2. 沈阳地质矿产研究所, 沈阳 110034
2. Shenyang Institute of Geology and Mineral Resource, Shenyang 110034, China
作为中亚造山带东段的重要组成部分,兴蒙造山带记录了华北板块与其北部各块体的碰撞拼合过程,是研究中亚造山带构造演化历史的重要区域(黄汲清等, 1977,1980; 任纪舜等,1980; 王鸿祯,1981; 李春昱等,1982; 何国琦和邵济安,1983; Tang,1990; 邵济安,1991; Sengör and Natal’in,1996)。关于兴蒙造山带的构造发展历史仍存在重大争论,焦点集中于古亚洲洋最终闭合的时代及缝合带的位置。其闭合时间归结起来主要有晚志留世(Tang,1990; 赵春荆等,1996)、早-中泥盆世(任纪舜等,1980; 李春昱等,1982; 王鸿祯,1981; 邵济安,1986; 唐克东,1992)、晚泥盆-早石炭世(郭胜哲,1986; 曹从周等,1987; 邵济安,1991; Dobretsov et al., 1995; Xu and Chen, 1993; 徐备和陈斌,1997; Khain et al., 2002; Xu et al., 2013)、二叠纪早期(樊志勇,1996; 王玉净和樊志勇,1997; 王友等,1999)、二叠纪末期(Wang and Liu, 1986; 王荃等,1991;和政军等,1997; Badarch et al., 2002; Xiao et al., 2003,2009; 孙德有等,2004; 尚庆华,2004; Li,2006; Zhang et al., 2007; 李朋武,2007; Wu et al., 2007; 邓胜徽等,2009; 李益龙等,2009)等截然不同的观点。关于最终闭合的位置,早期的观点根据地球物理、植物古地理分区和放射虫化石的存在等提出索伦科尔-西拉木伦为缝合线(任纪舜等,1980; 李春昱等,1982; Tang,1990; 李锦轶等, 1986,1987; 王玉净和樊志勇,1997;和政军等,1997; 尚庆华,2004; Xiao et al., 2003; Windley et al., 2007),而唐克东(1992)则认为锡林浩特带是晚志留世到中泥盆世期间形成的南、北两大陆块的缝合带。李锦轶等(2007)从造山带构造学分析的角度认为西拉木伦河地区存在晚古生代碰撞杂岩,从而进一步认定西拉木伦河断裂带为西伯利亚板块与华北板块的缝合线。而另一些学者提出“双冲造山带”观点,即兴蒙造山带沿南、北两条缝合线闭合,北缝合线位于艾力格庙-白音宝力道-锡林浩特一线,南缝合线则位于图古日格-温都尔庙地区(徐备和陈斌,1997; Jian et al., 2008,2010; Xu et al., 2013)。
综上所述,西拉木伦河地区处于上述争议的关键地区,通过该地区古生代早期碎屑岩的物源研究,将为古亚洲洋闭合提供重要的证据。笔者选择了西拉木伦河北侧林西双井子地区和南侧奈曼旗下石碑地区的志留纪地层中的碎屑岩,进行了锆石U-Pb年代学研究,并试图通过物源对比讨论该区古亚洲洋的闭合时限。
2 地质概述与样品采集 2.1 区域地质概况
研究区位于松辽盆地以西、大兴安岭南段的林西至敖汉旗一带,构造位置属于兴蒙造山带东南段(图 1b)。以西拉木伦河为界将研究区分为南、北两部分(图 1c),其两侧地层分述如下。
![]() | 图 1 研究区地质简图(据内蒙古自治区地质矿产局,1991; 李锦轶等,2007; Han et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2013修改) Fig. 1 Sketch geological map of study area(modified after BGMRI,1991; Li et al., 2007; Han et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2013) |
根据1:20万刘家营子幅(内蒙古自治区地质局第二区域地质测量队,1968①)、林西县幅(辽宁省地质局第二区域地质测量队,1971a②)、巴林左旗幅(辽宁省地质局第二区域地质测量队,1971b③)和1:25万林西县幅(中国地质大学(武汉)地质调查研究院,2007④)区域地质矿产报告可知,北侧地层包括元古界、志留系、二叠系、中生界和新生界。西拉木伦河北岸出露一套灰黑色黑云石英片岩、二云石英片岩夹黑云斜长片麻岩及灰黑色黑云变砾岩,前人将其划归为元古代宝音图群。上志留统杏树洼组为一套碎屑-碳酸盐岩沉积组合,包括深灰色-浅绿色粉砂质板岩、绢云母片岩以及细晶灰岩,与周围地层呈断层接触关系(王友等,1999)。粉砂质板岩经历了低绿片岩相变质作用,岩石变形强烈,劈理发育;灰岩呈巨厚层状,未发生变质作用。在小杏树洼南灰岩中采集到丰富的珊瑚化石,经沈阳地质矿产研究所鉴定,有珊瑚:Pachyfavosites sp.,Zelophyllum sp. indet.,Neomphyma sp.,Favosites sp.,Brachyelasma sp.,Polyorophe sp.,Tryplasma sp.,Thedstromi (Wedekind);层孔虫:Stromatopora sp.。据此将杏树洼组 的时代确定为晚志 留世(王友等,1999)。二叠
系下二叠统青凤山组为中性熔岩、熔岩角砾岩、局部夹有较多的凝灰粉砂岩、凝灰砂岩和砂砾岩;黄岗梁组为板岩、泥质板岩、灰黑色凝灰岩和少量结晶灰岩;上二叠统林西组为轻度变质的巨厚状细砂岩、粉砂岩和粉砂质板岩,局部夹灰岩透镜体。中生界地层主要为灰黄色酸性凝灰岩夹薄层凝灰砂岩、凝灰粗砂岩、砂岩、紫红色砾岩、砂砾 岩。
①内蒙古自治区地质局第二区域地质测量队.1968. 1:20万刘家营子幅区域地质调查报告
②辽宁省地质局第二区域地质测量队.1971a. 1:20万林西县幅区域地质调查报告
③辽宁省地质局第二区域地质测量队.1971b. 1:20万巴林左旗幅区域地质调查报告
④中国地质大学(武汉)地质调查研究院.2007. 1:25万林西县幅区域地质调查报告
根据1:20万下洼幅(内蒙古自治区地质局第二区域地质测量队,1967a①)、赤峰幅(内蒙古自治区地质局第二区域地质测量队,1967b②)、敖汉旗幅(辽宁省地质局第二区域地质测量队二分队,1970a③)、翁牛特旗幅(辽宁省地质局第二区域地质测量队二分队,1970b④)、五分地幅(辽宁省地质局第二区域地质测量队,1971c⑤ )、克什克腾旗幅(辽宁省地质局第二区域地质测量队,1971d⑥)区域地质矿产报告可知,南侧地层包括太古界、奥陶系、志留系、泥盆系、石炭系、二叠系、中生界和新生界。太古界称鞍山群,由一套斜长角闪片麻岩、角闪斜长片麻岩、混合岩、混合花岗岩、大理岩、石英岩夹角闪云母片麻岩、石英云母片岩组成。奥陶系由大理岩、灰岩、结晶灰岩夹泥质页岩及砂岩、黑云斜长片岩、黑云二长片岩、黑云斜长片麻岩组成。志留系包括5个组,自下而上依次为:中志留统晒勿苏组结晶灰岩、泥质灰岩夹砂岩;八当山组片理化流纹斑岩、凝灰岩夹板岩及薄层泥质灰岩;上志留统四道杖棚组黑云斜长片岩、角闪片岩、变质砂砾岩、板岩;大朝阳沟组片理化流纹斑岩、绢英片岩;下石碑组灰岩及砂岩。其中,下石碑组地层仅出露于下洼公社下石碑一带,由海相石灰岩及砂岩、板岩组成,层序清晰,与周围地层呈断层接触关系。下部为灰白、黑灰色石灰岩;中部主要为黑灰色泥质灰岩及石灰岩,泥质灰岩中局部含有白云质灰岩块体,石灰岩中富含珊瑚、层孔虫及苔藓虫化石,根据小泡沫珊瑚(Microplasma sp.)吉林中巢珊瑚(Mesofavosites ex gr. jilinensis Tchi sp.)和厚巢珊瑚(Pachyfavosites sp.)等的存在,将该组划入志留系上统(1:20万下洼幅地质图,内蒙古自治区地质局第二区域地质测量队,1967a)。上部主要为褐灰色、灰绿色板岩与粉砂岩互层,板岩呈薄板状。下泥盆统前坤头沟组为硬砂岩、板岩夹灰岩。石炭系下部为朝吐沟组绢英片岩和变质火山岩、后房身沟组砂岩夹灰岩透镜体;中部为夹道沟组砂岩、板岩及灰岩;上部为酒局子组砂岩夹石灰岩透镜体。二叠系青凤山组为一套碎屑-火山岩岩系,主 要有砂岩、板岩、含砾石英砂岩夹灰岩及火山岩。中生界地层主体为一套中酸性火山岩及凝灰岩,局部夹碎屑岩和煤 层。
内蒙古自治区地质局第二区域地质测量队.1967a. 1:20万下洼幅区域地质调查报告
②内蒙古自治区地质局第二区域地质测量队.1967b. 1:20万赤峰幅区域地质调查报告
③辽宁省地质局第二区域地质测量队二分队.1970a. 1:20万敖汉旗幅区域地质调查报告
④辽宁省地质局第二区域地质测量队二分队.1970b. 1:20万翁牛特旗幅区域地质调查报告
⑤辽宁省地质局第二区域地质测量队.1971c. 1:20万五分地幅区域地质调查报告
⑥辽宁省地质局第二区域地质测量队.1971d. 1:20万克什克腾旗幅区域地质调查报告
2.2 样品描述
样品LX0831-11为粉砂质板岩,采于西拉木伦河北岸上志留统杏树洼组中(GPS坐标:43°22′54″N,118°19′24″E)(图 2a),地层产状不清,与上下地层多呈断层接触关系。镜下观察主要成分为岩屑(50%)、单晶石英(30%)、长石(15%)和少量白云母(5%)。样品分选差-较差,次棱角状,杂基支撑,长石蚀变较强。岩屑的成分为多晶石英、变质岩等(图 2b)。
![]() | 图 2 野外及镜下照片 (a)-林西浅绿色粉砂质板岩与灰岩断层接触关系;(b)-林西浅绿色粉砂质板岩显微结构(+);(c)-奈曼旗下石碑组砂岩露头;(d)-奈曼旗下石碑组砂岩显微结构(+). Q-石英;Lm-变质岩岩屑;Cc-碳酸盐岩屑;Pl-长石;Mu-白云母 Fig. 2 The field and microscopic photographs (a)-faulted contact relationship between shallow green silty slate and limestone,Linxi area;(b)-microscopic structure of green silty slate,Linxi area(under cross-polarized light);(c)-s and stone of Xiashibei Formation,Naiman Banner;(d)-microscopic structure of s and stone of Xiashibei Formation,Naiman Banner(under cross-polarized light). Q-quartez; Lm-metamorphic rock’s debris; Cc-carbonate rock’s debris; Pl-feldspar; Mu-muscovite |
样品130417-06为石英岩屑砂岩,采于奈曼旗下石碑组顶部砂岩层位中(GPS坐标:42°29′56″N,121°00′03″E)(图 2c)。地层大致呈近东西向延伸,倾角近直立。镜下观察显示样品主要成分为岩屑(65%)、单晶石英(30%)、和长石(5%)。样 品为镶嵌粒状结构,分选中等、次棱角状、成熟度低,方解石胶结。石英均匀消光,颗粒粒径为0.05~0.2mm,部分石英见有港湾状熔蚀边(图 2d)。岩屑粒径为0.05~0.3mm,成分较为复杂,主要为各类变质岩和碳酸盐岩 屑。 3 样品测试与年龄分析 3.1 测试方法
样品采用常规方法进行破碎,经浮选和磁选后,在双目镜下挑选出晶形和透明度较好的锆石颗粒制成样品靶,锆石样品靶的制备与SHRIMP定年锆石样品制备方法相同(宋彪等,2002)。锆石的阴极发光(CL)显微照相在北京大学造山带与地壳演化教育部重点实验室完成。
锆石LA-ICP-MS原位U-Pb同位素年龄分析在北京大学造山带与地壳演化教育部重点实验室完成。测试仪器为电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(Agilent 7500c)和准分子激光剥蚀系统(COMPExPro102)联机,激光器为ArF准分子激光器。激光剥蚀束斑直径为32μm,激光能量密度为10J/cm2,剥蚀频率为5Hz。实验中采用He作为剥蚀物质的载气,Ar为辅助气。锆石年龄计算采用标准锆石Plesovice(337Ma)作为外标(Sláma et al., 2008),标准锆石91500为监控盲样(Wiedenbeck et al., 1995)。元素含量采用国际标样NIST610作为外标,29Si为内标元素进行校正。剥蚀样品前先进行15次激光脉冲的预剥蚀,采集20s的空白,随后进行62s的样品剥蚀,剥蚀完成后进行2min的样品池冲洗。采样方式为单点剥蚀,每完成5个测点的样品测定,加测标样一次。在15个锆石样品点前、后各测2次NIST610。样品的同位素比值和元素含量数据处理采用GLITTER4.4.2程序计算,普通铅校正使用Anderson(2002)给出的程序计算,加权平均年龄及谐和图的绘制使用Isoplot/Ex(3.0)完成(Ludwig,2003)。分析数据及锆石U-Pb谐和图给出误差为1σ,95%的置信度。
3.2 分析结果
对西拉木伦河北岸志留纪粉砂质板岩样品(LX0831-11)随机选取75颗锆石进行测定,其测试结果见表 1。锆石年龄均处于谐和线上,结合锆石CL图像(图 3)及U-Pb谐和图(图 4)特征,可将其分为三组,由新自老依次为:385~531Ma(N=52)、872~1097Ma(N=11)、1344~1901Ma(N=11)。第一组年龄(385~531Ma)的峰值为412Ma,锆石CL图像多呈自形柱状,长宽比为1:1~2:1,晶体形态总体较好,岩浆振荡环带清晰,Th/U值在0.12~2.02之间,显示了岩浆锆石的特征。第二组年龄(872~1097Ma)和第三组年龄(1344~1901Ma)的锆石CL图像显示结构较为复杂,晶体形态较差,呈半自形-他形,环带发育不均,Th/U值在0.02~1.62之间,除其中45号点的Th/U值为0.02,具有变质锆石的特征之外,多为岩浆成因。
对奈曼旗下石碑地区砂岩样品(130417-06)随机选取75颗锆石进行年龄测试,其结果见表 1。锆石CL图像见图 3。所测试的锆石点中,除了6个点的207Pb/235U年龄与206Pb/238U年龄相对误差大于10%而未参加计算之外,其余点的锆石年龄均处于谐和线上(图 5)。根据年龄值,将其由新到老依次分为四组:370~523Ma(N=34)、884~1481Ma(N=21)、1573~1900Ma(N=6)、2369~2588Ma(N=8)。第一组年龄(370~523Ma)的峰值为412Ma,锆石CL图像显示具有一定的磨圆度,锆石振荡环带清晰,Th/U值为0.3~1.23。第二组年龄(884~1481Ma)、第三组年龄(1573~1900Ma)和第四组年龄(2369~2588Ma)的CL图像显示多数锆石环带发育,但晶形较差,呈半自形-他形;Th/U值为0.14~1.79,显示岩浆锆石特征。
| 表 1 林西杏树洼组粉砂质板岩和奈曼旗下石碑组砂岩锆石U-Pb测年结果 Table 1 Results of LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb age dating for the Xingshuwa Formation silty slate in Linxi area and Xiashibei Formation s and stone in Naiman Banner area |
![]() | 图 3 林西地区杏树洼组粉砂质板岩和奈曼旗下石碑组砂岩部分锆石CL图像 Fig. 3 CL images of selected zircons from Xingshuwa Formation silty slate in Linxi area and Xiashibei Formation s and stone in Naiman Banner area |
![]() | 图 4 林西地区杏树洼组粉砂质板岩锆石U-Pb谐和图与频率曲线图 Fig. 4 Zircon U-Pb concordia diagram and relative probability plot for detrital zircons from Xingshuwa Formation silty slate in Linxi area |
![]() | 图 5 奈曼旗下石碑组砂岩锆石U-Pb谐和图与频率曲线图 Fig. 5 Zircon U-Pb concordia diagram and relative probability plot for detrital zircons from Xiashibei Formation s and stone in Naiman Banner area |
4 讨论 4.1 北侧粉砂质板岩锆石年龄意义
林西地区西拉木伦河北岸浅绿色粉砂质板岩第一组锆石年龄为385~531Ma,其峰值为412Ma,可能与早古生代艾力格庙-苏左旗-锡林浩特岩浆岩带的剥蚀有关(Xu et al., 2013)。沿该带前人报道了大量岛弧岩浆岩的锆石U-Pb年龄,年龄分布 在421~490Ma之间(Chen et al., 2000; 石玉若等,2005; Jian et al., 2008; 郭锋等,2009; 葛梦春等,2011; 孙立新等,2013)。第二组锆石年龄为872~1097Ma。根据前人的年代学研究,华北板块内部没有该期岩浆作用记录,但它在兴蒙造山带却普遍存在。例如Xu et al.(2013)通过对蛇绿混杂带基质的碎屑锆石研究,认为内蒙古中部存在一个未出露的浑善达克地块,其基底年龄主要集中于576~1044Ma;王炎阳等(未发表资料)对克什克腾旗五道石门基性火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄分析发现存在760~950Ma的继承性锆石。第三组年龄(1344~1901Ma)的锆石也只见于兴蒙造山带内,例如前人在本研究区以北的二叠纪沉积岩中发现中-新元古代碎屑锆石,其时代介于564~1557Ma(韩国卿等,2011)。显然,第二、三组元古代锆石应来源于兴蒙造山带的元古代基底,第一组锆石与早古生代岩浆弧的剥蚀有关,而最年轻的锆石U-Pb谐和年龄值为385±8Ma,限定样品所在地层的沉积下限为中-晚泥盆世。
4.2 南侧砂岩锆石年龄意义
位于西拉木伦河南岸的奈曼旗下石碑组砂岩第一组锆石年龄为370~523Ma,其峰值为412Ma,其中的较老锆石(500~400Ma)可能与早古生代华北板块北缘发育的图古日格-达茂旗-温都尔庙-镶黄旗-解放营子岛弧岩浆岩带有关。这些岛弧岩浆岩的年龄为490~404Ma(图 1b; 刘敦一等,2003; 张维和简平,2008; 秦亚等,2013; 刘建峰等,2013; Jian et al., 2008; Xu et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2012)。另外,年龄谱中还包含较多380~400Ma的碎屑锆石年龄,可能来源于该岛弧岩浆岩带南侧的早-中泥盆世碱性岩(曾俊杰,2009; 张晓辉和翟明国,2010; Miao et al., 2002)及基性侵入岩(Zhang et al., 2009)。样品中最年轻的锆石U-Pb谐和年龄值为370±4Ma,限定地层沉积下限为晚泥盆世。值得注意的是,样品中出现多颗0.9~1.5Ga的锆石年龄(共21颗)。大量研究表明,该年龄段是兴蒙造山带范围的典型特征(Rojas-Agramonte,2011; Xu et al., 2013)。第四组2369~2588Ma的锆石反映出华北板块的物源信息。综上,奈曼旗下石碑组的锆石既有兴蒙造山带、也有华北板块的物源,这表明志留-泥盆纪时期华北板块与兴蒙造山带之间已经没有沉积阻隔,兴蒙造山带的剥蚀物已经到达西拉木伦河南侧的华北板块北缘。
4.3 南北两侧锆石年龄与松辽地块的对比
本文测试的林西地区西拉木伦河浅绿色粉砂质板岩(LX0831-11)和奈曼旗下石碑组砂岩(130417-06)分属西拉木伦河两岸,但却显示出一致的志留-泥盆纪及晚元古代碎屑锆石年龄谱,表明两者从泥盆纪即具有相同的沉积物源(图 6a,b)。松辽地块处于华北板块以北的兴蒙造山带内,Wang et al.(2013)通过对松辽-张广才岭塔东群碎屑锆石的研究,提出了松辽地块的锆石年龄分布模式(图 6c)。对比发现,西拉木伦河南、北两侧样品的碎屑锆石年龄与松辽地块有着明显的相似性,不仅均具有早古生代末期的年龄信息,而且其继承性锆石也具有相同的年龄分布(图 6),暗示西拉木伦河南、北两侧的沉积物源与松辽地块有关。
![]() | 图 6 锆石年龄频率分布与松辽地块年龄谱对比(松辽地块数据来源于Wang et al., 2013) Fig. 6 Comparison of probability plots for our two samples and Songliao Block(the data of Songliao Block comes from Wang et al., 2013) |
本文所测试的两个样品分别位于西拉木伦河北岸的双井子地区和南岸的奈曼旗地区,分属前人所述的晚古生代“西拉木伦河缝合线”两侧,二者从泥盆纪到元古代碎屑锆石年龄的相似性说明它们从中-晚泥盆世以来已经具有共同的物源;而代表兴蒙造山带的元古代碎屑锆石在奈曼旗地区的出现,说明泥盆纪以来兴蒙造山带的剥蚀物已到达华北板块北缘。因此,本次碎屑锆石年代学研究暗示华北板块与其北部松辽地块在中-晚泥盆世之前已经完成拼合过程,即此时两者间已不存在古亚洲洋。
另外,前人根据古生物化石依据在林西地区西拉木伦河北岸划分出志留纪杏树洼组,并与南岸奈曼旗地区志留系下石碑组对比(内蒙古自治区地质矿产局,1991)。从本次研究获得的碎屑锆石年龄数据看,这两个地区存在中、晚泥盆世地层。因此,对西拉木伦河两岸志留-泥盆系做更详细的研究将会为古亚洲洋的构造演化过程提供更多的约束。
6 结论
(1)西拉木伦河北岸的双井子地区杏树洼组碎屑锆石年龄分为三组,由新自老依次为:385~531Ma(N=52)、872~1097Ma(N=11)和1344~1901Ma(N=11),碎屑锆石的最小年龄限定地层沉积下限为中-晚泥盆世;南岸的奈曼旗地区下石碑组碎屑锆石年龄分为四组,由新自老依次为:370~523Ma(N=34)、884~1481Ma(N=21)、1573~1900Ma(N=6)、2369~2588Ma(N=8)。碎屑锆石的最小年龄限定地层沉积下限为晚泥盆世。
(2)西拉木伦河南、北两侧原志留纪样品显示出一致的志留-泥盆纪及晚元古代碎屑锆石年龄谱,表明两者从志留-泥盆纪即开始接受来自兴蒙造山带的沉积物源。物源相似性表明华北板块与其北部松辽地块在中-晚泥盆世已经完成拼合过程。
致谢 感谢王炎阳、廖闻、张辰昊、罗志文等在野外工作中给予的大力帮助;感谢北京大学造山带与地壳演化教育部重点实验室马芳高级工程师在年龄测试过程中进行的指导。
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