林业科学  2018, Vol. 54 Issue (4): 142-154   PDF    
DOI: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.20180417
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文章信息

李梅, 黄世能, 陈祖旭, 马星宇, 金文云
Li Mei, Huang Shineng, Chen Zuxu, Ma Xingyu, Jin Wenyun
药用乔木树种猴耳环研究现状及开发利用前景
The Research Status and Utilization Prospect of Medicinal Tree Species of Archidendron clypearia
林业科学, 2018, 54(4): 142-154.
Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2018, 54(4): 142-154.
DOI: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.20180417

文章历史

收稿日期:2017-03-22
修回日期:2017-05-07

作者相关文章

李梅
黄世能
陈祖旭
马星宇
金文云

药用乔木树种猴耳环研究现状及开发利用前景
李梅, 黄世能, 陈祖旭, 马星宇, 金文云     
中国林业科学研究院热带林业研究所 广州 510520
摘要: 介绍药用乔木树种学名及科属分类演变、形态特征、生活习性和天然分布,综述其药用、资源、栽培研究进展和现状,指明其当前研究和应用所面临的问题和解决办法,并对其开发利用前景进行展望。关于猴耳环的研究多集中在药材鉴别、化学成分、药理药效、临床疗效、药品制剂及质量监控等方面,其根、枝、叶、果实均可入药,具有清热解毒、凉血消肿、去湿敛疮等功效,主要含黄酮类、儿茶酚类和鞣质等化合物,已成功提纯并鉴别出的化学成分有40多种,经过验证的有效药用成分主要为没食子酸、槲皮素、槲皮甘等。已通过临床验证并推广使用的猴耳环复方制剂有正胃片,单一制剂药物有猴耳环消炎片、消炎胶囊、消炎颗粒等,这些药物既可单独又能辅佐用于治疗上呼吸道感染、急性咽喉炎、急性扁桃体炎和急性肠胃炎等症,且疗效显著。猴耳环药材需求量越来越多,而现有商品药材几乎都来源于野生资源,过度的采伐利用已使野生资源急剧减少,药材原料严重供不应求。目前对猴耳环种子贮藏、萌发及实生苗培育技术和扦插、组培繁殖技术等培育方面的相关研究和技术尚不成熟,还需要进一步改进和完善。猴耳环不仅在人类健康用药方面前景广阔,而且在研制生物源农药、用于园林绿化、木材加工和发展林业经济等方面也有较高的发展潜力,全方位开发和利用猴耳环树种资源意义重大。总之,保护现有猴耳环野生资源,改进和完善其栽培技术是当务之急;多领域交叉合作、共同研究和全方位开发利用猴耳环是未来发展趋势;培育符合未来发展方向的良种资源,提高全树综合利用技术水平,是未来研究重点;建立大型猴耳环生产基地,进行多目标定向经营和产业化利用,是猴耳环树种全方位造福人类社会的最终发展目标。
关键词:药用树种    猴耳环    研究现状    利用前景    
The Research Status and Utilization Prospect of Medicinal Tree Species of Archidendron clypearia
Li Mei, Huang Shineng, Chen Zuxu, Ma Xingyu, Jin Wenyun    
Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry Guangzhou 510520
Abstract: Archidendron clypearia is a traditional Chinese medicinal tree species, it has widely been used in folk for a long history, and the researches and applications in the modern medicine field are more and more extensive. This paper briefly introduced the Latin names and taxonomy evolution, morphological characteristics, life habits and natural distribution of the tree species. The research progress and current status of its medicine, resources and cultivation were reviewed, the problems and solutions for its current research and applications were pointed out, and the prospect of its development and utilization was also prospected. Up to now, researches on A.clypearia at home and abroad are mainly concentrated in the aspects such as medicinal materials identification, chemical constituents, pharmacology and pharmacodynamics, clinical curative effects, as well as its pharmaceutical preparations and quality control of them. Its roots, twigs, leaves and fruits can all be used for medicine, which has obvious effects of clearing away heat and detoxification, cooling blood and detumescence, eliminating rheumatism and astringing sores, etc. Its major chemical compounds include flavonoids, catechols, tannides, which have been successfully purified and identified in more than forty chemical constituents, and the effective medicinal constituents are mainly Gallic acid, quercetin and quercitrin. "Zheng Wei Pian" is a kind of compound medicine of it, while "Houerhuan antiphlogistic tablets", "Houerhuan antiphlogistic capsule", and "Houerhuan antiphlogistic particles" are all single ingredient medicines made from it, all of them have been clinically verified effective in treatment and have been popularized in clinical use. These medicines can be clinically used for not only exclusive but also adjuvant treatments of such diseases as upper respiratory tract infection, acute pharyngitis, acute tonsillitis, acute gastroenteritis and so on, both of the two kind of treatments have significant effect. More and more medicinal materials of A. clypearia are demanded, but almost all of the commercial medicinal materials are still harvested from wild resources, excessive harvest has made a sharp decrease in wild resources and caused the serious supply shortage of the raw medicinal materials. Present cultivation researches on A. clypearia, including those on seed storage, seed germination and seedling cultivation technology, as well as those on cutting propagation and tissue culture techniques, are still at the preliminary status, it needs further technical improvement and perfection before turning the present cultivation technologies into practical technologies and being widely used in seedling production. Studies show that A. clypearia not only has a bright future in use of drugs for human health, but also has giant development potential in such areas as biological pesticide, landscaping, wood processing and utilization, and forestry economy and so on, it is of great significance to develop and utilize A. clypearia all around. In conclusion, it is imperative to protect the existing wild resources of A. clypearia, to improve and perfect its cultivation technology at present The future development directions are to carry out multi-field cooperation, common research and comprehensive exploitation and utilization of the tree species. It is the focus of future research directions to breed valuable varieties to meet the future needs and to improve the comprehensive utilization technology of the whole tree; and it is the ultimate development goal to establish large scale production bases of A. clypearia, to carry out multi-objective management and industrial utilization of it, and to make it fully benefit human society.
Key words: medicinal tree species    Archidendron clypearia    current status    utilization prospect    

猴耳环(Archidendron clypearia)是我国南方重要的中药材树种(吴德邻,2003),又名围涎树、蛟龙木、尿桶公、洗头树、鸡心树和鸡三树等,在中国民间的传统药用历史悠久,根、叶子、果实和嫩枝均可入药,功用相同(谢宗万,2004陈元胜等,2004)。目前,以猴耳环嫩枝和叶子为原材料的中成药单方制剂猴耳环消炎片(胶囊、颗粒)已在临床上推广使用,主治上呼吸道感染及各类急性炎症和细菌性痢疾等,有研究表明猴耳环药物在治疗肿瘤和癌症(Yang et al., 20122013Kang et al., 2014)、降低血糖(Thao et al., 2016b)等方面也具有相当大的潜力。

目前为止,关于猴耳环的研究报道和进展综述,主要集中在化学成分及药理作用和药品疗效的临床观察等方面(刘莉莹等,2013彭亮等,2015a刘蕊等,2016)。近年来猴耳环药物通过临床验证的疗效范围越来越广,其药材原料的需求量也日益骤增,而作为药材原料主要来源的野生资源几近枯竭,对猴耳环树种资源进行保护和人工栽培利用已势在必行。目前对猴耳环树种的研究尚未见报道,人们对该树种药用外潜在的其他应用价值也知之甚少。本文对猴耳环树种研究现状进行综述,并对其开发利用前景进行展望,为该树种的深度研究和综合开发利用提供基础参考和操作借鉴,同时也为其他药用树种的开发利用研究提供参考。

1 猴耳环树种简介 1.1 学名及科属分类演变

猴耳环曾用学名围涎树,所在属曾被称为围涎树属,中国植物科属检索表(1953)将其归为豆科(Leguminosae)云实亚科(Caesalpiniaceae);中国高等植物图鉴(第二册)(1972)中国高等植物科属检索表(1979)中,将其归为豆科含羞草亚科(Mimosoideae);中国树木志(1985)已将其归为含羞草科(Mimosaceae)。

广州植物志(1956)海南植物志(第二卷)(1965)直称其为猴耳环,将其归为含羞草科猴耳环属(Archidendron)。虽然,中国植物志(1988)及其英文修订版(Flora of China,2010)仍将猴耳环属归为豆科的含羞草亚科,但是,现在普遍接受的是猴耳环为含羞草科猴耳环属,较普遍使用的拉丁学名是Archidendron clypearia (Jack) Benth和Pithecellobium clypearia (Jack) Nielsen(侯宽昭,1956张树仁等,2005)。

1.2 形态特征

猴耳环为常绿乔木,最高可达20 m以上,胸径可近50 cm。树皮灰褐色,浅纵裂。嫩枝无刺,具明显的棱角,密被黄褐色短细柔毛。托叶早落。二回羽状复叶,互生。羽片3~13对,通常4~5对,对生,最下部的羽片有小叶3~6对,最顶部的羽片有小叶10~18对。小叶对生,近无柄,叶面光亮,革质,近斜菱形,基部近截形极不对称,长1~7 cm,宽7~32 mm,顶部的最大,往下渐小,两面稍被褐色短柔毛。总叶柄具4棱,密被黄褐色柔毛。叶柄近基部具1个腺体,每对羽片间的叶轴上具1个腺体;小叶轴上面通常在3~5对小叶间具1个腺体。

花期2—6月,花具短梗,数朵聚成小头状花序,排成顶生和腋生的复总状或圆锥花序。花萼钟状,长约2 mm,5齿裂,与花冠同密被褐色柔毛;花冠白色或淡黄色,长0.4~0.5 cm,连雄蕊长约1.5 cm,中部以下合生;裂片披针形;雄蕊长约为花冠2倍,基部合生;子房被毛,具短柄。

果期4—8月,荚果条形,旋卷呈环状,径1~1.5 cm,边缘在种子间微缢缩,呈波状,被短硬毛。种子4~10个,椭圆形或宽椭圆形,长约1 cm,黑色,种皮皱缩,无假种皮。种柄丝状。

1.3 生活习性

猴耳环为阳性树种,喜欢阳光充足和气候温润的生长环境。海拔150~1, 800 m均有分布,多集中在150~800 m,通常是沿着沟谷溪河边缘随机散布生长,靠近水系的荒山坡原始山野丛林中或林缘灌丛中、山谷疏林、密林或山坡平坦处以及路旁均有生长。现多生长在南亚热带次生阔叶林中或林缘,乔木层的第1或第2亚层,幼苗既喜光,又可以在较阴的林下生长。

1.4 天然分布

猴耳环主要分布在热带亚洲,我国境内海南、广东、广西、湖南、浙江、福建、贵州、云南、四川、重庆、香港、台湾等地海拔200~1 000 m的溪边、密林内或灌丛中均有分布,越南、老挝、缅甸、马来西亚、印度尼西亚等也有分布,以广东北部山区最为密集(温放等,2012)。但是,可能受2008年冰雪灾害的影响,笔者对广东省内猴耳环资源的调查发现粤北地区并不常见,所发现的猴耳环天然资源多集中在温暖湿润的中南部地区。

2 猴耳环药用研究进展 2.1 药用起源及早期药用价值记载

猴耳环是明代李时珍所著《本草纲目》中1 892种中草药之一。清代赵学敏也曾在《陆川本草》(即《本草纲目拾遗》)中提到猴耳环叶:凉血、消炎生肌,治烫伤、溃疡。我国民间常用猴耳环枝叶治疗神衰失眠(白树勋,19861991迟程等,1989)、子宫脱垂等妇科疾病(郑万钧,1985蒋谦才等,2008)、疮疥、刀伤、烧烫火伤(广东高要县白土公社卫生院,1974)和各类炎症(沙静姝等,1986)。

2.2 化学成分

猴耳环中主要含黄酮类、黄烷类、儿茶酚类和鞣质等化合物(刘莉莹等,2013),到目前为止,已被分离提纯和鉴定出的化学成分有40多种,如: (1)没食子酸(陈连剑,1994);(2)连苯三酚、(3)槲皮苷(槲皮素-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖苷)(王永刚等,2005);(4)特利色黄烷((-)-5,7,3′,4′,5′-五羟基黄烷)、(5)杨梅苷(杨梅素-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖苷)、(6)槲皮素、(7)没食子酸甲酯(李药兰等,2006);(8)7-O-没食子酰基特利色黄烷、(9)7,4′-二-O-没食子酰基特利色黄烷(Li et al., 2006);(10)(-)-表没食子儿茶素、(11)(-)-表没食子儿茶素-7-没食子酸酯、(12)(-)-5,3′,4′,5′-四羟基黄烷-7-没食子酸酯、(13)没食子酸乙酯(Guo et al., 2007);(14)别槲皮素、(15)异槲皮苷、(16)芦丁(刘永刚等,2008);(17)黄烷异构体7,3′-二-O-没食子酰基特利色黄烷、(18)7-O-没食子酰基表没食子儿茶素(苏妙贤等,2009);(19)β-谷甾醇、(20)正三十三烷、(21)5-羟基-3,7,3′,4′-四甲氧基黄酮、(22)齐墩果酸、(23)5,4′-二羟基-3,7,3′-三甲氧基黄酮、(24)α-香树脂醇、(25)木犀草素、(26)熊果酸、(27)木犀草苷(谢春英等,2011);(28)山奈酚-3-O-a-L-鼠李糖苷(王欢,2014);(29)Lauroside D、(30)苯甲基-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷、(31)水杨酸甲酯-2-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷、(32)Canthoside(羡冀等,2014);(33)(2R, 3R)7-O-没食子酰基表没食子儿茶素、(34)(-)-(2S)-5,3′,4′,5′-四羟基黄烷-7-没食子酸酯、(35)(+)-3,5,3′,4′,5′-五羟基黄烷-7-没食子酸酯(Kang et al., 2014彭亮等,2015b);(36)3-(4′-羟基-3′,5′-二甲氧基)-苯基-1,2-二丙醇、(37)3-(4′-羟基-3′-甲氧基)-苯基-1,2-二丙醇、(38)绿原酸乙酯、(39)4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基反式肉桂酸(陈昱桦,2015);(40)南烛木树脂酚、(41)原儿茶酸甲酯、(42)(2R, 3R)-7,8,3′,4′-四羟基二氢黄酮醇、(43)(2R, 3S)-5,7,3′-三甲氧基-(-)-表儿茶素(李霖光等,2015)等。

猴耳环中主要药用化学成分的含量因取材部位(李雪玲等,2010王欢,2014)、采收季节(李镜友等,2009)和采收地不同而发生变化(陈明权等,2013彭亮等,2015c赵径华等,2012),这对将来的药用优树和种源选择及确定最佳采收方式和采收时间有参考价值。

2.3 药理和药效学

猴耳环中的黄酮类和黄烷类成分具有抗氧化、抗菌和消炎作用,能清热解毒、凉血消肿、去湿敛疮等(彭亮等,2015aLou et al., 2016Thao et al., 2016a),目前已经确认的主要有效成分为没食子酸、槲皮素和槲皮苷等。没食子酸具有极好的抗菌、消炎、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、降糖降酯和保护心血管等功能(李沐涵等,2011柯发敏等,2011高雅等,2014)。槲皮素具有抗氧化及清除氧自由基作用,能控制糖尿病和肾病,能降低血压、对心肌和脑缺氧再灌注损伤有保护作用;能保护心血管系统,预防和治疗冠心病、心衰、贫血等疾病;具有良好的抗炎、止痛效果,能保护胃肠道系统(宋玉乔等,2002孟德胜等,2000);具有抗病毒(李药兰等,2006Kang et al., 2014)、癌化学防预和抗肿瘤等作用(龙奇达等,2008孙爽等,2014)。槲皮苷具有抗氧化清除自由基、镇静睡眠和抗抑郁、保护肝脏、治疗糖尿病、抗动脉粥样硬化、抗炎、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、保护心血管等(朱学鑫等,2012杨琳,2015)。儿茶酚类中的表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯具有抗肿瘤作用(Guo et al., 2007蒋莎莉等,2009)、没食子儿茶素- 7-没食子酸酯具有抗流感病毒作用(Li et al., 2016)。

猴耳环水提物具有较强的抗鸭乙型肝炎病毒的活性(Leung et al., 2006)、在体内外均具有明显抗流感病毒的作用(张中贤等,2008)、能较好的改善肝损伤小鼠的血液生化指标,提高肝损伤小鼠的免疫功能(谭滴清等,2015)、对豚鼠(Cavia porcellus)过敏性哮喘具有较好的治疗作用(符路娣等,2014);猴耳环甲醇提取物具有抗单纯疱疹病毒活性(Cheng et al., 2010)、能够抑制由脂多糖诱导的巨噬细胞活性以及由葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导的肠炎(Yang et al., 2012)、能够目标定位上游转录信号通路,抑制活性信号从而达到抑制AP-1活性途径的目的,起到抗胃炎作用(Yang et al., 2013)。猴耳环乙醇提取物还能够抑制慢性炎症、急性炎症和过敏反应,并能显著抑制腹膜巨噬细胞诱导的组胺的释放(Bao et al., 2009);还具有抗流感病毒和肺癌的功效,可以缓解和治疗胃肠炎,猴耳环乙醇提取物的离体抗炎研究表明,(2R, 3R)7-O-没食子酰基表没食子儿茶素和(-)-5,3′,4′,5′一四羟基黄烷-7-没食子酸酯能适度抑制甲型H1N1流感病毒神经氨酸酶活性;这2种化合物和(+)-3,5,3′,4′,5′-五羟基黄烷-7-没食子酸酯,以及(-)-7,4′-二-O-没食子酰基特利色黄烷都能抑制由甲型H1N1流感病毒引起的人肺腺癌细胞中的炎性细胞因子IL-6或MCP-1的表达,从而达到抗流感病毒和肺癌的功效(Kang et al., 2014)。

猴耳环的药效范围还有待进一步推广,新的药物还有待进一步开发,将来很有可能是治疗各种肿瘤和癌症的首选药物。

2.4 药物临床应用及质量监控现状

猴耳环多是与其他药材合用制成复方制剂药物,胃康灵片和正胃片(邹玉繁等,2006)的主要药材之一就是猴耳环。目前,临床使用的猴耳环消炎片(颗粒、胶囊),都是由猴耳环单味药材制成,主要用来治疗上呼吸道感染(王家蔚等,2011吕品等,2010)、急性咽喉炎(陈洪林,2010)和急性扁桃体炎(兰小玲等,2007杜旭红,2012胡兰,2013)、急性肠胃炎和细菌性痢疾(李伟等,2011刘小莉等,2016王建辉,2016)等症,还可以联合其他药物治疗慢性肠炎(刘向东,2011)、手足口病(丁鸿飞,2011a黄秋玲等,2011)、疱疹性咽峽炎(丁鸿飞,2011b)等,疗效显著,曾被现代医药界称为“绿色抗素”。

利用已明确的主要有效成分可对猴耳环药材和药物的质量进行有效监控,如:用紫外分光光度法(ultra violet spectrophotometry,UVS)单独测定药物中没食子酸的含量(陈连剑等,1998);用高效液湘色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)法单独测定药物中没食子酸的含量(万安凤等,2000刘起中等,2001聂少平等,2003杨晓宇,2016);用HPLC同时测定没食子酸和槲皮素(陈艳伟等,2013李志强等,2013)、没食子酸和槲皮苷(陈军等,2015)或不同黄酮类成分(冯秀丽等,2015)的含量;也可用薄层色谱(thin layer chromatography,TLC)法对其中的没食子酸进行定性鉴别,并用HPLC法同时对其中的没食子酸和槲皮素的含量进行定量测定(李尔伟等,2003彭亮等,2015d2015e)。

3 猴耳环资源现状 3.1 依赖于野生资源的药材原料面临危机

猴耳环天然资源分布区正在缩减,野生资源量逐年减少。曾经的大面积砍伐和改造天然林、营建次生林和商品林,导致猴耳环天然生存环境遭到严重破坏,早期报道的猴耳环资源的主要分布区中有些已经没有猴耳环的踪迹,还有一些分布区内,天然林被次生林取代,猴耳环已失去了原来的优势生长环境,由原来的优势树种逐渐退化为劣势树种(蔡锡安等,1998林媚媚,2009)。近几年来,笔者所在单位对广东、广西和海南3地猴耳环资源的分布现状进行了初步调查,广西境内已几乎没有猴耳环,广东境内相对较好,但分布范围也在逐渐缩减,幸存下来的猴耳环资源大都随机散生在次生林中,且种群密度极低,远低于“低密度种”的标准(汪殿蓓等,2009刘欣等,2011),依靠野生资源的猴耳环药材原料严重供不应求,而在近自然化改造过的人工林中,猴耳环却依然可以占据优势树种地位(罗应华等,2013),人为保护猴耳环资源切实可行。

3.2 人工培育和合理利用是解决猴耳环资源危机的唯一选择

猴耳环天然更新能力较弱,虽然母树天然下种的萌发能力相当强,但幼苗在1~2年后相继死亡,林内极少发现幼树(李浩等,2012胡文强,2014),因此其种群密度极低,很难依靠天然更新来维持资源现状,更不可能增加资源。只有在保护野生资源的基础上,对现有资源进行人工栽培和扩大繁殖,并加以合理经营利用,才能从源头上彻底解决药材资源危机,保证药材原料供应的可持续性和药材质量的稳定性和可控性,才能利用有限的资源,创造出无限价值循环,为猴耳环医药的全面健康发展和全方位综合开发利用提供充足的资源保障。

4 猴耳环栽培研究进展 4.1 种子生物学特性

猴耳环新鲜种子纵径10.02~14.71 mm,横径7.83~12.37 mm,厚6.27~10.02 mm;种子净度为70.89%,千粒质量500~800 g,不同地点的种子性状具有显著差异(张迪,2015)。猴耳环种子为顽拗型,新鲜种子含水量高,最高可达60%左右。种子发芽率与含水量呈正相关,种子含水量下降会导致种子发芽率下降(肖斌,2014)。

4.2 种子贮藏与播种条件

猴耳环种子不宜常温贮藏,需低温密封,贮藏时间不宜超过3个月(Chen et al., 2002肖斌,2014张迪,2015)。常温条件下的猴耳环种子易发霉、脱水,很容易失去生命活力;采种后装于密封的塑料袋中,置于5~8 ℃的冰箱中储存,霉变率低、发芽率和发芽势维持较好,但萌发率随储存时间增长而下降,种子储存3个月后,萌发率显著下降;最好的做法就是采种后及时播种育苗。

猴耳环播种育苗,可选择在阴凉处或荫棚内,采用沙床播种或在育苗袋内直接播种育苗,炭烧土播种育苗效果较好,出苗快且整齐。播种时,覆土厚度不宜超过0.5 cm。

4.3 种子萌发和幼苗生长

猴耳环种子萌发及幼苗生长过程中吸水较多,植物生长调节剂和外界环境条件都对其种子萌发和幼苗生长有直接影响。猴耳环种子萌发的适宜温度为30 ℃左右,子叶留土,萌发快、萌发率高、萌发周期短,萌发过程中萌发率呈直线上升的趋势(陈明权等,2014);种子萌发过程中内源激素研究显示,种子的萌发并不是单一因素引起的,而是促进物和抑制物共同作用的结果,主要受脱落酸ABA、赤霉素GA和吲哚乙酸IAA的平衡变化调控(刘欣,2013)。

猴耳环种子在光、暗条件下均能萌发,萌发率相近,萌发时间相差无几,播种3~4天即开始萌发,1~3天子叶首先撑破种皮张开,3~6天胚根露出。萌发高峰在5~8天;13~16天即萌发完毕;约14~20天长出第1片幼叶,第1~3片叶为一回羽状复叶。光照条件下,幼苗主根发达,侧根较少,生长迅速;而暗条件下,种子萌发后不能形成正常的幼苗,植株徒长、黄化(张德明等,1996)。不同遮阳度对猴耳环苗木的生长亦有显著影响,过高的遮阳度导致较高的苗木死亡率,苗木生长缓慢,植株纤弱,田间培育猴耳环苗木,遮阳度以不超过60%为宜(李浩等,2012)。

适量施肥能促进猴耳环苗木的健壮生长(肖斌等,2012张迪等,2015),此外,猴耳环种子萌发和苗木生长还受水分(刘欣等,2014)、温度(刘欣,2013)、CO2浓度(陈章和等,1999林丰平等,1999)、紫外线辐射(陈章和等,2000朱素琴等,2002)等外部环境条件的影响。

4.4 无性繁殖

扦插繁殖研究表明,猴耳环为皮部生根型,树皮富含单宁类物质,不利于插条生根,虽然经过各种处理,最高生根率仅为29.05%(陈明权,2014);有学者(付姝颖等,2015付姝颖,2016)以猴耳环成熟的种胚无菌萌发小苗为外植体,研究开发出了完整的组培快繁体系,生长良好的组培幼苗,移植成活率可达66.67%。目前,笔者单位正在进行相关研究和试验,改进和完善猴耳环扦插和组培快繁技术,使之成为能够用于生产推广的无性快繁技术。

4.5 苗木出圃及造林技术

地径和苗高可作为指标衡量猴耳环苗木生长好坏,成熟出圃的种苗还应考虑生长良好、顶芽饱满、枝叶繁茂、色泽正常、木质化程度高、根系发达、无病虫害、无机械损伤等(刘欣等,2011)。

猴耳环为早期速生树种,造林初期易受蛀干害虫的侵害(康敏明等,2006吴永彬等,20022006),造林时间宜选在育苗后次年3—4月雨季进行(黄烈健,2014),且要注意虫害防治。笔者所在单位曾与广州市的制药公司合作,于2011年5月在从化区良口镇营造了约14 hm2的猴耳环栽培试验林,林分长势良好,2012年10月进行首次药材采收,平均每年采收2次。2015年和2016年的5月,笔者单位又相继在广州增城、花都和惠州淡水营建相应的试验林,长势也很好,造林半年后最高的已达2.8 m,人工培育猴耳环实生苗已切实可行。

5 猴耳环开发利用前景 5.1 药用方面 5.1.1 人类健康用药前景

猴耳环单一制剂药物已在临床上推广使用,主治上呼吸道感染、急性咽喉炎、急性扁桃体炎和急性肠胃炎等症;正在临床试验并初步验证的疗效是治疗流感、小儿手足口病、乙型肝炎等;还在尝试开发的疗效是治疗肝癌、胃癌和肺癌等的疗效。越来越多的医学研究表明,猴耳环药物将来还很有可能是治疗肿瘤和癌症的首选药物(Yang et al., 20122013Kang et al., 2014),其作为人类健康用药的地位越来越重要。

5.1.2 农林渔复合用药前景

猴耳环提取物具有较高的抑菌、杀虫活性,可用来提取植物源杀菌、杀虫剂。如猴耳环甲醇提取物和乙醇乙酯提取物具有较高的抑制柑橘溃疡病菌(Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.citri)活性,能完全抑制该菌的生长(覃旭,2010);其甲醇提取物还具有较高的杀虫活性,对小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)3龄幼虫的综合毒杀活性大于50%,72 h的校正死亡率为59.0%(邓志勇等,2007),对柑橘红蜘蛛(Panonychus citri)具有触杀活性,校正死亡率为70%左右(秦卉,2012);猴耳环水煎液对方斑东风螺(Babylonia areolate)致病性弧菌(Vibrio)及希瓦氏菌(Shewanella)具有较强的抑制作用,可在水产养殖中推广应用(贾春红等,2012)。从植物中寻找天然活性物质,直接加工成农药来控制有害生物的危害或作为先导化合物仿生合成新型农药是目前植物源农药研究的热点,猴耳环作为药用原料树种,值得在今后的植物源农药研究和应用中推广。

5.2 材用方面

猴耳环边材黄褐色微红,心材红褐色,纹理直,结构中,易干燥,不翘不裂,可供箱板、室内装修、家具、造纸原料、薪炭等用材(郑万钧,1985蒋谦才等,2008邹滨等,2013);其药渣纤维可与高密度聚丙(乙)烯复合制备复合材料,实现药渣废弃物资源的高值化利用(张叶青,2012董晓龙等,2014Feng et al., 2016),所得复合材料力学性能好、抗压、抗弯曲能力强(Yang et al., 2014Feng et al., 2014)。

5.3 园林绿化应用

猴耳环也是不错的绿化树种选择(傅立国等,2001温放等,2012),其花与果实都具有较高的观赏价值,花开时一簇簇白色、淡黄色的花丝错综相间,十分清新雅致;果实的外观亦颇为奇特,常旋转扭曲呈一个个圆环状,悬挂树梢,就像女子所佩戴的“耳环”,十分玲珑有致,适宜于庭院或四旁绿化。

5.4 林业经济应用 5.4.1 培养食用菌

猴耳环段木可用来培养食用菌,福建就曾有用猴耳环段木培育白木耳(Tremella fuciformis)的先例(郑万钧,1985)。

5.4.2 开发人类健康食品和动物饲料

泰国和马来西亚早已把猴耳环列为可食用植物,其种子生、熟均可食用,不仅营养价值高,而且具有抗糖尿病和保护肝脏等作用(Suvachittanont et al., 1996);猴耳环还是喀斯特石山地区的特有灵长类动物黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi)的10种主要觅食植物之一(黄中豪,2007),也是我国珍稀濒危的一级保护动物白头叶猴(Trachypithecus leucocephallus)的主要觅食植物之一(唐政,2004Zhou et al., 2013),中国林业科学研究院热带林业研究所在造林试验中发现,放养的牛群善食猴耳环幼苗、嫩叶和幼嫩的枝条,由此可见,猴耳环不仅能用来开发人类健康食品,亦有开发饲料在畜牧业中应用的潜力。

5.4.3 培养紫胶虫

猴耳环为紫胶虫(Laccifer lacca)寄主树,可用来放养紫胶虫(郑万钧,1985邓汉文等,1986),树皮含单宁,可提制栲胶(邢福武等,2007邹滨等,2013)。

6 结论及展望 6.1  

猴耳环用途广泛,以药用为主,也可集药、材、四旁绿化、饲料等应用为一体,开发利用前景广阔。

6.2  

猴耳环可用野生资源严重不足,在当前林地紧张,且大力提倡生态育林的形势条件下,全方位开发和利用猴耳环树种资源,做到“地尽其力”、“树尽其能”,可实现利用有限资源,创造价值循环,也可为其他树种发展模式提供借鉴。

6.3  

中医药领域越来越重视猴耳环的药用价值,农林业领域也逐渐认识到猴耳环的应用潜力,多领域交叉合作,共同研究和开发应用猴耳环资源是未来发展趋势。

6.4  

猴耳环实生苗培育技术渐趋完善,但良种选育技术、无性繁殖技术、合理经营和采收利用技术亟待开发和突破,这是猴耳环产业化发展和可持续经营的技术关键。

6.5  

根据不同经营目标,进行定向育种和良种选育,利用成熟的快繁技术对良种进行扩繁,建立大型猴耳环生产基地,对猴耳环进行多目标、综合性、产业化经营和利用,是猴耳环树种全方位发展目标。

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