cratons. These areas significantly preserved records related to the Late Paleozoic closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean, as well as the information of tectonic evolution of the Xar Moron suture and the Hegenshan-Heihe suture. This study focuses on the researches of detrital zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb ages of the Mid-late Permian to Early Triassic sandstones derived from the above mentioned areas. Petrologically, the detrital compositions indicate that the investigated sandstones are immature, probably due to the results of rapid erosion, transport, and diagenetic process and nearly supplying derived from the source. Additionally, the abundance of volcanic lithic significantly reveals the magmatic provenance mainly dominated. Meanwhile, the cathodoluminescence (CL) images of analyzed zircons and their Th/U ratios also imply the igneous origin. By combining our new geochronological data with previously reported data, total 2533 detrital zircon U-Pb ages are compiled and show three distinct dominant populations of ca. 230~570 Ma (peak at ca.270~315 Ma, 430 Ma and 500 Ma), ca.700~1100 Ma (peak at 970 Ma) and >1500 Ma (peak at ca.1800 Ma and 2500 Ma). The peak ages of ca.1800 Ma and 2500 Ma are considered as typical age members of the North China Craton basement, suggesting the possible provenance derived from the North China Craton. Moreover, the other two age populations are closely consistent with the timing of magmatic events took place in the Erguna-Xing'an-Xilinhot blocks to the north of the Xar Moron suture zone. In comparison with variation trends of detrital components in sandstones which expose in the different regions (including, from southwest to northeast, the Hexigten Banner-Lixin area, the Ar Horqin Banner-Jarud Banner area and the Suolun-Moguqi area) with varying deposited time ranging from Mid-late Permian to Early Triassic, reveal that the 'scissor-like' closure process of the Paleo Asian Ocean, from west to east, and the terminated at least last to Early Triassic. In addition, the relative stable sources supplying of the Mid-late Permian to Early Triassic sandstones in the Suolun-Moguqi area, indicates that the Erguna-Xing'an block and Songliao-Xilinhot block has already collided along the Hegenshan-Heihe suture zone at the time before Mid-Permian deposits, should be as the previous report that of end of Early Carbonadoes.
Key words: Eastern Inner Mongolia     Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB)     Mid-late Permian to Early Triassic     Detrital zircon U-Pb ages     Tectonic framework    
1 引言

中亚造山带被认为是全球显生宙大陆增生与改造最显著的地区,也是全球最大的增生型造山带,地处西伯利亚板块与塔里木-华北板块之间,西起乌拉尔山地区,经哈萨克斯坦、中国西北、蒙古、中国东北,一直延伸至俄罗斯远东地区的鄂霍茨克海(Şengör et al., 1993Xiao et al., 2003)。典型的大陆增生和陆内改造所蕴含的科学问题,使得中亚造山带成为探索大陆动力学问题最佳的天然实验室(肖文交等,2008)。

内蒙东部地区大地构造属性上归属于中亚造山带东段——兴蒙造山带(图 1a)。在构造演化方面,该区域形成于古生代古亚洲洋构造体制,又经历了中生代以来鄂霍茨克构造体制和古太平洋构造体制的叠合与改造,产生了“三种体制,两次叠合”的复杂过程,故成为地学界研究古亚洲洋构造域、鄂霍茨克构造域与古太平洋构造域演化与转化的热点区域(唐克东,1989Şengör et al., 1993徐备和陈斌,1997Xiao et al., 2003Li,2006Miao et al., 2007, 2008Jian et al., 2008Chen et al., 2009Xu et al., 2015)。


图 1 区域大地构造图 (a)中亚造山带构造简图(据Şengör et al., 1993修改);(b)中国东北地区大地构造单元划分:EB-额尔古纳地块;XB-兴安地块;SXB-松辽-锡林浩特地块;JB-佳木斯地块;NT-那丹哈达增生地体;NMNCC-华北北缘增生带;XXS-新林-喜桂图缝合带;HHS-贺根山-黑河缝合带;MYS-牡丹江-依兰缝合带;XCYS-西拉木伦-长春-延吉缝合带 Fig. 1 Tectonic map showing the subdivisions of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (a, after Şengör et al., 1993) and NE China (b)

前人研究指明内蒙东部地区由众多微地块组成,自北西向南东依次为:额尔古纳地块、兴安地块和松辽-锡林浩特地块(松辽地块和锡林浩特微地块的合称),各地块之间分别以新林-喜桂图缝合带、黑河-贺根山缝合带为界(张兴洲等,2006刘永江等,2010Liu et al., 2016图 1)。古生代以来,各地块伴随着古亚洲洋的消减、关闭而相继拼贴形成统一的东北地块群(Xiao et al., 2003李锦轶等,2007Miao et al., 2008王成文等,2008Jian et al., 2008Chen et al., 2009Xu et al., 2015Liu et al., 2016),本文描述中延用Xiao et al.(2003)Miao et al.(2008)的观点称之为“南蒙古地块”。然而,关于各地块最终的拼贴位置、时间与过程仍存在很大的争议:比如新林-喜桂图缝合带的拼贴位置、俯冲方向以及形成时代问题(李瑞山,1991葛文春等,2005Zhou et al., 2015Feng et al., 2015);黑河-贺根山缝合带的时代、性质以及向东或是北东的延伸问题(Nozaka and Liu, 2002Miao et al., 2008Han et al., 2012冯志强等,2014Xu et al., 2015)。此外,统一的“南蒙古地块”与西伯利亚板块和华北板块相继汇聚、拼合,最终形成了南北两条缝合带(图 1a)。北侧与西伯利亚板块碰撞闭合的最终缝合线为蒙古-鄂霍茨克缝合带,闭合时间为晚侏罗-早白垩世的观点已达成了共识(赵越等,1994van der Voo et al., 1999Li,2006),而对于南侧缝合带的研究,由于在华北板块北缘北侧存在可标志缝合带位置的多条断续出露的不同时代的蛇绿岩、蓝片岩(包志伟等,1994王玉净和樊志勇,1997刘敦一等,2003Miao et al., 2008)以及与板块俯冲、碰撞有关的火山-深成岩带(Chen et al., 2000, 2009石玉若等, 2004, 2007Shi et al., 2004Ge et al., 2005刘建峰等,2009),并夹杂着性质不明的肢解的古老岩块,使得问题变得极为复杂。关于缝合带最终位置的讨论主要存在以下几种观点:(1) 西拉木伦-长春-延吉缝合带(以下简称西拉木伦缝合带)作为最终缝合线(王鸿祯,1982王玉净和樊志勇,1997孙德有等,2004Li,2006李锦轶等,2007Wu et al., 2011);(2) 两大板块的最终缝合线沿索伦山-贺根山-嫩江-黑河一带展布(苏养正,1981Nozaka and Liu, 2002Miao et al., 2008);(3) 缝合线介于贺根山和西拉木伦缝合带之间,索伦-苏尼特左旗-林西一线应为中亚造山带东段的最终缝合带(Tang,1990Şengör et al., 1993Xiao et al., 2003Li,2006Jian et al., 2008李益龙等,2012)。关于缝合时间也存在(1) 中泥盆世(Tang,1990徐备和陈斌,1997Xu et al., 2015);(2) 晚泥盆世至早石炭世(任纪舜等,1990邵济安,1991);(3) 二叠纪晚期甚至三叠纪初(Şengör et al., 1993Chen et al., 2000Badarch et al., 2002Xiao et al., 2003李锦铁等,2007Wu et al., 2011)等观点。上述科学问题直接制约着对中国东北地区古生代构造演化的认识。

造山带与沉积盆地是大陆结构中紧密相关、相伴生的两个基本构造单元,沉积盆地与周边造山带通过物质的相互迁移和构造相互制约形成一个具有内在联系的统一体。这就意味着盆地中的沉积记录能够反映造山作用的性质、特征和过程以及隆升时代、速度及其变化,可用来判别沉积物源区的性质和大地构造背景,进而推断该区的构造演化历史(赵红格和刘池洋,2003徐亚军等,2007)。本次研究选择区域内发育的中、晚二叠-早三叠世的碎屑岩,试图通过碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄来示踪物源区及其相关的构造-热事件,进而探讨内蒙东部地区晚古生代构造演化,为研究中亚造山带东段的形成与演化提供重要线索。

2 区域地质背景

研究区地处大兴安岭中、南段,从大地构造位置来看,介于备受争议的黑河-贺根山缝合线与西拉木伦缝合带之间(图 2),松辽-锡林浩特地块之上,是古亚洲洋晚古生代残余洋盆最后消失的地区,势必保存了该洋盆地不同演化时期的沉积记录。区域内出露大面积的古-中生代不同构造背景成因的岩浆岩、沉积岩系及与板块拼合相关的增生-碰撞杂岩(李锦轶等,2007)。最古老的变质地层单元为下元古界的中、低级变质程度的地层-宝音图群,以及一套经绿片岩相变质为主的寒武纪地层-温都尔庙群。早古生代经历了加里东期造山运动,上升成陆,直至晚志留世-早泥盆世才开始重新接受海相沉积,形成西别河组,并在此之后的沉积演化过程中连续沉积了石炭系、二叠系海相、海陆交互相地层以及三叠纪以来的陆相碎屑沉积(内蒙古自治区地质矿产局,1991李文国等,1996和政军等,1998鲍庆中等,2005王成文等,2009)。


图 2 研究区地质简图 其他学者的数据引自:①李雨柯,2014;②李晓海等,2015;③张海华等,2015;④郑月娟等,2014;⑤朱俊宾,2015;⑥韩杰等,2011;⑦李红英等,2016;⑧Eizenhöfer et al., 2014 Fig. 2 Simplified geological maps of the study area

研究区内上二叠统大石寨组为一套海相火山岩;中二叠统哲斯组是一套中国北方地区发育的最为广泛的浅海相沉积地层,而上二叠统林西组则是一套由海相沉积向陆相沉积过渡的地层序列,标志了西伯利亚和华北两大板块之间古海洋的消亡与大陆汇聚的重要演化过程(王成文等,2008)。此外,区域内零星分布了下三叠统幸福之路组、陶海营子组、哈达陶勒盖组和老龙头组均以一套典型的氧化环境下形成的红色碎屑沉积为标志的陆相沉积建造(朱儒峰和郑广瑞,1992和政军等,1998杨雅军等,2012杨兵等,2014)。由此可见,独特的地理位置和处于关键时间节点的沉积建造,将成为研究内蒙地块群与华北板块之间缝合带的位置及最终闭合时间和过程的最有力场所。

3 样品采集及岩相学

近年来,笔者在内蒙东部开展了部分工作,获得了索伦、林西、克什克腾旗地区中、晚二叠世哲斯组与林西组砂岩的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄(赵英利,2010赵英利等,2012Han et al., 2012)。本次研究重点采集了早三叠世砂岩样品,同时补充完善晚二叠世样品(采样点见图 2),以求获得更加丰富的物源信息,并结合区域内其它学者的研究成果,深入探讨内蒙东部地区晚古生代构造格局。

晚二叠世砂岩553GD和248SL为中、细粒长石岩屑砂岩、岩屑砂岩,碎屑颗粒分选中等,磨圆较差,多为棱角状-次棱角状,少数为次圆状,颗粒支撑,孔隙式或接触式胶结,胶结物和杂基含量少。颗粒成份主要由石英、长石、岩屑及少量白云母组成(表 1图 3a, b)。其中,石英颗粒不规则,以单晶石英为主,表面较为干净,呈一级灰白干涉色,含量为25%~30%。长石多为斜长石,聚片双晶明显,含量为15%~35%。岩屑以火山岩岩屑和沉积岩岩屑为主,含量为35%~40%。白云母具有鲜艳的干涉色,含量<5%。



表 1 样品的岩性学特征 Table 1 Petrographical characteristics of the investigated sandstone samples

图 3 晚二叠-早三叠世砂岩薄片显微镜下照片 矿物名称缩写:Qm-单晶石英;Qp-多晶石英;Pl-斜长石;Ls-沉积岩岩屑;Lv-火山岩岩屑;Lm-变质岩岩屑;Mu-白云母;Bt-黑云母;Lim-褐铁矿物 Fig. 3 Microphotographs of Late Permian to Early Triassic sandstones from the eastern Inner Mongolia

早三叠世砂岩ZL009、15MG06和15MG09为中、细粒岩屑长石砂岩,碎屑颗粒分选一般,磨圆一般,多为次圆状-次棱角状,颗粒支撑,孔隙式胶结为主,胶结物多为泥质,少量铁质胶结物。颗粒成份主要为石英、长石、岩屑及少量云母矿物(图 3cd)。其中,岩屑成份复杂(以火山岩岩屑为主,少量变质岩岩屑),含量为20%~25%。长石表面粗糙,绢云母化严重,偶见聚片双晶,含量为30%~40%。石英以单晶为主,含量为25%。云母类矿物含量变化较大,含量<10%。样品中胶结物及杂基含量在5%~15%左右。

岩相学特征表明,上二叠统林西组与下三叠统陶海营子组、老龙头组砂岩整体呈现其成分成熟度低,源区快速剥蚀、快速搬运、近源沉积的特点;总体含有大量的火山岩岩屑,推测碎屑物应主要来自岩浆弧物源。

4 锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年 4.1 分析方法

测试锆石单矿物分选在河北廊坊区域地质调查院完成,将分析样品采用常规方法进行粉碎,并用浮选、电磁选等方法进行分选,再在双目镜下进行人工挑选。分离出的锆石颗粒用环氧树脂固定并抛光直至颗粒露出核部。样品在测定之前用体积百分比为3%的HNO3清洗样品表面,以除去样品表面的污染。锆石LA-ICM-PS U-Pb测年分别在西北大学大陆动力学国家重点实验室和东北亚矿产资源评价国土资源部重点实验室完成。两实验室的仪器设备相同,其中ICP-MS为Agilient公司最新一代带有Shield Torch的Agilient 7500a。其中激光剥蚀系统为德国MicroLas公司生产的GeoLas200M,该系统由德国Lambda Physik公司的ComPex102 Excimer激光器(工作物质ArF,波长193nm)与MicroLas公司的光学系统组成,激光剥蚀方式采用一次性剥蚀完成,激光剥蚀以氦气作为剥蚀物质的载气,斑束直径为32 μm,频率为10Hz,激光能量为90 mJ,每个分析点的气体背景采集时间为20s,信号采集时间为40s。具体的测试流程及铅校正方法参见文献(Andersen,2002Yuan et al., 2008)。为避免古老锆石(>1.0 Ga)普遍存在铅丢失的现象,采用207Pb/206Pb年龄来代表岩石成岩的可靠年龄,对于年龄 < 1.0 Ga,则选用206Pb/238U年龄(Blank et al., 2003)。同位素比值和年龄的误差(标准误差)在1σ水平,后期年龄值处理及部分图件生成采用Isoplot (ver3.23)程序(Ludwig,2003)。碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄分析数据见电子版附表 1


附表 1 内蒙东部晚二叠-早三叠世砂岩碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄 AppendixTable1 Detrital zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb ages from the Late Permian to Early Triassic sandstones in eastern Inner Mongolia
4.2 测试结果

样品553GD中碎屑锆石为无色至浅褐色,多为短柱状,长短轴比 < 3:1。CL图像中大部分锆石发育韵律环带,Th/U比值为0.21~2.17,绝大多数值>0.4,显示了岩浆成因锆石特点(Rubatto and Hermann, 2003吴元保和郑永飞,2004)(图 4a、电子版附表 1)。测得的90个年龄数据中90%为谐和年龄(90%<谐和度<110%), < 1.0 Ga的锆石206Pb/238U年龄分布在253~915 Ma,其中253~384 Ma(n=58),2个主要峰值分别为270 Ma和310 Ma;425~490 Ma(n=13),峰值为467 Ma(图 4b)。>1.0 Ga的锆石206Pb/207Pb年龄分布在1380~1909 Ma。较老年龄的锆石“核-边”结构清晰(图 4a),为捕获锆石特征。


图 4 晚二叠世砂岩碎屑锆石CL图(a、c)及LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄(b、d) (a、b)林西官地地区样品553GD;(c、d)索伦地区样品248SL Fig. 4 CL images (a, c) and age probability diagrams (b, d) of zircons from Late Permian sandstones

样品248SL中碎屑锆石为短柱状,长短轴比 < 3.5:1,多数锆石发育岩浆锆石的韵律环带,Th/U比值为0.03~1.22(图 4c)。87个年龄数据中95%为谐和年龄, < 1.0 Ga的锆石206Pb/238U年龄分布在261~878 Ma,主要的峰值年龄约为260~313 Ma(图 4d)。>1.0 Ga的锆石1颗,其206Pb/207Pb年龄为1798±12 Ma。

样品ZL009中锆石为短柱状,长短轴比 < 3:1,多数锆石具有典型岩浆锆石的震荡环带,少数锆石显示面状分带的变质锆石特点(图 5a)。Th/U比值为0.03~2.33。70个年龄数据中只有1个不谐和年龄。 < 1.0 Ga的锆石206Pb/238U年龄分布在247~984 Ma,其中247~310 Ma(n=44)峰值年龄为260~280 Ma(图 5b)。>1.0 Ga的锆石206Pb/207Pb年龄为1086~2600 Ma,同样具有捕获锆石特征。


图 5 早三叠世砂岩碎屑锆石CL图(a、c、e)及LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄(b、d、f) (a、b)阿鲁科尔沁地区样品ZL009;(c、d)蘑菇气地区样品15MG06;(e、f)蘑菇气地区样品15MG09 Fig. 5 CL images (a, c, e) and age probability diagrams (b, d, f) of zircons from Early Triassic sandstones

样品15MG06中锆石为短柱状,长短轴比 < 3:1,具有典型岩浆锆石的震荡环带(图 5c),Th/U比值为0.01~1.41。59个谐和年龄介于222 Ma与1865 Ma之间。 < 1.0 Ga的锆石206Pb/238U年龄分为2组:222~402 Ma(峰值为247~258 Ma),469~513 Ma(峰值为494 Ma)。少量>1.0 Ga的锆石206Pb/207Pb年龄为1370±14 Ma (n=1),1865±12 Ma (n=1)(图 5d)。

样品15MG09中锆石为粒状-短柱状,长短轴比 < 2:1,大部分锆石具有典型的岩浆锆石的震荡环带(图 5e),Th/U比值为0.18~2.04。48个谐和年龄介于242 Ma与2610 Ma之间。 < 1.0 Ga的锆石206Pb/238U年龄分布在242~990 Ma,主峰值为283~356 Ma,次峰值约为245 Ma和420 Ma(图 5f)。>1.0 Ga的锆石206Pb/207Pb年龄为1623~2610 Ma (n=3),代表古老物源区锆石的信息。

5 讨论 5.1 下三叠统分布及地质意义

内蒙东部二叠系分布广泛,而三叠系地层却鲜有出露(内蒙古自治区地质矿产局,1991朱儒峰和郑广瑞,1992和政军等,1998),区域上是否曾经短暂存在三叠纪沉积?对于这一问题目前学者还没有统一的认识。近些年来随着详细地质调查工作的开展,下三叠统陆续被报道:丁秋红等(2005)通过内蒙古开鲁县钻井岩芯中下三叠统孢粉化石的发现,识别了下三叠统哈达陶勒盖组;张武等(2006)在内蒙古德发屯附近发现了早三叠世木化石,并将该地层归入下三叠统老龙头组;杨兵等(2014)在林西县官地镇剖面顶部发现了早三叠世孢粉化石组合;郑月娟等(2014)获得了巴林右旗幸福之路组三段砂岩碎屑锆石最小U-Pb年龄约为250 Ma,限定了该套地层的沉积下限为早三叠世。此外,我们项目组也通过砂岩碎屑锆石年龄的测定,先后识别了龙江地区下三叠统老龙头组(刘兵等,2014);扎鲁特旗巨日河地区的中、下三叠统(周建平等,2015),但具体的组名未定。

本研究针对位于阿鲁科尔沁及蘑菇气地区砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb测年结果分析,表明上述两个研究区砂岩中均记录了早三叠世的年龄信息。其中砂岩15MG06和15MG09中具有明显的245~247 Ma的峰值年龄(图 5),ZL009样品中也存在早三叠世年龄(247~250 Ma,n=5),限定了地层的沉积下限为早三叠世。综上分析,区域内下三叠统呈面状零星地分布在林西-巴林右旗-扎鲁特-科尔沁右翼前旗-龙江-扎兰屯一带(图 2)。该套地层与下伏的上二叠统林西组呈整合的接触关系(和政军等,1998刘兵等,2014杨兵等,2014),而在一些露头区(如科尔沁右翼前旗哈拉黑地区、丰林镇地区),却直接与上覆的侏罗系满克头鄂博组、白音高老组均呈角度不整合接触(申亮等,2016)。因此,结合野外工作及区域资料,笔者认为内蒙东部地区应大面积发育下三叠统,并在此后区域上曾经历过整体构造抬升,遭受风化剥蚀,局部地区地层发生缺失,直至侏罗纪再次下降接受沉积,导致后沉积的侏罗系不整合覆盖于下三叠统之上。

5.2 碎屑物物源区示踪

碎屑锆石是沉积岩中常见的副矿物,由于锆石的U-Pb同位素体系封闭温度较高,能够在低级变质作用和风化搬运过程中保持稳定。因此,沉积物中碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱记录了丰富的母岩年代学信息,为示踪物源区,探讨构造演化提供可靠的证据(Wan et al., 2005)。总结分析本次研究及区域内已报道的中、晚二叠-早三叠世砂岩中的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄数据,共获得2533粒碎屑锆石年龄,主要分为3组:230~570 Ma (n=2066,峰值年龄为270~315 Ma、430 Ma和500 Ma)、700~1100 Ma(n=154,峰值年龄970 Ma)以及>1500 Ma (n=220,峰值年龄约为1800 Ma和2500 Ma)。其中,较古老的年龄峰值1800 Ma和2500 Ma,是华北克拉通基底年龄的典型代表(翟明国和卞爱国,2000Rojas-Agramonte et al., 2011),表明研究区中、晚二叠-早三叠世沉积中存在来自华北板块的物源。对内蒙东部林西组古水流方向的研究,也证实在其沉积晚期多物源供给的特点,并有明显的南侧物源供给(Qin et al., 2001郑月娟等,2014)。

另外两组碎屑年龄则与发生在额尔古纳-兴安-锡林浩特微地块上的岩浆事件时间极为吻合(图 6)。测试分析结果表明绝大多数锆石的Th/U值具有岩浆锆石特点,应揭示了区域内的岩浆事件。


图 6 内蒙东部中、晚二叠-早三叠世砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄、Th/U及其主要物源区年龄频谱图 中、晚二叠-早三叠世砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄数据源自韩杰等,2011刘兵等,2014李雨柯,2014周建平等,2015Eizenhöfer et al., 2014郑月娟等,2014李晓海等,2015朱俊宾,2015;;李红英等,2016张海华等,2015申亮等,2016;本次研究.额尔古纳-兴安地块年龄源自Wu et al., 2011Liu et al., 2016.华北克拉通基底年龄引自Rojas-Agramonte et al., 2011. 图 7数据来源同此图 Fig. 6 Zircon U-Pb age populations of Mid-late Permian-Early Triassic sedimentary successions with those of major regional provenance terranes in the region

(1) 230~570 Ma这组年龄中早、中三叠世年龄(230~252 Ma)组分约占该组总量的5%。研究表明,区域内存在大量印支晚期(230~250 Ma)高钾钙碱性A型花岗岩,如苏尼特左旗哈拉图岩体(Chen et al., 2000)、双井子岩体(李锦轶等,2007)、阿尔山附近的头道河岩体(刘希雯等,2015)、扎兰屯-蘑茹气-索伦一带的雅尔根楚岩体(徐久磊等,2013),被认为是古亚洲洋闭合后伸展环境的产物。260~360 Ma的年龄组分(峰值为270~315 Ma)约占该组年龄58%,与兴安地块内部广泛发育的大石寨组火山岩年龄(Zhang and Tang, 1989)、苏尼特左旗-锡林浩特-西乌旗一线岩浆弧年龄(洪大卫等,1994Chen et al., 2000, 2009Shi et al., 2003, 2004石玉若等,2007鲍庆中等,2007刘建峰等,2009)以及扎兰屯-嫩江-黑河缝合带以西俯冲-同碰撞期(330~360 Ma)的岩浆弧(崔芳华等,2013Feng et al., 2015Liu et al., 2016)和造山后期(290~310 Ma)的A型花岗(赵芝等,2010Wu et al., 2011)相互吻合。370~570 Ma的年龄组分(峰值约为430~500 Ma)约占该组年龄的36%,与锡林郭勒杂岩中片麻岩的年龄(Shi et al., 2003)、苏尼特左旗-锡林浩特-西乌旗岩浆弧中的早古生代岩浆事件(刘敦一等,2003张炯飞等,2004石玉若等,2004Miao et al., 2008)、多宝山-嫩江-扎兰屯-大石寨一线的早古生代岩浆弧(葛文春等,2007Ge et al., 2015Liu et al., 2016)、额尔古纳与兴安地块碰撞拼贴相关的同碰撞岩浆事件(武广等,2005葛文春等,2005佘宏全等,2012),以及东北地区大量分布的泛非期基底年龄(Zhou and Wilde, 2013)基本一致。

(2) 碎屑锆石年龄中700~1100 Ma的年龄组分则与锡林郭勒杂岩的碎屑锆石年龄(Shi et al., 2003Chen et al., 2009)、额尔古纳地块中额尔古纳河组原岩年龄及大量新元古代的花岗岩年龄(Wu et al., 2011佘宏全等,2012孙立新等,2013Tang et al., 2013张丽等,2013)、大兴安岭北部兴华渡口群中花岗质岩石(Wu et al., 2011)和变质岩碎屑锆石(Miao et al., 2007)、贺根山蛇绿岩捕获锆石年龄(Miao et al., 2008)、双井微地块北缘混合岩年龄(李益龙等,2008)、松辽盆地北部早白垩世火山岩中捕获锆石年龄(章凤奇等,2008)、松辽盆地南部基底中捕获锆石年龄(Wang et al., 2006Pei et al., 2007)可以对比。

针对砂岩样品的分布情况(图 2)及产出的层位,笔者将区域内已有年龄数据分为3个地理区域(克旗-林西地区、阿鲁科尔沁-扎鲁特地区和索伦-蘑菇气地区),通过不同沉积期碎屑物的组成情况,进一步探讨物源区特点及相应的碎屑供给程度(图 7)。


图 7 内蒙东部不同区域中、晚二叠-早三叠世砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄对比图 Fig. 7 Comparison of the zircon U-Pb age populations of Mid-late Permian-Early Triassic sandstones derived from different areas in eastern Inner Mongolia

中二叠统哲斯组沉积期,靠近西拉木伦河北侧的克旗-林西地区与贺根山-黑河缝合带南侧的索伦-蘑菇气地区在碎屑物组成上差异不大,其中代表华北板块的物源贡献极少,证实了中二叠世时古亚洲洋仍然开放,来自其南侧华北板块的碎屑物很难到达研究区范围,仅大量的来自额尔古纳-兴安-锡林浩特微地块内部的物源供给,这与砂岩岩相学推测的成分成熟度低,近源快速沉积的结论相符。至上二叠统林西组沉积时,克旗-林西地区开始出现大量古老物源的加入,证实了与华北板块之间距离的缩短乃至完全拼合。而北东侧的阿鲁科尔沁-扎鲁特和索伦-蘑菇气地区几乎没有古老物源的供给(图 7),说明此时在上述两个区域无华北板块物源的贡献,古亚洲洋未闭合。到了早三叠世,阿鲁科尔沁-扎鲁特地区和索伦-蘑菇气地区才开始出现华北板块物源,暗示了此刻古亚洲洋完全闭合,这与前人通过古地磁(李朋武等,2006秦华峰等,2013)和闭合相关的岩浆岩(孙德有等,2004李锦轶等,2007)证据得到的二叠纪末-早三叠世闭合时间一致。综上分析,碎屑锆石年龄组分表明,“南蒙古地块”与华北板块拼贴时间呈现出西侧早,东侧稍晚,符合自西向东“剪刀”式闭合特点。这一结论得到了东北地区二叠纪沉积-古地理证据的支持(崔军平等,2013)。此外,前人报导的与俯冲-碰撞相关的岩浆事件也证实了早二叠世时西拉木伦缝合带自西部的满都拉地区首先发生陆-陆拼合,直至早三叠世(甚至中三叠世)东部的延吉-珲春一线才完成最终闭合(如Chen et al., 2000Zhang et al., 2004孙德有等,2004张超,2014)。

索伦-蘑菇气地区中、晚二叠-早三叠世的碎屑组分差异性并不大(图 7),说明额尔古纳-兴安地块与松辽-锡林浩特地块早已完成拼合,而沿贺根山-黑河缝合带已没有明显的物源差别。此外在索伦-蘑菇气地区沉积物中大量的泛非期(约500 Ma)年龄组合证实了兴安地块可能具有寒武纪结晶基底,其碎屑物可能主要来自于沉积区北侧多宝山地区的花岗质岩石(佘宏全等,2012)及少量扎兰屯附近的兴华渡口群变质年龄(周建波等,2014)。

综上分析,结合碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄信息、古水流特征(Qin et al., 2001郑月娟等,2014)以及沉积区与物源区分布情况,笔者认为克旗-林西地区与阿鲁科尔沁-扎鲁特地区具有相似的物源供给,即来自其西侧的大石寨组火山岩、苏尼特左旗-锡林浩特-西乌旗早、晚古生代岩浆弧和少量华北板块的物源。而索伦-蘑菇气地区的物源供给主要来自其北侧的兴安地块内的岩浆岩源区和极少量的华北板块物源。

5.3 内蒙东部地区晚古生代构造格局

最新的古地理资料(Liu et al., 2016)表明内蒙东部早石炭世时沿贺根山-黑河缝合带呈现北海南陆的构造格局;晚石炭世时整个内蒙东部地区隆升为古陆,标志着额尔古纳-兴安地块与松辽-锡林浩特地块碰撞拼贴完成,海相沉积仅沿“南蒙古地块”南缘分布;到了早、中二叠世海侵范围向北扩大,呈现南海北陆的构造格局,其南侧大致以西拉木伦缝合带为界,沉积了大面积的海相哲斯组地层;直至晚二叠世沉积古地理格局再次发生重大变化,内蒙东部地区整体由海相转变为陆相沉积,标志着古亚洲洋的关闭。

前人通过区域内二叠纪碎屑物物源示踪的手段,来探讨其物源区的构造属性,从而试图揭示“南蒙古地块”与华北板块碰撞的最终位置和时限。韩杰等(2011)获得了林西地区上二叠统林西组砂岩碎屑锆石的两个峰值U-Pb年龄约为279 Ma和441 Ma,解释为“佳蒙地块”上的年龄信息,但未指明具体的物源区。董策和周建波(2012)对内蒙古东北索伦和西乌旗地区中二叠统哲斯组砂岩进行地球化学研究,表明其物源主要来自于上地壳长英质源区,可能为花岗岩,其物源区的构造背景为大陆岛弧环境。郑月娟等(2013, 2014)对西乌珠穆沁旗地区下二叠统原寿山沟组和阿鲁科尔沁地区林西组砂岩进行碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄测定,认为其碎屑物来自苏尼特左旗-锡林浩特-西乌旗一带岩浆弧,并认为最年轻的峰值年龄(253 Ma)与华北板块和其北侧的陆块碰撞、拼贴相关的岩浆事件吻合,最老的锆石(2671 Ma)应来自华北板块,由此推测西伯利亚和华北两大板块在晚二叠世已经闭合,古亚洲洋消失。Eizenhöfer et al.(2014)通过对比西拉木伦缝合带两侧的中、晚二叠世的黄岗梁组与林西组砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄对比,认为古亚洲洋于晚二叠世闭合。本次研究通过对比不同区域、不同时代砂岩的碎屑物组分变化,推测古亚洲洋的消减-闭合,即华北板块与“南蒙古地块”的碰撞拼合为自西向东的“剪刀”式模式,时间为晚二叠-早三叠世。此外,索伦-蘑菇气地区中、晚二叠-早三叠世相对稳定的物源供给,也证实了额尔古纳-兴安地块与松辽-锡林浩特地块至少在中二叠世沉积以前就已经闭合,应为前人所认为的早石炭世末(赵芝等,2010崔芳华等,2013Feng et al., 2015Liu et al., 2016)。

6 结论

(1) 碎屑锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,内蒙东部地区零星出露下三叠统,结合区域地层对比及上下地层的接触关系,推测区域内下三叠统应大面积分布,但由于后期的整体抬升而导致风化剥蚀,才出现现今大面积缺失的格局。

(2) 克旗-林西地区与阿鲁科尔沁-扎鲁特地区中、晚二叠-早三叠世的碎屑物来源相似,主要为其北西侧的大石寨组火山岩、苏尼特左旗-锡林浩特-西乌旗早、晚古生代岩浆弧和少量华北板块的物源。而索伦-蘑菇气地区的物源供给主要来自其北侧兴安地块内的岩浆岩源区和极少量的华北板块物源。

(3) 额尔古纳-兴安地块与松辽-锡林浩特地块于早石炭末期拼贴完成后,为索伦-蘑菇气地区中、晚二叠-早三叠世沉积提供稳定的碎屑物来源。

(4) 古亚洲洋沿西拉木伦河缝合带在内蒙东部境内自西向东呈“剪刀”式闭合,时间持续至早三叠世。

致谢 两位审稿人提出了宝贵修改意见和建议,在此表示衷心的感谢。
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