南京农业大学学报  2021, Vol. 44 Issue (3): 521-525   PDF    
http://dx.doi.org/10.7685/jnau.202003008
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文章信息

唐荣宏, 范莉莉, 王冬雪, 李亚杰, 郁宏伟, 杨保收, 鲍恩东
TANG Ronghong, FAN Lili, WANG Dongxue, LI Yajie, YU Hongwei, YANG Baoshou, BAO Endong
禽流感DNA疫苗(H5亚型Re-8株)对黄羽肉鸡免疫程序的优化
The immune program optimization of avian influenza DNA vaccine(H5 subtype Re-8 strain) on Yellow broiler
南京农业大学学报, 2021, 44(3): 521-525
Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2021, 44(3): 521-525.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7685/jnau.202003008

文章历史

收稿日期: 2020-03-04
禽流感DNA疫苗(H5亚型Re-8株)对黄羽肉鸡免疫程序的优化
唐荣宏 , 范莉莉 , 王冬雪 , 李亚杰 , 郁宏伟 , 杨保收 , 鲍恩东     
天津瑞普生物技术股份有限公司, 天津 300308
摘要[目的]本试验旨在探索禽流感DNA疫苗(H5亚型Re-8株)对黄羽肉鸡的免疫效果及合理的免疫程序。[方法]选取1日龄健康未免疫禽流感疫苗的黄羽肉鸡210羽,随机分为7组,每组30羽,其中A、B、C 3组为单次免疫试验组,分别于1、10和14日龄免疫禽流感DNA疫苗,每羽30 μg;D、E、F组为加强免疫试验组,D、E 2组分别于14和10日龄免疫禽流感DNA疫苗,每羽30 μg,3周后D组加强免疫同种疫苗,每羽30 μg,E组加强免疫H5禽流感D7+rD8二价灭活疫苗,每羽0.3 mL;F组为灭活苗对照组,于10和31日龄分别免疫0.3 mL H5禽流感D7+rD8二价灭活疫苗;G组为空白对照组。各组受试鸡于免疫前和免疫后每周(后期每2周)采集血液并测定血清HI效价,研究受试鸡母源抗体和免疫期抗体的消长规律。[结果]黄羽肉鸡母源抗体HI效价至14日龄降至3.5,抗体合格率低于40%。单次免疫禽流感DNA疫苗时,14和10日龄免后1~2周HI抗体开始升高,1日龄免疫后3周抗体持续下降。禽流感DNA疫苗或二价灭活疫苗加强免疫后1周HI抗体效价均可达到5.0。[结论]黄羽肉鸡于10和14日龄免疫禽流感DNA疫苗,每羽30 μg,免疫后3周,每羽0.3 mL H5禽流感D7+rD8二价灭活疫苗或每羽30 μg禽流感DNA疫苗加强免疫后,可为鸡群提供长期的免疫保护。
关键词DNA疫苗   抗体   禽流感   黄羽肉鸡   
The immune program optimization of avian influenza DNA vaccine(H5 subtype Re-8 strain) on Yellow broiler
TANG Ronghong, FAN Lili, WANG Dongxue, LI Yajie, YU Hongwei, YANG Baoshou, BAO Endong    
Tianjin Ringpu Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300308, China
Abstract: [Objectives] The aim of this study was to explore the effect of DNA vaccine against avian influenza(H5 subtype Re-8 strain) on the immunity of Yellow broiler and the rational immunization procedure. [Methods] The 210 one day old healthy non-immune Yellow broilers were selected and randomly divided into seven groups with 30 chickens per group. Groups A, B, and C were single immunization test groups immunized with 30 μg avian influenza DNA vaccine at 1, 10, and 14 days old, respectively. Groups D, E and F were the enhanced immunization test groups, and groups D and E were immunized with 30 μg avian influenza DNA vaccine at 14 and 10 days old, respectively. After 3 weeks, group D was boosted with 30 μg of the same vaccine, and group E was boosted with 0.3 mL H5 avian influenza D7+rD8 bivalent inactivated vaccine. Group F was the oil seedling control group and immunized with 0.3 mL H5 avian influenza D7+rD8 bivalent inactivated vaccine at 10 and 31 days old, respectively. Group G was a blank control group. Blood samples were collected before and after immunization every week(every 2 weeks in the later period) and serum HI titer was measured to study the fluctuation of maternal antibody and antibody in the immunized period. [Results] The maternal antibody and antibody passing rate of Yellow broilers decreased to 3.5 and 40% at 14 days old. In the single vaccination against avian influenza DNA vaccine, the HI antibody began to increase at 1 to 2 weeks after immunization at 14 and 10 days old, and continued to decrease at 3 weeks after immunization at 1 day old. The titer of HI antibody could reach 5.0 in 1 week after enhanced immunization with avian influenza DNA vaccine or bivalent inactivated vaccine. [Conclusions] Yellow broilers were immunized with avian influenza DNA vaccine(30 μg per fowl) at 10 or 14 days old. At 3 weeks after immunization, the Yellow broilers were strengthened with 0.3 mL per fowl D7+RD8 bivalent inactivated vaccine or 30 μg per fowl avian influenza DNA vaccine, which could provide long-term immune protection for broilers.
Keywords: DNA vaccine    antibody    avian influenza    Yellow broiler   

禽流感(avian influenza, AI)是A类禽类烈性传染病之一, 由正黏病毒科的A型流感病毒所引起, 该病毒为单股、负链RNA病毒, 禽类、鸟类、人类及低等哺乳动物为其易感动物[1]。A型流感病毒分为多种亚型, 其中H5、H7亚型属于高致病性强毒株, 由其引发的高致病性禽流感具有发病急、传播速度快、死亡率高等特点。2003年以来, H5亚型高致病性禽流感(highly pathogenic avian influenza, HPAI)在我国多数地区呈现不同程度的爆发, 严重危害养禽业的健康发展[2]。不仅如此, 我国已有HPAI(H5亚型)感染人并致死的报道[3-4]。H5亚型HPAI作为一种人兽共患病, 对人类安全及动物健康具有严重危害, 因此对其防控具有重要的经济及公共卫生意义。

目前我国主要采用免疫接种H5亚型禽流感灭活疫苗的方式来预防禽流感[5-6]。然而, 禽流感灭活疫苗具有干扰临床检疫(检测)及流行病学调查等缺点。作为第3代疫苗的DNA疫苗不仅具有灭活苗的安全性, 不会干扰临床检疫及流行病学调查, 而且还具有以下优点: 1)可诱导机体产生全面的免疫反应——体液免疫和细胞免疫; 2)能不断刺激机体产生抗体, 免疫效力持续时间长[7]; 3)有利于多价苗及多联苗的研制, 疫苗生产简便、易于运输且成本低廉。因此, 越来越多的学者致力于研究禽流感DNA疫苗, 包括其免疫原性、免疫保护效力、与其他类型疫苗联合免疫等方面。与用同一种疫苗免疫相比, 联合免疫更能刺激机体产生更强的体液免疫反应和更高的抗体效价[8-12]。本试验的主要目的在于探索禽流感(H5亚型Re-8株)DNA疫苗用于黄羽肉鸡的合理免疫程序, 及其与H5亚型禽流感灭活苗联合免疫的免疫效果, 为防控H5亚型禽流感提供新方法。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验动物与受试疫苗

210羽1日龄黄羽肉鸡购自温氏公司沧州孵化场。受试疫苗H5禽流感D7+rD8二价灭活疫苗购自广州市华南农大生物药品有限公司(批号1709001);H5亚型禽流感DNA疫苗(pDNA Re-8)由天津瑞普生物技术股份有限公司生物制品研究分院提供(1.0 mg·mL-1, 批号20160722)。

1.2 试验方法 1.2.1 试验分组

将1日龄未免疫禽流感疫苗的210羽健康黄羽肉鸡随机均分为A、B、C、D、E、F、G共7组, 每组30羽。具体分组及处理见表 1

表 1 试验分组信息及免疫接种程序 Table 1 Trial grouping information and immunization program
组号Group No. 免疫接种程序Immunization program
首免First immunization 二免Secondary immunization
A 1日龄肌肉注射30 μg pDNA Re-8
1 day old intramuscular injection of 30 μg pDNA Re-8

None
B 10日龄肌肉注射30 μg pDNA Re-8
10 days old intramuscular injection of 30 μg pDNA Re-8

None
C 14日龄肌肉注射30 μg pDNA Re-8
14 days old intramuscular injection of 30 μg pDNA Re-8

None
D 14日龄肌肉注射30 μg pDNA Re-8
14 days old intramuscular injection of 30 μg pDNA Re-8
35日龄肌肉注射30 μg pDNA Re-8
35 days old intramuscular injection of 30 μg pDNA Re-8
E 10日龄肌肉注射30 μg pDNA Re-8
10 days old intramuscular injection of 30 μg pDNA Re-8
31日龄颈背部皮下注射0.3 mL H5禽流感D7+rD8二价灭活疫苗31 days old subcutaneous immunization of the cervix and back with 0.3 mL H5 avian influenza D7+rD8 inactivated bivalent vaccine
F 10日龄颈背部皮下注射0.3 mL H5禽流感D7+rD8二价灭活疫苗10 days old subcutaneous immunization of the cervix and back with 0.3 mL H5 avian influenza D7+rD8 inactivated bivalent vaccine 31日龄颈背部皮下注射0.3 mL H5禽流感D7+rD8二价灭活疫苗31 days old subcutaneous immunization of the cervix and back with 0.3 mL H5 avian influenza D7+rD8 inactivated bivalent vaccine
G
注: pDNA Re-8为禽流感DNA疫苗(H5亚型, Re-8株)。
Note: pDNA Re-8 is avian influenza DNA vaccine(H5 subtype, RE-8 strain).
1.2.2 血清采集

A、B和C组受试鸡分别于免疫前及免疫后1、2及3周采集血样; D、E、F组受试鸡于首免后1、2、3周以及加强免疫后1、2、4、6、8、10、12周采集血样; G组(空白对照组)受试鸡于1、7、14、21、28、35、42、49、63、77、91日龄时采集血样。各组受试鸡在各采样时间点均采取翅下静脉方式采集血液, 每羽0.5 mL。分离血清作为待检样品。

1.2.3 抗体检测

采用血凝(HA)及血凝抑制(HI)方法检测抗体滴液(HI效价log2)。具体操作按照《中国兽药典》(2005版)所述进行, 即HA试验测出H5亚型禽流感Re-8株血凝价, 根据测定的血凝价配制HI试验所需要的4单位抗原。检测结束后, 对所得结果进行判断: 阳性(HI效价≥4)、阴性(HI效价≤3)、可疑(3 < HI效价 < 4)。对可疑样品应进行重检, 重检HI效价≥4判为阳性, HI效价≤3判为阴性。禽流感抗体HI效价≥4判为免疫合格。

1.3 数据处理

抗体滴度(HI效价)采用算数平均数表示; 抗体合格率=合格抗体数/检测数×100%。用GraphPad及SPSS 16.0对试验数据进行统计分析。

2 结果与分析 2.1 黄羽肉鸡禽流感母源抗体消长规律

空白对照G组受试鸡血清样品的抗体滴度(HI效价)效价检测结果如图 1所示。黄羽肉鸡母源抗体HI效价在7~14 d时下降最快(由5.1降至3.5), 抗体合格率也由88.9%降至39.3%。14 d后其母源抗体的保护作用显著降低, 不足以产生对鸡群的免疫保护。

图 1 黄羽肉鸡禽流感(H5亚型Re-8株)母源抗体消长规律及母源抗体合格率 Fig. 1 Fluctuation and growth of maternal antibody to avian influenza(H5 subtype RE-8 strain)in Yellow broiler and qualified rate of maternal antibody
2.2 禽流感DNA疫苗(H5亚型Re-8株)单次免疫效果比较

不同日龄(1、10、14日龄)受试鸡单次免疫禽流感DNA疫苗(pDNA Re-8株)后其血清样品抗体滴度检测结果(图 2)所示: C组(14日龄免疫)受试鸡血清抗体的HI效价及合格率在免疫DNA疫苗1周后即出现上升(由2.3升至4.1);B组(10日龄免疫)受试鸡血清抗体HI效价在免疫后2周出现上升(由3.5升至3.8);A组(1日龄组)受试鸡血清抗体HI效价免疫后3周内一直呈现下降趋势。统计学分析结果显示, A、B、C 3组受试鸡血清抗体HI效价及合格率差异均不显著(P>0.05), C组受试鸡呈现出的免疫效果优于A组和B组。

图 2 禽流感DNA疫苗(H5亚型Re-8株)单次免疫效果(A)和抗体合格率(B)比较 Fig. 2 Comparison of single immune effect(A)and passing rate of antibody(B)of avian influenza DNA vaccine(H5 subtype RE-8 strain)
2.3 禽流感DNA疫苗加强免疫对黄羽肉鸡的免疫效果比较

用pDNA Re-8疫苗对黄羽肉鸡进行不同日龄首免后, 再次追加免疫DNA疫苗或二价灭活疫苗, 受试鸡血清禽流感病毒抗体滴度检测结果如图 3所示。由图 3可以看出: F组(10和31日龄2次经颈背部皮下注射H5禽流感D7+rD8二价灭活疫苗)受试鸡血清抗体HI效价最高; 其次是E组受试鸡(10日龄, 肌肉注射pDNA Re-8疫苗, 31日龄时再次经过颈背部皮下注射H5禽流感D7+rD8二价灭活疫苗); 而D组(14和35日龄2次经肌肉注射pDNA Re-8疫苗)受试鸡血清抗体HI效价普遍低于F组和E组。然而, 3个试验组受试鸡血清中相应抗体的持续期均较长(抗体HI效价>5)。F组受试鸡抗体合格率在免疫期一直处于较高水平, D、E组受试鸡血清抗体合格率在免疫后持续增高, 免疫后2周均达到50%以上, 为鸡群提供较好的免疫保护。统计学分析结果显示, D、E 2组受试鸡的抗体HI效价及抗体合格率差异均不显著(P>0.05), 而D、F 2组受试鸡血清抗体HI效价及抗体合格率差异显著(P < 0.05), E、F 2组抗体HI效价及抗体合格率差异均不显著(P>0.05)。因此, F组的免疫效果最佳, 其次是E组, 然后是D组。D、E和F这3组受试鸡在免疫后抗体均能较快升至5.0, 可为鸡群提供长期的免疫保护。

图 3 加强免疫对H5禽流感DNA疫苗免疫鸡血清抗体滴度(HI效价, A)及抗体合格率(B)比较 Fig. 3 Comparison of HI titer(A)and passing rate(B)of serum antibody against H5 avian influenza DNA vaccine immunized chicken by enhanced immunization
3 讨论

近年来, AI新毒株在中国广泛传播并导致人感染[1, 13], 其中至少包含6个亚型(H5N1、H6N1、H7N9、H9N2、H10N8和H5N6)的AIV[14]。以常用的H5N1亚型禽流感灭活疫苗应对新出现的AIV或许已不能满足AI防控的要求了。目前关于DNA疫苗的研究较多, 已显示出其在传染病预防方面的重要性[15-16]。因此, 本文选取禽流感(H5亚型, Re-8株)DNA疫苗与在市面上销售的H5禽流感D7+rD8二价灭活疫苗进行免疫效果的评价与分析, 为DNA疫苗的实际应用提供试验依据。

大部分灭活疫苗的免疫效果会受母源抗体的影响, 而DNA疫苗的免疫效果不受母源抗体的影响[17]。为更加贴近生产实际, 本研究将单次免疫禽流感疫苗的受试鸡日龄设为1、10和14日龄, 试验结果显示黄羽肉鸡免疫禽流感DNA疫苗的最佳日龄为14日龄, 其次为10日龄, 这一结果与文献[18]的结果不同。究其原因, 可能是随着雏鸡不断成长, 其免疫系统发育愈发成熟, 肌肉组织处于快速发育阶段, 进入肌纤维的DNA质粒及表达的抗原越多, 免疫系统对抗原的递呈越有效、应答越快[19-24], 当低日龄进行DNA疫苗免疫时, 雏鸡母源抗体过高会中和DNA疫苗抗原。

为探究较优的免疫程序以实现对黄羽肉鸡提供较好保护力, 本研究将DNA疫苗与市售禽流感二价疫苗进行单独及联合免疫, 结果显示, E组受试鸡血清抗体HI效价和抗体合格率在免疫期的前期低于F组, 但其抗体水平足以达到保护鸡群免于AIV感染, 且2组间的差异不显著, 说明禽流感DNA疫苗与目前市售灭活苗联合免疫可以给鸡群提供良好免疫保护。本试验中, D组受试鸡免疫效果整体比E组及F组差, 但其抗体HI效价大于4, 免疫合格率大于50%, 也可实现对鸡群的免疫保护。

通过对黄羽肉鸡禽流感DNA疫苗(H5亚型Re-8株)免疫效果和免疫程序研究, 我们初步认为以下2种免疫程序可以获得对禽流感较佳的免疫保护效果: 第1种为14日龄首免禽流感(H5亚型Re-8株)DNA疫苗, 每羽30 μg, 21 d后同等剂量加强免疫, 其所产生的HI抗体足够保护鸡群免于AIV的感染; 第2种为10日龄首免禽流感DNA疫苗, 每羽30 μg, 21 d后免疫禽流感H5亚型灭活苗0.3 mL, 受试鸡产生的抗体高, 持续期长。

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