林业科学  2018, Vol. 54 Issue (7): 173-180   PDF    
DOI: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.20180719
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文章信息

王吉锐, 郑晨义, 杜予州, 王浩, 周国鑫, 徐志宏
Wang Jirui, Zheng Chenyi, Du Yuzhou, Wang Hao, Zhou Guoxin, Xu Zhihong
危害竹子的3种粉虱记述(半翅目:粉虱科)
Three Species of Whiteflies(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Infesting Bamboo in China
林业科学, 2018, 54(7): 173-180.
Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2018, 54(7): 173-180.
DOI: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.20180719

文章历史

收稿日期:2017-04-25
修回日期:2017-05-23

作者相关文章

王吉锐
郑晨义
杜予州
王浩
周国鑫
徐志宏

危害竹子的3种粉虱记述(半翅目:粉虱科)
王吉锐1, 郑晨义2, 杜予州3, 王浩1, 周国鑫1, 徐志宏1     
1. 浙江农林大学农业与食品科学学院 临安 311300;
2. 杭州市余杭区森林病虫害防治检疫站 杭州 311000;
3. 扬州大学园艺与植物保护学院暨应用昆虫研究所 扬州 225009
摘要:【目的】调查国内部分地区危害竹类植物的粉虱科害虫种类,为种类鉴定和虫害防治提供依据。【方法】采集竹类植物上的粉虱伪蛹制作玻片标本,进行观察鉴定。【结果】记述了危害竹类植物的3种粉虱:长刺刺粉虱Aleurocanthus longispinus Quaintance&Baker,该种为中国新记录种;马氏粉虱Aleurolobus marlatti(Quaintance),系首次在竹类植物上发现;竹褶粉虱Crenidorsum multipapillus(Singh)。重新描述了3种粉虱伪蛹形态特征,提供了寄主植物、地理分布信息及伪蛹生态照和玻片标本照片。研究标本保存在浙江农林大学昆虫标本室。此外,通过查阅文献统计全世界危害竹类植物的粉虱种类,有11属21种,隶属于1亚科。【结论】我国华东华南地区有3种危害竹类植物的粉虱,今后应扩大调查范围,进一步掌握国内竹类植物上粉虱的种类、分布与危害状况。
关键词:竹类植物    半翅目    粉虱科    新记录种    中国    
Three Species of Whiteflies(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Infesting Bamboo in China
Wang Jirui1, Zheng Chenyi2, Du Yuzhou3, Wang Hao1, Zhou Guoxin1, Xu Zhihong1    
1. School of Agricultural & Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University Lin'an 311300;
2. Yuhang Forest Pest Control and Quarantine Station of Hangzhou Hangzhou 311100;
3. School of Horticulture and Plant Protection & Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009
Abstract: 【Objective】This aimed to investigate the whitefly species infesting bamboos in China to provide a basis for species identification and pest control.【Method】The whitefly was collected on bamboos, and the specimens were mounted on glass slides and observed under a microscope.【Result】In this paper, three species of whitefly infesting bamboos are reported:Aleurocanthus longispinus Quaintance & Baker, a newly recorded species in China; Aleurolobus marlatti (Quaintance), a new host-plant association; as well as Crenidorsum multipapillus (Singh). We re-describe the morphological characteristics of puparium of the three species and provide the host plants, geographic distribution and the live images, slide photographs of the three whitefly species. The specimens have been deposited in the Insect Collection of Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, China. In addition, we surveyed literature and found that there are totally 21 whitefly species in 11 genera belonging to one subfamily, which are harmful to bamboo plants in the world.【Conclusion】There are three whitefly species which harm bamboos in the southern and eastern China. In the future, the scope of investigation on whitefly should be expanded to further know well the whitefly species and distribution as well as their harm to bamboos in China.
Key words: bamboo plants    Hemiptera    Aleyrodidae    newly recorded species    China    

粉虱隶属于半翅目(Hemiptera)胸喙亚目(Sternorrhyncha)粉虱科(Aleyrodidae),主要以若虫和成虫刺吸寄主植物汁液的方式危害。许多种类是重要的农林害虫,有些种类还是许多植物病毒病的传播媒介,还能诱导发生煤污病(Mound et al., 1978; 梁爱萍, 2005)。目前全世界已记录粉虱1 617余种,隶属165属、3亚科,即粉虱亚科(Aleyrodinae)、复孔粉虱亚科(Aleurodicinae)和原脉粉虱亚科(Udamoselinae)(Martin et al., 2007)。截至目前,我国已记录的粉虱科种类有2亚科49属256种(周尧,1949汤祊德,1960阎凤鸣,1987王吉锐,2015)。

竹子作为一类重要的植物资源,长期以来受到人们的重视。近年来,竹类植物被越来越广泛地运用于城市生态建设,在保护和改善城市环境方面发挥着越来越重要的作用(蒲晓蓉等,2006周春来等,2011)。有关竹类植物的病虫害研究较多,主要针对危害竹笋、取食竹叶和钻蛀竹枝干的害虫,而对危害竹类植物的粉虱类害虫的研究还未见专门报道。本文是笔者在对中国粉虱科昆虫分类研究的过程中对危害竹类植物的粉虱种类鉴定分类的结果。

1 材料与方法 1.1 研究标本

本研究使用的粉虱标本分别为笔者2014年在江苏连云港和2016年在广东华南农业大学植物园的竹类植物上所采集获得。笔者也检视了上海昆虫博物馆馆藏的寄主为竹类植物的部分粉虱玻片标本。

1.2 粉虱标本制作及观察

标本的制作和保存分为2类:一部分以腊叶标本保存,另一部分制成玻片标本研究。玻片制作方法参考Dubey等(2012)。玻片标本置于奥林巴斯生物显微镜BX63上观察并拍照,并且参考相关文献资料,利用比较形态学方法进行粉虱种类鉴定。研究标本保存在浙江农林大学昆虫标本室。

2 结果与分析

通过形态学研究,共鉴定出危害竹类植物的粉虱3属3种,即长刺刺粉虱Aleurocanthus longispinus Quaintance & Baker、马氏粉虱Aleurolobus marlatti(Quaintance)和竹褶粉虱Crenidorsum multipapillus(Singh),其中长刺刺粉虱是中国新记录种。此外,本研究还通过查阅文献,统计了全世界已报道的危害竹类植物的粉虱种类,共计1亚科11属21种(表 1)。

表 1 世界危害竹类植物粉虱种类记录 Tab.1 List of the whitefly species recorded from bamboo in the world
2.1 长刺刺粉虱Aleurocanthus longispinus Quaintance & Baker(图 12),中国新记录种
图 1 长刺刺粉虱Aleurocanthus longispinus Figure 1 Aleurocanthus longispinus A.危害竹类植物叶片Infested leaves of Bambusa sp.;B.伪蛹背面,体缘周边分泌的白色蜡质带puparium, dorsal view, showing white wax secretion around case.
图 2 长刺刺粉虱伪蛹 Figure 2 Aleurocanthus longispinus puparium A.伪蛹背面Puparium, dorsal view.;B.体缘及缘齿Margin of body and teeth on margin of body;C.管状孔及盖瓣Vasiform orifice and operculum.

Aleurocanthus longispinus Quaintance & Baker, 1917: 344; Singh, 1931: 66.

Aleurocanthus lumpurensis Corbett, 1935: 794-795. [Synonymised by Martin & Mound, 2007: 8.]

伪蛹特征:蛹壳椭圆形,黑色,体长约1.53~1.71 mm,宽约1.18~1.32 mm,在第Ⅲ—Ⅵ腹节处最宽;体缘环绕了一圈较宽的白色蜡质分泌物带,体缘锯齿状,齿钝圆形,0.1 mm体缘内含齿7~8个。前缘刚毛长约12.8 μm,后缘刚毛长约52.6 μm。亚缘区明显,宽约0.17 mm,分布有55~65对长短不一的刺,长约192.3~463.8 μm。头部分布有1对短刺,长约32.6 μm。腹部分节明显,各腹节两侧零散分布有一些小孔,各腹节中央区两侧分布有一排10~12个小突起;在腹部亚中区分别分布有6对短刺,腹部中央区分布有4对短刺,着生位置多变,长约82.6~220.3 μm。管状孔着生在一瘤突上,近圆形,长约68.3 μm,宽约56.8 μm,内缘有很多小齿;盖瓣近圆形,长宽近等长,约45.3 μm,内部分布有3列圆形瘤状物,几乎充塞了整个管状孔。尾沟缺失。

模本产地:综模,印度(Calcutta),箣竹属Bambusa sp.,1910-Ⅹ,R.S. Woglum采,存放于美国国家自然历史博物馆[National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA(USNM)]。

寄主植物:禾本科:箣竹属Bambusa sp., 印度箣竹Bambusa arundinacea (Singh, 1931).

分布:中国(广东)、缅甸、柬埔寨、印度、马来西亚、泰国、印度尼西亚(Quaintance et al., 1917; Singh, 1931; Corbett, 1935; Martin, 1988; Dubey et al., 2005a)。

检视标本:10片伪蛹玻片标本,寄主箣竹属Bambusa sp.,广州华南农业大学植物园,2016-Ⅻ-26,采集人王吉锐。

讨论:该种是中国新记录种,主要分布于东南亚。目前仅发现该虫危害竹类植物。中文名系根据学名新拟定。

2.2 马氏粉虱Aleurolobus marlatti (Quaintance)(图 34)
图 3 马氏粉虱伪蛹电镜照片 Figure 3 SEM photographs of Aleurolobus marlatti A.伪蛹Puparium; B.体缘Margin of body; C.蜡质分泌物Wax secretion; D.管状孔及尾沟Vasiform orifice and caudal furrow.
图 4 马氏粉虱伪蛹玻片 Figure 4 Slide mounted specimen of Aleurolobus marlatti A.伪蛹Puparium;B.体缘Margin of body;C.管状孔Vasiform orifice.

Aleurodes marlatti Quaintance, 1903: 61.

Aleurolobus marlatti: Quaintance & Baker, 1914: 109.

Aleurolobus niloticus Priesner & Hosny, 1934: 1. [Synonymised by Martin, 1999: 43.]

Aleurolobus ravisei Cohic, 1968: 95. Congo. [Synonymised with niloticus Priesner & Hosny by Bink-Moenen, 1983: 50.]

伪蛹特征:蛹壳漆黑色有光泽,长约0.924 mm,宽约0.658 mm,体缘有整齐的白色玻璃状蜡质分泌物环绕,一般由3条蜡丝组成一带,长约86.7 μm;背盘上有蜡质分泌物分布。体缘锯齿状,单层排列,约每2~3小齿组成一大齿,0.1 mm体缘内约有8大齿。亚缘区与背盘分离明显,较宽,宽约75.1 μm;有10对短刚毛环亚缘区分布。头胸部分节明显,眼点新月形,上端略尖,长约17 μm。胸气管褶不明显,气管内具有刻点分布,末端形成气管栉,由3个小齿组成。横蜕裂缝和纵蜕裂缝均未达体缘。腹部分节明显,各腹节长约43.6~46.5 μm;各腹节中央及两侧均有蜡质分泌物分布,呈网状。管状孔长三角形,长约79.4 μm,宽约61.2 μm,末端有开口,两侧底部有5~6个小齿;管状孔刚毛长约12 μm。盖瓣三角形,几乎充塞了整个管状孔区域;末端具有一对短刚毛,长约24.6 μm。舌状突隐藏。尾沟明显,长约66.7 μm,宽约12 μm。尾刚毛长约58.6 μm。

模本产地:选模[Martin(1999)指定],日本(Hakato),1901-Ⅴ-21,柑橘(Citrus reticulata),C.L. Marlatt采,存放于USNM。

寄主植物:箣竹属Bambusa sp.、柑橘、桑树(Morus alba)、黄花决明(Senna surattensis)、福建茶(Carmona microphylla)、无花果(Ficus carica)等(Mound et al., 1978; Martin et al., 2007; Evans, 2008)。

分布:中国(江苏、上海、安徽、浙江、江西、湖南、福建、广东、海南、香港、广西、四川),日本(Quaintance, 1903; Kuwana, 1911),印度(Jesudasan et al., 1991),斯里兰卡(Quaintance et al., 1916),埃及,菲律宾,伊朗,以色列,约旦,沙特阿拉伯,乍得,爪哇岛(Mound et al., 1978; Martin et al., 2007; Evans, 2008)。

检视标本:1片伪蛹玻片标本,寄主箣竹属Bambusa sp.,江苏淮安盱眙铁山,2014-Ⅴ-22,采集人陆明星。

讨论:该种分布广泛,寄主多样,本文为其危害竹类植物的首次记录。

2.3 竹褶粉虱Crenidorsum multipapillus (Singh)(图 56)
图 5 竹褶粉虱伪蛹玻片 Figure 5 Slide mounted specimen of Crenidorsum multipapillus A.伪蛹背面Puparium, dorsal view;B.体缘及缘齿Margin of body and teeth on margin of body;C.管状孔及盖瓣Vasiform orifice and operculum.
图 6 竹褶粉虱(伪蛹,背面观) Figure 6 Crenidorsum multipapillus(Puparium, dorsal view)

Aleurotrachelus multipapillus Singh, 1932: 86.

Crenidorsum multipapillus: David et al., 2006: 25.

伪蛹特征:蛹壳长椭圆形,黄色,蛹长约1.46 mm,宽约0.91 mm。体缘周边有一圈白色蜡质分泌物。

体缘齿状,齿较钝圆,0.1 mm体缘内含小齿12~13个。前缘刚毛长约16 μm;后缘刚毛长约21 μm。亚缘区明显,较窄,隔离亚缘区与背盘的缝明显。头胸部有一条中央脊延伸到体缘,两侧还各有一纵褶分布,从前胸斜外延伸至于第Ⅱ腹节。背盘上分布有很多小孔,亚中区尤为密集。横蜕裂缝不达体缘,末端在纵褶中央;纵蜕裂缝较长,延伸到体缘。背盘上分布有4对刚毛:头部一对最长,长约60 μm;中后胸各一对,长约18 μm;管状孔基部一对,长约31 μm。腹部分节明显,各腹节上有微孔4~5个。管状孔亚心形,边缘硬化,长约73 μm,宽约60 μm;末端内缘有绒毛状特征。盖瓣心形,充塞了管状孔2/3区域。舌状突露出,球状,顶端着生小刚毛。尾沟不存在,尾刚毛长约36 μm。

模本产地:综模,缅甸,Bambusa nana,1929-Ⅴ,K. Singh采,存放于印度动物调查研究所[Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, India(ZSI)]。

寄主植物:箣竹属Bambusa sp.,箣竹属Bambusa nana (Singh, 1932)。

分布:中国(上海、江苏、浙江、广东),缅甸(Singh, 1932),印度(David et al., 1976; 2006b),马来西亚,泰国(Takahashi, 1942),苏拉威西岛(Evans, 2008)。

检视标本:3片伪蛹玻片标本,寄主箣竹属Bambusa sp.,江苏淮安盱眙铁山,2014-Ⅴ-22,采集人陆明星;1片伪蛹玻片标本,寄主箣竹属Bambusa sp.,广东广州华南农业大学植物园,2016-Ⅻ-26,采集人王吉锐和常亚文;1片伪蛹玻片标本(97005),寄主竹子,上海植物园,1997-Ⅳ-23,采集人罗志义;1片伪蛹玻片标本(97001),寄主竹子,浙江杭州梅家坞,1997-Ⅳ-15,采集人罗志义。

讨论:该种目前仅发现危害竹类植物。

3 讨论

根据目前的研究报道,世界上大部分种类的粉虱寄生在双子叶植物上,只有一少部分寄生在单子叶植物上(Mound et al., 1978)。本研究表明,世界上危害竹类植物的21种粉虱主要分布在东南亚国家,并且寄主基本是单一的竹类植物,仅有极少数种类同时也能危害其他寄主。我国有3种寄生于竹类植物上的粉虱。我国的竹类植物资源十分丰富,根据《中国竹类图志》记载,我国现有木本竹类植物43属700种以上,这些竹种主要分布在北方散生竹区、江南混合竹区、西南高山竹区、南方丛生竹区(西南亚区和华南亚区)和滇琼攀援竹区5个分布区(王强,2012),今后有必要对危害竹类植物上的粉虱种类进行更广泛深入的调查与采集,为竹类植物上的粉虱种类准确鉴定积累科学资料,为竹类粉虱害虫的防治提供科学依据。

4 结论

我国华东华南地区有3种危害竹类植物的粉虱,寄主单一。今后应扩大调查范围,进一步掌握国内危害竹类粉虱的种类与分布情况。

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