林业科学  2015, Vol. 51 Issue (9): 165-172   PDF    
DOI: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.20150921
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文章信息

王书胜, 单文, 张乐华, 杜有新, 李晓花, 王凯红
Wang Shusheng, Shan Wen, Zhang Lehua, Du Youxin, Li Xiaohua, Wang Kaihong
基质和IBA浓度对云锦杜鹃扦插生根的影响
Effects of Media and IBA Concentrations on Rooting of Rhododendron fortunei for Cutting Propagation
林业科学, 2015, 51(9): 165-172
Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2015, 51(9): 165-172.
DOI: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.20150921

文章历史

收稿日期:2014-07-07
修回日期:2014-11-04

作者相关文章

王书胜
单文
张乐华
杜有新
李晓花
王凯红

基质和IBA浓度对云锦杜鹃扦插生根的影响
王书胜, 单文, 张乐华 , 杜有新, 李晓花, 王凯红    
江西省、中国科学院庐山植物园 庐山 332900
摘要【目的】基质组成与外源激素应用是影响扦插生根的重要因子。云锦杜鹃扦插生根困难,本研究旨在探讨不同基质、IBA浓度及其交互效应对该物种扦插生根的影响,筛选出最佳扦插基质与IBA浓度组合,为引种驯化与产业化开发提供理论依据。【方法】以云锦杜鹃当年生带芽苞的木质化顶枝为材料,采用纯河沙、泥炭+珍珠岩(4 :1,体积比)、珍珠岩+森林土(4 :1)、蛭石+森林土(4 :1)、河沙+森林土(1 :1)、纯森林土6种扦插基质与100,200,400,800 mg ·L-1 4个IBA浓度的两因素完全随机区组设计,研究不同基质与IBA浓度处理组合对云锦杜鹃插穗愈伤组织诱导率、腐烂率、生根率、老叶留存率及总根数、不定根数、最长不定根长、根幅等生根指标的影响,并运用隶属函数法对各处理组合的生根效果进行综合评价。【结果】扦插基质、IBA浓度对所有测试指标均有极显著的(P < 0.01)影响,且基质的影响大于IBA浓度;两者交互效应仅对总根数、不定根数、最长不定根长及根幅4个根系发育指标有极显著的影响。6种基质中,纯河沙除最长不定根长、根幅表现较差外,其他指标表现极佳;泥炭+珍珠岩(4 :1)在愈伤率、最长不定根长及根幅上表现最佳,其他指标仅次于纯河沙;其他4种基质的生根效果随着森林土配比增加而下降,纯森林土在所有指标上表现最差。4个IBA浓度上,愈伤率、腐烂率以100 mg ·L-1处理最佳,随着IBA浓度升高愈伤率显著降低、腐烂率升高;生根率、老叶率以200 mg ·L-1处理最佳,随着IBA浓度进一步升高而逐渐降低;总根数、不定根数、最长不定根长及根幅在100,200,400 mg ·L-1浓度间无显著差异,但均显著优于800 mg ·L-1处理。隶属函数评价表明,24个处理组合中纯河沙与200 mg ·L-1IBA组合为云锦杜鹃扦插生根的最佳组合,其腐烂率、生根率、老叶率、总根数及不定根数在所有组合中表现最佳;泥炭+珍珠岩(4 :1)与100 mg ·L-1 IBA组合愈伤率最高(100%),其他指标也表现良好,综合生根效果其次;纯森林土与800 mg ·L-1IBA组合生根效果最差。【结论】云锦杜鹃扦插生根受基质、IBA浓度及其交互效应的显著影响,纯河沙、泥炭+珍珠岩(4 :1)生根效果优于其他4种基质,为其扦插生根的首选基质,纯森林土不适合扦插育苗;200,100 mg ·L-1IBA处理有利于插穗愈伤组织诱导和不定根形成,而800 mg ·L-1处理引发插穗腐烂,不利于生根和根系发育;不同基质扦插生根的最适IBA浓度存在差异,纯河沙与200 mg ·L-1 IBA及泥炭+珍珠岩(4 :1)与100 mg ·L-1IBA 2个处理组合被推荐用于云锦杜鹃产业化育苗。
关键词云锦杜鹃    扦插繁殖    基质    IBA浓度    生根能力    根系发育    
Effects of Media and IBA Concentrations on Rooting of Rhododendron fortunei for Cutting Propagation
Wang Shusheng, Shan Wen, Zhang Lehua, Du Youxin, Li Xiaohua, Wang Kaihong    
Lushan Botanical Garden, Jiangxi Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences Lushan 332900
Abstract: [Objective] Medium composition and application of exogenous hormones are important factors that influence the rooting of cuttings. As it is hard to root for cutting propagation of Rhododendron fortunei, this study was aimed at investigating different media, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) concentrations and their interactions on the rooting of cuttings of this species, and to select the optimum combination of rooting medium and IBA concentration, then to provide a theoretical basis for its introduction and domestication, and industrialization. [Method] Using the lignified new terminal branches with leaf buds of R. fortunei as propagating material, and adopting a completely randomized factorial design with two factors, i.e., six types of rooting media: pure river sand, peat + perlite (4:1 by volume), perlite + forest soil (4:1), vermiculite + forest soil (4:1), river sand + forest soil (1:1) and pure forest soil, and four IBA concentrations:100, 200, 400, 800 mg·L-1, we investigated the effects of different combinations of rooting medium and IBA concentration on rooting parameters of R. fortunei, i.e. percentages of callus formation, rotting rate, rooting rate, and retaining rate of old leaves, number of total roots and number of adventitious roots, length of longest adventitious root, width of root system. And then we comprehensively evaluated the effects on rooting of each treatment combination by subordinate function analysis. [Result] The results showed that the effects of rooting medium and IBA concentration were highly significant (P<0.01) for all measured parameters, and the influencing intensity of rooting medium was stronger than that of IBA concentration. The interaction of rooting medium and IBA concentration was highly significant only for four root development parameters including the number of total roots, number of adventitious roots, length of the longest adventitious root and root width. Among the six types of rooting media, the pure river sand medium produced extremely positive effects on most parameters except on length of the longest adventitious root and root width. The peat + perlite (4:1) medium produced the highest callusing percentage, length of the longest adventitious root and root width, with less effect of other parameters than those of pure river sand medium. The rooting effects of the other four media decreased as the proportion of forest soil increased, and the pure forest soil medium showed the worst effect for all parameters. As to the four IBA concentrations, the best callusing and rotting percentages were observed at 100 mg·L-1 treatment, and with increase of IBA concentration, callusing percentage decreased significantly and rotting percentage increased. Rooting rate and retaining rate of old leaves were the highest at 200 mg·L-1 treatment, and decreased gradually as IBA concentration became higher. The number of total roots and adventitious roots, length of longest adventitious root and root width showed no significant difference among 100, 200 and 400 mg·L-1 treatments and all these were better than those at 800 mg·L-1 treatment. Subordinate function analysis showed that, among the 24 treatment combinations, the combination of pure river sand medium with 200 mg·L-1 IBA was the optimal treatment for rooting of R. fortunei, which produced the highest values of rooting rate and retaining rate of old leaves, number of total roots, number of adventitious roots, as well as the lowest rotting percentage in all combinations, followed by the combination of peat + perlite (4:1) medium with 100 mg·L-1 IBA with the highest callusing percentage and good effects on other parameters. The combination of pure forest soil medium with 800 mg·L-1 IBA had the worst rooting effects.[Conclusion] Rooting medium, IBA concentration and their interaction had significant effects on cutting propagation of R. fortunei. The media of pure river sand and peat + perlite (4:1) had better rooting effects than the other four types of media, and they were the preferred medium for cutting propagation of R. fortunei. The pure forest soil medium was not suitable for cutting propagation of the species. The treatment of 200 and 100 mg·L-1 IBA promoted the development of calluses and adventitious roots. And the treatment of 800 mg·L-1 IBA caused rotting of cuttings and it was not good for rooting and the development of root system. The optimum IBA concentration varied in different rooting media. The treatment combinations of pure river sand with 200 mg·L-1 IBA and peat + perlite (4:1) with 100 mg·L-1 IBA were recommended for industrialized propagation of R. fortunei.
Key words: Rhododendron fortunei    cutting propagation    media    IBA concentrations    rooting capacity    root development    

云锦杜鹃(Rhododendron fortunei)隶属杜鹃花属(Rhododendron)常绿杜鹃亚属(Subgen. Hymenanthes),为中国特有种,广布于长江流域海拔600~2 000 m的山脊阳处或林下(Wu et al.,2005)。该物种为常绿灌木至小乔木,分枝多、株型紧凑,叶片大、深绿色,顶生花序硕大、有花6~12朵,花粉红色、具芳香,为一种花、叶及株形具佳并具芳香的优良木本花卉,且栽培适应性较强,产业化前景广阔。

扦插繁殖是木本植物最经济、简单和快捷的育苗方法(Mehri et al.,2013Özenc et al.,2007),也是小叶类杜鹃产业化育苗的常用方法,但原产中高山山地的常绿杜鹃亚属生根困难(Ferriani et al.,2006Strzelecka,2007张长芹等,2004),严重制约了其资源的保育与利用。不定根形成是一个复杂的生理、生态及解剖学过程,受植物遗传因子、生理年龄、插穗木质化程度、扦插季节、生根环境及外源激素等综合影响(Mehri et al.,2013Rana et al.,2012周艳等,2012),而扦插基质与激素应用则是影响插穗生根及根系质量的2个重要外部因子(Özenc et al.,2007Laubscher et al.,2008)。为探讨常绿杜鹃亚属扦插难以生根的机制及育苗方法,近年Strzelecka(2007)观察了R. ponticum的生根解剖学机制,Nawrocka-Grześkowiak(2004)Ferriani等(2006)周艳等(2012)司国臣等(2012)研究了不同激素种类、浓度或扦插基质对该亚属部分种扦插生根的影响,发现: 该亚属杜鹃不定根形成受其解剖学结构的影响;生根能力主要取决于物种;外源激素应用是难以生根种扦插生根的必要条件,但最佳生根浓度因种而异;通气性好的草炭+蛭石(1 :1)基质生根效果优于纯草炭。但已有报道多限于激素浓度或基质间的单因素结果比较,缺乏对激素浓度与基质交互影响的系统认识,而市场前景广阔的云锦杜鹃仅见组培快繁技术的研究(高航洋等,2011),未见扦插繁殖的报道。本研究的目的是探讨扦插基质、IBA浓度及其交互效应对云锦杜鹃扦插生根及根系发育的影响,筛选出最佳基质与IBA浓度组合,服务于其引种驯化与产业化开发。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验材料

云锦杜鹃插穗取自江西省、中国科学院庐山植物园杜鹃园,为树龄30年左右、生长健壮的栽培成年株。泥炭来自德国Klasmann-Deilmann公司,珍珠岩、蛭石购自广州三力园艺有限公司,森林土为庐山林下表层土,河沙为鄱阳湖粗沙、直径1~5 mm;IBA购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司。

1.2 试验方法

1)插穗采集与制作      2010年10月24日上午室外采集母株冠层当年生木质化枝条并及时运回实验室喷水保湿,下午选取大小一致、带芽苞的顶枝,剪成长11~14 cm插穗。去除基部叶片,保留顶芽和顶部叶3片,再剪去叶片的2/3,以减少水分蒸发。

2)试验设计      采用扦插基质(M)和IBA浓度(C)两因素试验。扦插基质设6种配比: 纯河沙(M1)、泥炭+珍珠岩(4 :1,V/V,下同)(M2)、珍珠岩+森林土(4 :1)(M3)、蛭石+森林土(4 :1)(M4)、河沙+森林土(1 :1)(M5)及纯森林土(M6)。预备试验发现,云锦杜鹃在无激素处理时生根率极低,为探讨IBA浓度对其扦插生根的影响,IBA浓度设4个水平: 100 mg ·L-1(C1),200 mg ·L-1(C2),400 mg ·L-1(C3),800 mg ·L-1(C4),其中C1,C2,C3处理为插穗基部(1.5~2.0 cm)浸泡16 h,C4为基部浸泡2 h。按6 × 4两因素完全随机区组设计,共24个处理,每处理3次重复,每重复20个插穗,共计1 440个插穗。

3)苗床及试验条件的设置      试验于庐山植物园杜鹃花繁殖温室内进行。苗床铺设及试验条件设置参见张乐华等(2014)报道。主要技术措施为: 苗床底部加热,地温设定20 ℃;苗床上层加设弧形塑料棚,棚内安装自动间歇喷雾设施补水增湿(白天2 min/2 h,晚上2 min/4 h);棚外架设可移动的遮阳网,通过大棚两端通风及棚外遮阳网分别调节棚内温度和光照强度。及时清除苗床落叶并每隔14天喷500倍的50%多菌灵1次,以减少病害发生。

1.3 指标调查与数据分析

2011年4月上旬用花铲取出插穗。先将生根插穗连同基质置于测量台上,保持根系呈自然生长状态,用直尺测量根幅宽度(徐琨等,2012)(因其根系分布不均匀,取“十字形”2个方向的平均值);然后将插穗放入水中冲洗,去除粘附于根系的基质;晾干,参照Paes等(2003)的指标判定标准与统计方法,将根长≥1 mm定义为生根,计算插穗愈伤组织诱导率、腐烂率、生根率、老叶留存率及不定根数、总根数、最长不定根长,其中不定根数指插穗愈伤组织所发生的一级须根数,总根数为不定根数及其分枝根数之和,最长不定根长为最长3个不定根长度的平均值。总根数(不定根数,最长不定根长,根幅)=每个重复的总根数(不定根数,最长不定根长,根幅)之和÷每个重复的生根插穗数(Abu-Zahra et al.,2012)。

运用SPSS17.0软件对所有指标进行方差分析和Duncan多重比较,Excel 2003制图。方差分析前,参照Bashir等(2009)的方法对所有百分率指标进行反正弦转换(sin-1 P),而总根数等数量指标在处理间的变幅较大,作对数转换[lg(x+1)],以满足正态分布假设。

隶属函数计算公式为:U(Xj)=(Xj- X min)/(X max-X min),式中:Xj为某一处理的某一指标值,XmiXmax分别为所有处理在该指标中的最小值和最大值。腐烂率与生根效果呈负相关,其公式为: U(Xj)=1-(Xj-X min)/(X max-Xmin)。将各处理不同指标的隶属值进行累加求其平均值,平均值越大生根效果越好(张乐华等,2014)。

2 结果与分析 2.1 基质、IBA浓度及其交互效应的方差分析

8个生根指标的方差分析结果(表 1)表明,扦插基质、IBA浓度对所有测试指标均有极显著的影响(P < 0.01);而基质与IBA浓度(C×M)的交互效应仅对总根数、不定根数、最长不定根长及根幅4个根系发育指标有极显著的影响。F值分析可见,2个主效应因素中基质对云锦杜鹃扦插生根的影响大于IBA浓度。

表 1 基质、IBA浓度及其交互效应对云锦杜鹃扦插生根指标影响的方差分析 Tab. 1 Variance analysis of the effects of medium, IBA concentration and their interaction on rooting parameters of R. fortunei cuttings
2.2 基质对云锦杜鹃扦插生根指标的影响

不同基质间生根指标的Duncan多重比较表明,基质对云锦杜鹃扦插的所有生根指标均有极显著影响。4个与扦插生根密切相关的百分率指标上(图 1),纯河沙在腐烂率、生根率及老叶留存率指标上表现最佳,除与泥炭+珍珠岩(4 :1)差异不显著外,极显著或显著(P < 0.05)优于其他基质;其愈伤率显著低于泥炭+珍珠岩(4 :1),但极显著或显著高于其他基质。泥炭+珍珠岩(4 :1)在愈伤率上表现最佳,显著高于其他基质;在腐烂率、生根率及老叶率上次于纯河沙,但优于其他基质。珍珠岩+森林土(4 :1)与蛭石+森林土(4 :1)在4个百分率指标上差异不显著,表现居中。河沙+森林土(1 :1)在4个百分率指标上极显著或显著差于上述4种基质,但其愈伤率极显著高于纯森林土;纯森林土在所有百分率指标上表现最差。4个根系发育指标上(图 23),纯河沙在总根数、不定根数上表现最佳,除与泥炭+珍珠岩(4 :1)差异不显著外,显著大于其他基质;但其最长不定根长及根幅表现较差,极显著小于泥炭+珍珠岩(4 :1)。泥炭+珍珠岩(4 :1)的最长不定根长、根幅在所有基质中表现最佳,极显著大于纯河沙、纯森林土,显著大于河沙+森林土(1 :1);其总根数、不定根数虽然次于纯河沙,但总根数极显著或显著优于其他4种基质,不定根数极显著优于河沙+森林土(1 :1)及纯森林土。珍珠岩+森林土(4 :1)、蛭石+森林土(4 :1)及河沙+森林土(1 :1)在4个根系发育指标上差异不显著,表现居中;纯森林土在4个根系发育指标上极显著差于其他基质。可见,6种基质中纯河沙有利于促进插穗生根、增加生根数,泥炭+珍珠岩(4 :1)则更适合根长的生长,而纯森林土易引起插穗腐烂,不利于插穗愈伤组织形成、生根和根系发育。

图 1 基质对云锦杜鹃扦插愈伤率、腐烂率、生根率及老叶率的影响 Fig.1 Effects of different media on percentages of callusing, rotting, rooting and old leaves of R. fortunei cuttings 柱状图为平均值±标准误差。同一指标中,不同大、小写字母分别表示0.01和0.05水平显著差异。M1: 纯河沙;M2: 泥炭+珍珠岩(4 :1, V/V);M3: 珍珠岩+森林土(4 :1);M4: 蛭石+森林土(4 :1);M5: 河沙+森林土(1 :1);M6: 纯森林土。下同。Bars are means ± SE (standard error). The capital letters and small letters in the same parameter mean significant difference at 0.01 and 0.05 levels, respectively. M1: River sand; M2: Peat + perlite (4 :1, V/V); M3: Perlite + forest soil (4 :1); M4: Vermiculite + forest soil (4 :1); M5: River sand + forest soil (1 :1); M6: Forest soil. The same below.
图 2 基质对云锦杜鹃扦插总根数及不定根数的影响 Fig.2 Effects of different media on number of total roots and adventitious roots of R. fortunei cuttings
图 3 基质对云锦杜鹃扦插最长不定根长及根幅的影响 Fig.3 Effects of different media on length of longest adventitious root and root width of R. fortunei cuttings
2.3 IBA浓度对云锦杜鹃扦插生根指标的影响

不同IBA浓度间生根指标的多重比较表明,IBA浓度对所有指标也有极显著的影响。4个百分率指标上(图 4),愈伤率随着IBA浓度升高而降低,除400与800 mg ·L-1间差异不显著外其他浓度间均达极显著水平。腐烂率在IBA浓度间的变化趋势与愈伤率相反,随着浓度升高而升高,400,800 mg ·L-1极显著高于100 mg ·L-1处理,并分别显著、极显著高于200 mg ·L-1处理。生根率是扦插育苗的重要指标,4个IBA浓度中以200 mg ·L-1处理最高,随着其浓度的进一步升高而逐渐降低,800 mg ·L-1处理极显著低于其他3个浓度。老叶率在浓度间的变化趋势与生根率相似,100和200 mg ·L-1显著高于400 mg ·L-1处理,极显著高于800 mg ·L-1处理。总根数与不定根数(图 5)、最长不定根长与根幅(图 6)4个根系发育指标在100,200,400 mg ·L-1浓度间无显著差异,但均显著优于800 mg ·L-1处理。可见,中、低浓度(200,100 mg ·L-1)的IBA处理有利于愈伤组织诱导和不定根形成,而800 mg ·L-1高浓度处理则引发插穗腐烂,抑制插穗生根和根系发育。

图 4 IBA浓度对云锦杜鹃扦插愈伤率、腐烂率、生根率及老叶率的影响 Fig.4 Effects of different IBA concentrations on percentages of callusing, rotting, rooting and old leaves of R. fortunei cuttings
图 5 IBA浓度对云锦杜鹃扦插总根数及不定根数的影响 Fig.5 Effects of different IBA concentrations on number of total roots and adventitious roots of R. fortunei cuttings
图 6 IBA浓度对云锦杜鹃扦插最长不定根长及根幅的影响 Fig.6 Effects of different IBA concentrations on length of longest adventitious root and root width of R. fortunei cuttings
2.4 各处理组合对云锦杜鹃扦插生根指标的影响及隶属函数评价

表 1可见,扦插基质与IBA浓度交互效应对总根数、不定根数、最长不定根长及根幅有极显著的影响,说明不同基质对IBA浓度的生根响应存在差异,有必要对各处理组合的生根指标进行比较。从表 2可以看出,8个生根指标在处理组合间均有显著差异,但同一处理组合、不同生根指标间其表现优劣不尽相同,故仅凭单个或少数指标难以准确、全面地反映各处理组合的生根效果。隶属函数法综合评价(表 2)表明,纯河沙与200 mg ·L-1 IBA组合的隶属函数值(0.881 0)最大,其生根率(60.00%)、老叶率(68.33%)、总根数(123.37条)及不定根数(20.31条)在所有组合中最大,腐烂率(26.67%)最低,愈伤率也达96.67%,仅最长不定根长及根幅表现一般;泥炭+珍珠岩(4 :1)与100 mg ·L-1 IBA组合的隶属值(0.859 1)其次,其愈伤率在所有组合中最大,其他指标也均位列前5位。两者为云锦杜鹃木质化插条扦插生根的最优组合。

表 2 基质与IBA浓度组合对云锦杜鹃扦插生根指标的影响及隶属函数评价 Tab. 2 Effects of medium and IBA concentration combinations on rooting parameters of R. fortunei cuttings, and subordinate function evaluation
3 结论与讨论

基质的组成与物理性状决定着生根环境,理想的扦插基质应具有最佳空气孔隙度以满足氧气扩散和气体交换(Amri et al.,2009Akwatulira et al.,2011),同时应具备足够的水分、养分储备以满足插穗吸水生根及根系发育(İsfendiyaroğlu et al.,2009Ercisli et al.,2002);良好的气-水平衡有利于促进不定根形成、增强根系活力(Mamba et al.,2010Mehri et al.,2013Akwatulira et al.,2011)。本研究结果表明,扦插基质、IBA浓度对云锦杜鹃扦插的所有生根指标均有极显著影响,且基质的影响强度大于IBA浓度水平。6种基质中,纯河沙除最长不定根长及根幅表现较差外,其他指标均表现极佳;泥炭+珍珠岩(4 :1)的愈伤率、最长不定根长及根幅在所有基质中表现最佳,其他指标也仅次于纯河沙,两者为云锦杜鹃扦插生根的理想基质。珍珠岩+森林土(4 :1)、蛭石+森林土(4 :1)在所有指标中表现相似,生根效果居中;河沙+森林土(1 :1)的生根效果较差,而纯森林土在所有指标上表现最差。Yeboah等(2009)研究发现,通气好的基质有利于促进乳油木(Vitellaria paradoxa)插穗的新陈代谢、增加不定根形成;Özenc等(2007)发现,珍珠岩等无机基质有利于美味猕猴桃(Actinidia deliciosa)插穗生根,而泥炭等有机基质则更适合根生长,增加根长和根面积。本研究中纯河沙显著降低腐烂率、增加生根率和生根数,可能归因于其通气、排水性好,有利于氧气扩散和不定根形成(Amri et al.,2009Ofodile et al.,2013);而其根长指标表现较差则可能是河沙缺乏营养,影响了根生长(Mehri et al.,2013Mazăre et al.,2007)。但也有研究发现纯河沙不利于油橄榄(Olea europaea)(İsfendiyaroğlu et al.,2009)和非洲十数樟(Warburgia ug and ensis)(Akwatulira et al.,2011)生根,显著降低生根率及根质量,并认为不同物种在基质间的生根差异是由种间生态习性引起。云锦杜鹃为浅根系植物,性喜土质疏松、排水良好的环境,该物种在河沙基质中生根效果好与其生态习性相符。泥炭+珍珠岩(4 :1)也有良好的生根表现,特别是显著促进根长的生长,可能归因于泥炭具有丰富的营养和良好的保水性,且堆积密度较小(Özenc et al.,2007);而珍珠岩具有独特的毛细管作用,可提高基质的孔隙度,改善其通气、排水性(Mazăre et al.,2007司国臣等,2012)。纯森林土在所有指标上表现最差,可能是其保水性过强,在间歇喷雾条件下易引起苗床的积水,从而阻隔气体交换、引发插穗缺氧腐烂(平均腐烂率高达79.59%),进而影响愈伤组织及不定根的形成(Amri et al.,2009Akwatulira et al.,2011);而森林土的低通气性和高渗透阻力也影响了其根系发育(Mamba et al.,2010Amri et al.,2009Akwatulira et al.,2011)。珍珠岩、蛭石、河沙与森林土的混合基质生根效果显著优于纯森林土,且随着森林土配比的减少效果增强,可能是珍珠岩等无机材料的孔隙度较大,改善了森林土的结构及通气、排水性,从而有利于插穗生根和根系发育(Amri et al.,2009Mamba et al.,2010周艳等,2012)。

IBA被认为是扦插生根的最佳生根剂,已被广泛应用于促进植物,特别是难以生根的木本植物生根,改善根系质量(Amri,2011Bashir et al.,2009Rana et al.,2012),但不同物种(Nawrocka-Grześkowiak,2004Sulusoglu et al.,2010)及同一物种不同生根指标(Laubscher et al.,2008Özenc et al.,2007)对IBA浓度的响应存在差异。本研究发现,4个IBA浓度中愈伤率、腐烂率以低浓度(100 mg ·L-1)处理最佳,生根率、老叶率以200 mg ·L-1处理最高,4个根系发育指标在100,200,400 mg ·L-1浓度间无显著差异,但均显著优于800 mg ·L-1处理。该结果与张乐华等(2014)在鹿角杜鹃(R. latoucheae)、Laubscher等(2008)Leucadendron laxum上的报道相似。Kochhar等(2008)研究发现,外源IBA可提高麻疯树(Jatropha curcas)生根区的内源生长素含量和IAA氧化酶、过氧化物酶活性,刺激其根原基的启动及不定根形成;Husen(2008)则发现,IBA可改变印度黄檀(Dalbergia sissoo)插穗代谢活动,增加生根区可溶性总糖、淀粉、蛋白质含量及过氧化物酶活性,提高其生根率、根数及根长。本研究中IBA处理促进云锦杜鹃生根、改善根系质量,也可能与外源IBA促进了其插穗组织的代谢活动、诱导酶活性等有关;800 mg ·L-1处理所有指标显著下降,可能是高浓度的IBA对插穗组织造成了伤害,从而引发伤口腐烂(平均腐烂率70.55%)、抑制愈伤组织与不定根形成(张乐华等,2014Laubscher et al.,2008Galavi et al.,2013)。

有研究表明,基质、IBA浓度不仅单独影响扦插生根,且相互间有显著的交互效应(Galavi et al.,2013Mehri et al.,2013)。本研究发现,扦插基质与IBA浓度的交互效应对4个根系发育指标有极显著的影响,可能是基质的组成影响了插穗吸水,间接影响了IBA吸收(Ercisli et al.,2002Özenc et al.,2007)。24个处理组合、8个生根指标的综合评价表明,纯河沙与200 mg ·L-1IBA组合的隶属值最大、综合生根效果最佳;河沙经济、环保且易于获得,该结果对加快我国云锦杜鹃的产业化、降低成本具有重要意义。泥炭+珍珠岩(4 :1)与100 mg ·L-1IBA组合也有良好的生根表现,但泥炭与珍珠岩的最佳配比尚待进一步优化。

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