岩石学报  2013, Vol. 29 Issue (5): 1675-1684   PDF    
西南天山变质俯冲杂岩中的陆壳物质--来自变基性岩的地球化学证据
刘新1,2, 苏文1, 高俊3, 李继磊1,4, 江拓2,3     
1. 中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所岩石圈演化国家重点实验室,北京 100029;
2. 中国科学院大学,北京 100049;
3. 中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所矿产资源研究重点实验室,北京 100029;
4. 德国埃朗根-纽伦堡大学北巴伐利亚地学中心,埃朗根 91054
摘要: 西南天山高压-超高压变质带中阿坦塔义地区新发现的榴辉岩块体呈透镜体产于围岩石榴石白云母片岩中,边部发育退变质蓝片岩。榴辉岩与蓝片岩具有相似的地球化学特征:榴辉岩SiO2为51.59%~52.66%,TiO2为0.70%~0.80%;蓝片岩SiO2为51.57%~54.06%,TiO2为0.86%~0.89%;榴辉岩与蓝片岩均具有轻稀土富集且内部中度分异、重稀土平缓、中度Eu负异常及亏损Ba、Sr、Nb、Ta、Ti等元素的地球化学特征,La/Nb分别为3.0~4.8及2.1~3.7,类似典型的活动大陆边缘岛弧岩浆岩特征。榴辉岩Zr/Hf=36.5~37.1,Nb/Ta=10.2~12.9;蓝片岩Zr/Hf=35.9~36.4,Nb/Ta=11.6~12.2,均类似大陆地壳的Zr/Hf与Nb/Ta比值。榴辉岩(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.7091~0.7095,εNd(t)=-7.52~-6.31;蓝片岩(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.7098~0.7107,εNd(t)=-7.70~-7.13。主微量元素特征和Sr-Nd同位素组成显示榴辉岩和蓝片岩的原岩具大陆地壳性质,这也是首次在西南天山变质俯冲杂岩中发现陆壳物质。
关键词: 西南天山     变质俯冲杂岩     陆壳物质     榴辉岩     蓝片岩    
Continental crust material in subduction complex in southwestern Tianshan-geochemical implications from metabasic rocks
LIU Xin1,2, SU Wen1, GAO Jun3, LI Jilei1,4, JIANG Tuo2,3     
1. State Key Laboratory of Lithosphere Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China;
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
3. Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China;
4. GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 5a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
Abstract: A new eclogite block, which is intercalated with garnet-bearing mica schist as lens and retrograded to blueschist in the interface, was found in the Atantayi valley in the southwestern Tianshan HP/UHP metamorphic belt. The eclogite and blueschist have similar geochemical characteristics: the SiO2 and TiO2 of the eclogite is 51.59%~52.66% and 0.70%~0.80%, respectively; for the blueschist the value is 51.57%~54.06% and 0.86%~0.89%. Both of the eclogite and blueschist have a LREE-enriched, HREE flat and moderate negative Eu anomaly REE pattern, and both kinds of rocks depleted in Ba, Sr, Nb, Ta, Ti, the La/Nb is 3.0~4.8 and 2.1~3.7, respectively, resemble the geochemical characteristics of the arc magmatic rocks in active continental margin. The Zr/Hf and Nb/Ta of the eclogite is 36.5~37.1 and 10.2~12.9, and for the buleschist is 35.9~36.4 and 11.2~12.6. Both of the ratios are similar to that of the continental crust. For the eclogite, (87Sr/86Sr)i=0.7091~0.7095, εNd(t)=-7.52~-6.31, and the value of the blueschist is 0.7098~0.7107 and -7.70~-7.13. The geochemical characteristics and Sr-Nd isotope system of the eclogite and blueschist suggest that their protolith have continental crust affinity. It suggests that there is continental material in the southwestern Tianshan subduction complex.
Key words: Southwestern Tianshan     Subduction complex     Eclogite     Blueschist     Continental crust material    

在中国境内的西南天山高压-超高压变质带沿中天山南缘断裂东西展布约200km,构成中天山复合弧地体南侧古生代增生楔的主体,自其发现以来(Gao et al., 1995, 1999; 高俊等, 1993; 高俊, 1997),近二十年来许多学者对此变质带进行了详细研究。

该变质带所出露的高压-超高压变质岩石是由变基性火山岩、变火山碎屑岩、杂砂岩、大理岩及蛇纹岩化超基性岩组成的“俯冲杂岩”或“构造混杂岩”(Gao et al., 1999; van derStraaten et al., 2008)。经历过高压和超高压变质的岩石其最大地温梯度分别为10℃/km (Gao et al., 1999) 和5~6℃/km (Zhang et al., 2002; et al., 2009),在榴辉岩与蓝片岩的石榴石中普遍出现绿帘石/黝帘石+钠云母±石英后成合晶包体,被认为是早期硬柱石的假象(Klemd et al., 2002),在含黄铁矿的榴辉岩石榴石中也发现尚存的硬柱石包体(李继磊,2010),这说明西南天山高压-超高压变质带是由一个冷的大洋壳即南天山洋的快速俯冲形成的(Gao et al., 1999; Klemd et al., 2005; 张立飞等, 2005),在野外部分榴辉岩仍具有玄武岩的枕状构造(Gao and Klemd, 2003),有学者据此将西南天山高压-超高压变质带和Alps的Zermatt-Saas带类比,认为是世界上两个最典型的洋壳整体俯冲与抬升形成的超高压变质带(张立飞等, 2007)。在以往的研究中,原岩为基性火山岩的变质岩其微量稀土元素及同位素特征类似于N-MORB (εNd=+6.7~+8.9)、E-MORB (εNd=-2.5~+3.2)、OIB (εNd=-1.4~+0.4) 的地球化学特征(Gao and Klemd, 2003),少数基性岩具有钙碱性岛弧岩浆岩(εNd=-6.7~-3.5) 的地球化学特征(John et al., 2008; 艾永亮等, 2005),因而该变质带的原岩被解释为产于海山环境,是南天山洋在古生代快速俯冲于伊犁地块之下形成的构造混杂岩(Gao et al., 1999; Klemd et al., 2005; 张立飞等, 2005)。但最近在榴辉岩中,边部含有金红石、绿辉石、多硅白云母等包体的继承锆石核部获得2450±31Ma、1956±26Ma的古老年龄(Su et al., 2010),榴辉岩相石榴石白云母片岩中碎屑锆石也获得1886±20Ma的年龄(Zhang et al., 2007),这些年龄表明其岩浆核不是来自洋壳的物质,但是对于原岩的属性并没有从地球化学特征方面进行限制;除此之外迄今为止也尚未有其他的西南天山变质俯冲杂岩中存在陆壳物质的报道。那么在西南天山高压-超高压变质带,变质俯冲杂岩是否完全由洋壳物质组成,有没有陆壳物质被卷入发生俯冲?笔者通过对阿坦塔义地区榴辉岩及其退变质蓝片岩露头的研究,对这一问题从地球化学方面提供一些证据。

1 地质背景及样品野外产状

中国境内的西南天山高压-超高压变质带是天山高压变质带的一部分,主要分布在新疆科克苏河、阿克牙孜沟和长阿吾子沟地区(Gao et al., 1995, 1999),西出国境可能与吉尔吉斯斯坦Atbashi蓝片岩-榴辉岩带(Tagiri et al., 1995) 及吉尔吉斯斯坦Fan-Karategin蓝片岩相连(Gao and Klemd, 2003),向东可能和库米什铜花山蓝片岩残迹相连(高俊等, 1993)。其北以中天山南缘断裂与中天山弧地体相隔,南侧以哈尔克山主脊断裂与塔里木北侧被动陆缘相接,近似楔形夹持于两大韧性剪切带之间(图 1a)(Gao et al., 1999; Qian et al., 2009)。该变质带主要由绿片岩相、蓝片岩相及榴辉岩相岩石等组成,绿片岩相岩石在区域上占主导地位,呈厚层状产出,叶理面与区域构造线方向平行;蓝片岩相岩石一般呈小透镜体、岩块、薄层或厚层状产于绿片岩相岩石中(高俊等, 1993; Gao et al., 1995),而榴辉岩相岩石呈豆荚状、布丁状、透镜体或岩块产于蓝片岩中或与之互层,少数保留有完好的枕状玄武岩构造(高俊, 1997; Gao and Klemd, 2003)。

图 1 研究区构造地质简图(据Gao et al., 1999; van der Straaten et al., 2008修改) Fig. 1 Sketch geological map of the study area (modified after Gao et al., 1999; van der Straaten et al., 2008)

西南天山高压-超高压变质岩经历5个变质演化阶段:硬柱石蓝片岩相阶段,峰期前绿帘石蓝片岩相阶段,峰期榴辉岩相阶段,退变质绿帘石蓝片岩阶段及退变质蓝片岩阶段(Gao et al., 1999; Klemd et al., 2002)。大部分榴辉岩经历高压变质作用,峰期温压条件为T=480~580℃,P=1.4~2.1GPa (Gao et al., 1999; Klemd et al., 2002; Wei et al., 2003),含碳酸盐榴辉岩峰期变质温压条件为T=540~565℃、P=2.18~2.31GPa (Li et al., 2012);少数榴辉岩与云母片岩经历超高压变质作用,石榴石中含有柯石英包体的榴辉岩相云母片岩和榴辉岩峰期温压条件分别为T=570~630℃、P=2.7~3.3GPa与T=470~520℃、P=2.4~2.7GPa (et al., 2008, 2009, 2012)。但是对于高压榴辉岩和超高压榴辉岩的共生关系及分布范围,至今仍存在争议(Wei et al., 2009; Klemd et al., 2011; et al., 2012)。

Gao and Klemd (2003)在榴辉岩中获得343±44Ma及346±3Ma的Sm-Nd等时线年龄,在蓝片岩中获得344±1Ma的40Ar/39Ar坪年龄及331±2Ma的Sm-Nd等时线年龄,认为榴辉岩相峰期变质作用发生在~345Ma,又有学者在榴辉岩中锆石边部获得233~226Ma的SHRIMP U-Pb年龄,并以此认为榴辉岩相峰期变质作用时间为三叠纪(Zhang et al., 2007),这也引起一场关于南天山洋是在晚古生代还是三叠纪闭合的争论;而近年来获得的一批新的高精度原位定年数据为榴辉岩相变质峰期时间提供了确切证据:榴辉岩中具有金红石、绿辉石、多硅白云母等包体的锆石边部SIMS U-Pb年龄为~319Ma (Su et al., 2010)、榴辉岩中金红石的SIMS U-Pb年龄为318±9Ma (Li et al., 2011),说明峰期变质作用发生在~320Ma。退变质蓝片岩中Rb-Sr等时线年龄为313~302Ma,40Ar/39Ar年龄为323~312Ma,但大多数分布在310~311Ma (Klemd et al., 2005),这说明峰期后折返发生蓝片岩相退变质作用叠加时间为~311Ma。榴辉岩中锆石具有清晰岩浆震荡环带的幔部SIMS U-Pb年龄为486~428Ma (Su et al., 2010),榴辉岩锆石核部年龄SHRMP U-Pb年龄为310~413Ma (Zhang et al., 2007),表明榴辉岩的原岩年龄可能为400~500Ma。榴辉岩中石榴石各阶段生长环带获得Lu-Hf年龄均一且集中在~315Ma (Klemd et al., 2011),说明榴辉岩相变质作用是在单一的俯冲事件中形成的;结合相同样品获得的~311Ma的40Ar/39Ar及Rb-Sr等时线年龄(Klemd et al., 2005),说明后期折返迅速(Klemd et al., 2011)。

本文样品采自科普尔特河支流阿坦塔义河下游一露头(N 42°30′34.1″,E 81°14′43.7″)(图 1b)。此处主体岩石为蓝片岩相石榴石云母片岩,叶理产状为340°∠26°,与区域构造线方向大致平行。其中榴辉岩岩块呈透镜体状产于石榴石云母片岩中,共两个,大者5.7×1.3m,小者1.5×0.8m,二者长轴连线与围岩叶理走向平行。在透镜体与围岩接触部位可见片岩片理围绕透镜体发生弯曲,榴辉岩在与石榴石云母片岩接触部位发育退变质蓝片岩(图 2a),整个透镜体和附近围岩中无脉体或分凝体产生,野外产状表明此榴辉岩透镜体非外来产物。

图 2 野外地质产状及岩相学照片 (a)-榴辉岩呈透镜体产于围岩石榴石白云母片岩中,接触部位发育退变质蓝片岩,可见片岩面理围绕透镜体发生弯曲;(b)-榴辉岩中石榴石内的ep+pg+ab包体(10LX5-9),正交偏光;(c)-榴辉岩中石榴石内qtz+cte及chl+ab+mt包体(10LX5-5),背散射图像;(d)-榴辉岩中石榴石内ab+ctz、ab+ktp、omp包体,石榴石边缘退变为ab+ca-amp,沿裂隙退变质为tmt,背散射图像;(e)-榴辉岩中石榴石内ep+phe、qtz包体(10LX5-19),背散射图像;(f)-榴辉岩中角闪石核部为gln,边部退变为bar,在退变质的bar中含有omp、phe、ru等包体,基质中omp有清晰的成分环带(10LX5-12),背散射图像;(g)-蓝片岩中grt、ab、phe共生,grt较小,沿裂隙或边部退变为ep,phe边部退变为wm (10LX5-7),背散射图像;(h)-蓝片岩中bar中包含有omp包体,且可见成分环带,bar边部退变为mg-hbl,背散射图像.矿物缩写:grt-石榴石; omp-绿辉石; phe-多硅白云母; pg-钠云母; gln-蓝闪石; bar-冻蓝闪石; cte-青铝闪石; ktp-钠红闪石; Mg-hbl-镁质普通角闪石; tmt-绿闪石; ep-绿帘石; chl-绿泥石; qtz-石英; ab-钠长石; ru-金红石; mt-磁铁矿 Fig. 2 Petrographical and field photos
2 岩相学特征 2.1 榴辉岩

榴辉岩呈透镜体产出,具斑状变晶结构,块状构造。较新鲜,后期退变质现象很少,主要由绿辉石(70%~80%)、石榴石(10%~15%)、白云母(2%~5%)、角闪石(2%~5%) 组成,含有金红石、榍石、钛铁矿、磁铁矿、锆石、磷灰石等副矿物,为典型的榴辉岩相组合。变斑晶矿物为石榴石、白云母、角闪石,基质主要由绿辉石组成。

石榴石,1.5~2.5mm,作为变斑晶存在,浅红色,较自形。石榴石的包体主要集中在核部与幔部,主要为单晶石英、钠长石、绿辉石或石英+钠钙质角闪石、绿帘石+多硅白云母±钠长石、绿帘石+钠云母±钠长石、绿泥石+钠长石+磁铁矿等后成合晶包体;边部仅有少量的绿辉石和金红石包体(图 2b-e)。在石榴石边部或者沿裂隙中可见退变为绿帘石或钠长石+绿泥石±钙质角闪石的后成合晶。

绿辉石,除少量以包体形式存在于石榴石或角闪石中外,主要以细小短柱状晶体存在于基质中(图 2f),个别结晶较大,可达0.5mm,无色或带浅绿色,较为干净几乎不含包体。

角闪石,以较大变斑晶存在,1~2mm,核部为浅蓝色蓝闪石,无包体,边部退变为绿色冻蓝闪石,含绿辉石、多硅白云母、金红石等包体(图 2f)。

多硅白云母,无色,以片状变斑晶存于基质中,与石榴石、绿辉石及角闪石共生,不含包体;钠云母无色,作为包体存在于石榴石或角闪石中;二者均有鲜艳干涉色。

金红石为常见副矿物,多为针状晶体,在整个薄片范围内均存在,作为包体存在于各种变斑晶中,或单独存在于基质中,边部退变为无色的榍石。

2.2 蓝片岩

蓝片岩具块状构造,斑状变晶结构,主要由角闪石(45%)、钠长石(35%)、白云母(5%)、绿帘石(5%)、方解石(4%)、绿辉石(2%)、石榴石(2%) 组成,含磷灰石、锆石、黄铁矿等副矿物。在角闪石中含有残留的绿辉石包体,说明蓝片岩经历过榴辉岩相变质作用。

角闪石作为变斑晶存在,1.5~3mm,少数晶体较细小。核部为浅蓝色蓝闪石,边部退变为浅绿色的钠钙质-钙质角闪石,大部分已经全部退变为浅绿色钙质角闪石,含有石榴石、绿辉石、多硅白云母、钠云母、绿帘石等包体(图 2h)。

绿帘石大多作为变斑晶存在,斑晶粒度不均,较大者1~1.5mm,可见局部沿解理退变为绿泥石;少量绿帘石作为包体产于角闪石中。白云母为多硅白云母,可作为角闪石包体出现,也可作为片状变斑晶存在于基质中,基质中的多硅白云母边部退变为普通白云母。绿辉石全部作为角闪石包体存在。石榴石较小,约0.5mm,极少数含有黄铁矿包体,因退变严重多数不自形,沿裂隙或边缘退变为绿帘石或绿泥石。

3 分析测试方法

主量元素和微量元素分析分别在中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所岩矿分析实验室及中国地质大学(武汉) 地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室完成。主量元素测试利用碱熔法将样品熔制成玻璃片,使用顺序式X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF-1500) 完成,采用国家一级岩石标样GBW07101-07114为基本效应校正,每10样品附带一个平行标样,利用标准曲线法校正。微量和稀土元素含量测试利用酸溶液法制备样品,在ICP-MS Element Ⅱ(电感耦合等离子质谱仪) 上进行测试,一般每10个待测样品选取一个样品为平行样,并附有空白样检测。以GSR为标样进行质量监控,采用标准曲线法来校正,相对偏差一般≤10%。分析结果见表 1

表 1 榴辉岩与蓝片岩主量元素(wt%) 及微量元素(×10-6) 分析数据 Table 1 Major element (wt%) and trace elment (×10-6) composition of eclogites and blueshists

全岩Rb-Sr、Sm-Nd同位素分析在中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所同位素实验室完成,采用德国Finnigan公司MAT-262型质谱仪,具体操作流程和同位素测试参见Yang et al. (2010)。分析结果见表 2

表 2 榴辉岩与蓝片岩Sr-Nd同位素分析数据 Table 2 Sr-Nd isotope data of eclogites and blueshists
4 分析结果 4.1 岩石地球化学特征

榴辉岩和蓝片岩具有相似的主量元素特征(表 1)。榴辉岩SiO2=51.59%~52.66%,TiO2=0.70%~0.80%;蓝片岩SiO2=51.57%~54.06%,TiO2=0.86%~0.89%。与榴辉岩相比,蓝片岩中Al2O3、Na2O及CaO低而FeO、MgO高,这与岩石的矿物组成是相符的。

榴辉岩和蓝片岩稀土总量高,具有相似的右倾型稀土配分模式图(图 3a)。榴辉岩∑REE=199.2×10-6~287.5×10-6,(La/Yb)N=6.79~13.71,(La/Sm)N=3.34~4.05,(Gd/Yb)N=1.39~2.05,δEu=0.79~0.82(表 1);蓝片岩∑REE=155.6~240.9×10-6,(La/Yb)N=8.84~12.15,(La/Sm)N=3.39~4.13,(Gd/Yb)N=1.46~1.90,δEu=0.76~0.81(表 1);在球粒陨石标准化稀土配分图上均显示轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素较为平缓、轻重稀土分异程度明显((La/Yb)N平均为10.25)、具中度Eu负异常的特征(图 3a)。在原始地幔标准化蛛网图中,榴辉岩与蓝片岩均显示Ba、Sr、Nb、Ta、Ti及Rb等元素的亏损(图 3b)。榴辉岩Zr/Hf=36.5~37.1,Nb/Ta=10.2~12.9(表 1);蓝片岩Zr/Hf=35.9~36.4,Nb/Ta=11.6~12.2(表 1)。

图 3 榴辉岩、蓝片岩球粒陨石标准化稀土配分图(a) 和原始地幔标准化蛛网图(b)(上地壳数据选自Rudnick and Gao, 2003; 标准化值据Sun and McDonough, 1989) Fig. 3 Condrite-normalized REE pattern (a) and primitive mantle-normalized trace elements spider (b) for the eclogite and blueshist (upper crust data after Rudnick and Gao, 2003; normalization data after Sun and McDonough, 1989)
4.2 全岩Sr-Nd同位素特征

榴辉岩87Sr/86Sr=0.70948~0.71250,143Nd/144Nd=0.51209~0.51218;蓝片岩87Sr/86Sr=0.71017~0.71088,143Nd/144Nd=0.51209~0.51212(表 2)。在发生榴辉岩相变质作用时原岩Sm-Nd同位素体系发生重置,峰期后整个折返过程非常迅速,只持续了约10Myr (Klemd et al., 2005, 2011),虽然经历蓝片岩相退变质作用的叠加,但因为其温度压力较低,岩石Sm-Nd体系未重新改造,仍保持峰期榴辉岩相时期Sm-Nd组成,因此我们选取榴辉岩相峰期作用时间320Ma恢复原岩Sr-Nd同位素体系。榴辉岩(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.7091~0.7095,εNd(t)=-7.52~-6.31;蓝片岩(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.7098~0.7107,εNd(t)=-7.70~-7.13;榴辉岩与蓝片岩的Sr-Nd同位素组成也很相似。

5 原岩属性

榴辉岩与蓝片岩的原岩为基性火山岩;与已报道的原岩形成于海山环境下的榴辉岩相比,SiO2明显偏高而TiO2明显偏低(Gao and Klemd, 2003; 熊贤明等, 2006)。

尽管榴辉岩相变质作用会引起主量元素和大离子亲石元素的运移,REE组分即使在超高压变质条件下仍能保持稳定,可作为判断源区的有效手段(Mahlen et al., 2005)。在球粒陨石标准化稀土配分图(图 3a) 中,榴辉岩与蓝片岩均显示稀土总量高、轻稀土富集且内部中度分异、重稀土平坦且具Eu负异常的配分模式,与上地壳REE配分模式极其相似(Rudnick and Gao, 2003)。在蛛网图(图 3b) 中,榴辉岩与蓝片岩均亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、Ba、Sr等元素,具有大陆岛弧岩浆岩的特征(McCulloch and Gamble, 1991);在Nb/Yb-Th/Yb微量元素判别图解中(图 4a),榴辉岩与蓝片岩均落入大陆岛弧岩浆岩范围。榴辉岩La/Nb=3.0~4.8;蓝片岩La/Nb=2.1~3.7,相对于大离子亲石元素亏损Nb、Ta,类似于大陆地壳特征(Rollison, 1993)。榴辉岩Nb/Ta=10.2~12.9,蓝片岩Nb/Ta=11.6~12.2,均类似大陆地壳比值(Nb/Ta=11~12)(Barth et al., 2000)。在Zr/Hf-Nb/Ta判别图解(图 4b) 中,榴辉岩与蓝片岩均落入大陆地壳范围。主微量元素特征说明,榴辉岩与蓝片岩的原岩为形成于大陆边缘弧环境下的陆壳物质。

图 4 榴辉岩、蓝片岩地球化学判别图及Sr-Nd同位素特征图 (a)-本文中榴辉岩、蓝片岩Nb/Yb-Th/Yb图解(据Pearce et al., 1984);(b)-榴辉岩、蓝片岩Zr/Hf-Nb/Ta图解(据Pfänder et al., 2007),其中:HostA & HostV选自John et al. (2008),BS2选自艾永亮等(2005);(c)-榴辉岩、蓝片岩Sr-Nd同位素协变图(据Zindle and Hart, 1986),数据选自van der Straaten et al.(2012);(d)-榴辉岩、蓝片岩位于大陆地壳εNd(t) 演化线上(据DePaolo, 1981) Fig. 4 Geochemical discriminant and Sr-Nd isotope characteristic diagrams of eclogite and blueschist

Sr-Nd同位素是良好的源区示踪剂。榴辉岩(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.7091~0.7095,εNd(t)=-7.52~-6.31;蓝片岩(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.7098~0.7107,εNd(t)=-7.70~-7.13。两类岩石具有类似的同位素组成,说明其原岩具有相同的源区;且二者同位素组成特点明显不同于典型的亏损地幔、MORB或OIB源区(图 4c),与此变质带中以往所报道的原岩具有E-MORB、N-MORB、OIB或岛弧岩浆岩地球化学特征的变基性火山岩(Gao and Klemd, 2003; 艾永亮等, 2005) 特点不同,其初始Sr同位素比值甚至高于在俯冲通道内经历过复杂流体改造作用的榴辉岩与蓝片岩(van der Straaten et al., 2012) (图 4c)。经历海水改造的大洋岩石圈(SAOL) 具有类似的Sr-Nd同位素组成(Singer et al., 2007),但Sr、Nd、Yb、Pb、Th的含量却与本文中的榴辉岩与蓝片岩有很大不同,因此SAOL不太可能是其原岩物质。榴辉岩与蓝片岩的εNd(t) 数值均落在大陆地壳εNd(t) 演化线上(图 4d),大陆地壳一般分为有地幔来源的新生陆壳和有部分古老地壳来源的陆壳,前者具有正的εNd值,类似亏损地幔来源,后者具有负的εNd值,类似古老地壳来源(Bowring and Housh, 1995; Zindler and Hart, 1986),而榴辉岩εNd(t)=-7.52~-6.87,蓝片岩εNd(t)=-7.70~-7.13,说明其原岩为古老的陆壳物质;且其(87Sr/86Sr)i也位于大陆火山岩初始Sr同位素比值范围(0.702~0.714)(Faure, 1977)。Sr-Nd同位素组成说明榴辉岩与蓝片岩的原岩为古老的陆壳物质。

John et al. (2008)中榴辉岩脉体的主岩蓝片岩在MORB标准化微量元素蛛网图上显示轻微的Nb、Ta及Zr、Hf的负异常,并据此认为其原岩可能形成于岛弧环境下,但高场强元素比值Zr/Hf及Nb/Ta显示其原岩火山岩具有MORB或OIB特征(图 4b);艾永亮等(2005)中蓝片岩组合BS2亏损Nb、Ti等高场强元素,富集Rb、Ba等大离子亲石元素,εNd(t)=-3.3~-6.4,表明其原岩为陆缘岛弧岩浆岩,可能有洋壳析出流体端员和陆缘沉积物端员的参与(艾永亮等, 2005),但Zr/Hf及Nb/Ta表明其不是典型的陆壳物质。本文中榴辉岩与蓝片岩的主微量元素、同位素特征均显示其原岩为典型的陆壳物质,这也是首次在西南天山俯冲杂岩中发现陆壳物质。

6 结论

西南天山高压-超高压变质带中阿坦塔义地区发现新的榴辉岩岩块,呈透镜体状产出于围岩石榴石白云母片岩中,边部发育退变质蓝片岩。二者具有相似的地球化学特征:均具有轻稀土富集且中度分异、重稀土平坦、负Eu异常的稀土配分模式;在蛛网图上出现Nb、Ta、Ti、Ba、Sr的亏损,类似大陆岛弧岩浆岩特征;榴辉岩(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.7091~0.7095,εNd(t)=-7.52~-6.31;蓝片岩(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.7098~0.7107,εNd(t)=-7.70~-7.13。微量元素特征、高场强元素比值及Sr-Nd同位素组成都说明榴辉岩和蓝片岩的原岩为陆壳物质。这也是首次在西南天山俯冲杂岩中发现典型陆壳物质。

致谢 感谢中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所岩矿分析实验室李禾、王红月、薛丁帅老师在主量元素分析以及固体同位素实验室李潮峰、李倩楠老师在同位素实验中的指导与协助,感谢中国地质大学(武汉) 陈能松老师、张璐同学在微量元素实验中的帮助。感谢郭顺博士对文章数据处理的指导,感谢张喜博士对图件处理过程的指导。感谢审稿人提出的宝贵修改意见。
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