林业科学  2015, Vol. 51 Issue (1): 55-65   PDF    
DOI: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.20150106
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文章信息

李金花, 刘喜荣, 卢孟柱, 刘长敏, 张绮纹
Li Jinhua, Liu Xirong, Lu Mengzhu, Liu Changmin, Zhang Qiwen
黑杨派无性系不同冠层叶片性状变异和生长选择*
Genetic Variation of Leaf Traits at Different Canopy Positions of Section Aigeiros Clones and Indirect Selection for Growth
林业科学, 2015, 51(1): 55-65
Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2015, 51(1): 55-65.
DOI: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.20150106

文章历史

收稿日期:2014-04-01
修回日期:2014-05-23

作者相关文章

李金花, 刘喜荣, 卢孟柱, 刘长敏, 张绮纹

黑杨派无性系不同冠层叶片性状变异和生长选择*
李金花1, 刘喜荣2, 卢孟柱1, 刘长敏2, 张绮纹1    
1. 林木遗传育种国家重点实验室 国家林业局林木培育重点实验室 中国林业科学研究院林业研究所 北京 100091;
2. 河北省廊坊市林业局 廊坊 065000
摘要【目的】 对13个黑杨派无性系3年生人工林上、中、下3个冠层水平上叶片栅栏组织、海绵组织和叶片总厚度等解剖性状,气孔密度和长度等气孔性状以及生长性状的变异及性状间相关性进行分析,并用于对生长性状的间接选择研究,以提高选择效率和缩短育种周期。【方法】 选用2根1干、规格一致的苗木营建试验林,完全随机区组试验设计,5株×5行共计25株小区,3次重复区组,株行距3 m×5 m,每个区组选2株平均木,依照树冠自然分枝轮序,由上至下依次分上、中、下层,在各冠层南面方向上各取1个代表性一级分枝,选取其成熟叶片测定叶片性状,并连年测定1~4年生长性状,对性状进行方差分析和相关性分析,以生长性状(3年生和4年生胸径)和3个冠层的叶片性状(共计11个性状)进行主成分分析。【结果】 13个黑杨派无性系1~4年生生长性状(胸径、树高和材积)差异极显著,叶片解剖性状、气孔性状亦存在显著变异。不论冠层,多数无性系叶片栅栏组织厚度均大于海绵组织厚度,且各无性系叶片下表面气孔密度均大于上表面气孔密度,叶片下表面与上表面气孔长度相近。大多数无性系的树冠上层叶片栅栏组织、海绵组织厚度和叶片总厚度大于下层,上层叶片上表面气孔密度大于中层和下层。不同冠层上叶片上表面气孔密度与1~4年生胸径之间呈极显著负相关,中层叶片上表面气孔密度与3年生和4年生胸径的相关系数分别为-0.755和-0.736,上层叶片下表面气孔密度与2年生胸径之间呈正相关(r=0.402),但中层和下层叶片下表面气孔密度与1~4年生胸径之间相关关系不显著。树冠中层叶片海绵组织厚度与1年和3年生胸径之间呈显著负相关(r=-0.319,-0.339),但不同冠层叶片栅栏组织厚度、叶片总厚度和上下表面气孔长度与1~4年生胸径之间相关性均不显著。11个性状主成分分析(PCA)结果表明,前3个主成分的累积贡献率分别为82.7%,87.5%和88.3%,以前2个主成分为综合指标,可将13个无性系分为3组,选出生长量大的7个无性系,其叶片上表面气孔密度较小,下表面气孔密度较大,上表面和下表面气孔长度较小,海绵组织厚度较小。【结论】 黑杨派无性系之间生长性状和不同冠层叶片解剖结构(栅栏组织和海绵组织厚度)及气孔性状(密度和长度)存在显著变异和相关关系,与生长相关关系显著的不同冠层叶片性状可用于黑杨派无性系生长的间接选择。
关键词黑杨派    叶片解剖性状    气孔密度    气孔长度    生长量    冠层    
Genetic Variation of Leaf Traits at Different Canopy Positions of Section Aigeiros Clones and Indirect Selection for Growth
Li Jinhua1, Liu Xirong2, Lu Mengzhu1, Liu Changmin2, Zhang Qiwen1    
1. State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration Research Institute of Forestry, CAF Beijing 100091;
2. Forestry Bureau of Langfang City, Hebei Province Langfang 065000
Abstract: [Objective] Thirteen clones of the Section Aigeiros were selected from plantation at the age of 3 years to investigate leaf anatomical properties (thickness of palisade and spongy parenchyma layers and total leaf), stomatal properties(density and length of stomata) at 3 canopy positions (upper, middle and lower canopy) and growth traits,in order to analyze the genetic variation and correlation between various leaf traits and growth traits, and to carry out indirect selection on growth traits. [Method] Uniform rooted stocks with 1-year-old stem and 2-year-old roots were planted with a randomized block design, with 3 replications and 25-tree plots (5 rows×5 columns),at a spacing of 3 m × 5 m. Two average trees were selected from each block. According to the top-down order of natural branching, the canopy was divided into 3 layers, i.e. upper, middle and lower canopy. A representative branch was selected from the first-order branches on the south side at each canopy position of each average tree. Leaf traits were examined for a mature leaf on each selected representative branch. Data were evaluated by analysis of variance and relationships by Pearson's correlation coefficient. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was performed with 11 traits, including growth traits (3- and 4-year-old DBH) and leaf traits at the upper, middle and lower canopy positions, separately. [Result] Height and DBH of 1 to 4 years old trees, leaf anatomical traits, stomatal density and length varied significantly among clones and three canopy positions. The palisade parenchyma layer was thicker than the spongy parenchyma layer for most clones and irrespective of canopy position. All clones had a higher stomatal density and similar stomatal length on the abaxial leaf surface than on the adaxial leaf surface. For most clones, leaves in upper canopy had thicker leaf palisade, spongy parenchyma layer and higher stomatal density than these in lower canopy. DBH of 1- to 4-year-old trees were negatively and significantly correlated with abaxial stomatal density at three canopy positions, while correlation coefficient (r) between DBH of 3-year-old and 4-year-old trees with abaxial stomatal density at middle canopy were -0.755 and -0.736. DBH of 2-year-old tree was positively correlated with adaxial stomatal density at higher canopy position (r=0.402), while there was no significant relationship between DBH of 1- to 4-year-old tree and adaxial stomatal density at middle and lower canopy positions. DBH of 1- and 3-year-old tree was positively correlated with spongy parenchyma thickness at middle canopy position (r=-0.319, -0.339). However, there was no significant relationship between DBH of 1- to 4-year-old trees with palisade parenchyma thickness, total leaf thickness and adaxial/abaxial stomatal density at different canopy positions. The first 3 components of PCA (PC1, PC2 and PC3) of 11 traits established for upper, middle and lower canopy positions independently explained 82.7%, 87.5% and 88.3% of the variability. With PC1 and PC2 as the comprehensive factors, the 13 clones were divided into 3 groups, and 7 clones were selected.These clones displayed the highest growth, lower abaxial stomatal density, higher adaxial stomatal density and stomatal length, and smaller spongy parenchyma thickness. [Conclusion] As the variation of growth traits and leaf traits among clones and the relationships between growth traits and leaf traits at different canopy positions were significant, the leaf traits at different canopy positions significantly correlated with growth traits could be used for indirect selection of growth traits of clones of the Section Aigeiros.
Key words: Section Aigeiros    leaf anatomical properties    stomatal density    stomatal length    growth    canopy position    

黑杨派(Section Aigeiros)在世界杨树(Populus)人工林栽培中占有重要经济地位,特别是美洲黑杨(P. deltoides)和欧美杨(P. ×euramericana)无性系,适生于我国大部分平原地区,被广泛用于速生丰产用材林建设(张绮纹等,2003徐纬英,1988)。杨树高产性状的选择和改良一直是育种研究的目标,与产量相关的形态和生理学性状在杨属内表现出丰富的遗传变异(Van Volkenburgh et al.,1996Ceulemans et al.,1999Dillen et al.,2010Al Afas et al.,2007Ferris et al.,2002Heilman et al.,1996Pellis et al.,2004Bonhomme et al.,2008)。目前,发现仅有少数叶片形态和生理指标与杨树生长或产量密切相关,且具有较高的遗传力,可作为生长或产量选择的间接指标(Orlovic et al.,1998Al Afas et al.,2006Marron et al.,200520062007Bunn et al.,2004Dillen et al.,20082009Monclus et al.,2005Rae et al.,2004Ferris et al.,2002Yu,2001)。叶片是光合作用的重要器官,叶绿素主要存在于叶肉栅栏组织中,栅栏组织厚度影响叶绿体数量和光合效率; 气孔是植物进行气体和水分交换的主要通道,对光合和生长有重要影响。相关研究认为,气孔特性(大小和密度)与产量密切相关(Ridge et al.,1986Ceulemans et al.,19841988Orlovic et al.,1998Al Afas et al.,20062007Dillen et al.,2010)。然而已有大多数研究是利用温室或大田1~2年生苗期(Ceulemans et al.,1987Orlovic et al.,1998Dunlap et al.,2001)及短轮伐期矮林(short rotation coppice,SRC)(Scarascia-Mugnozza et al.,1997Bunn et al.,2004Marron et al.,20052006Monclus et al.,2005Rae et al.,2004)进行的,有些相关研究得出了不同的结论(Bunn et al.,2004Dillen et al.,2008 2009Ceulemans et al.,1987Orlovic et al.,1998Al Afas et al.,2006Monclus et al.,2005)。此外,杨树叶片解剖和形态性状因基因型、生长环境或叶片发育而异,随叶面、分枝和冠层水平而有变化(Ceulemans et al.,19841988Orlovic et al.,1998Dillen et al.,2009Ferris et al.,2002Pearce et al.,2005Al Afas et al.,20062007)。关于不同无性系树冠上与产量相关的叶片解剖和形态性状变异的报道较少,仅有Al Afas等(20062007)对毛果杨(P. trichocarpa)、毛果杨×美洲黑杨、毛果杨×香脂杨(P. balsamifera)、欧洲黑杨(P. nigra)和欧美杨5个种12个无性系3年生萌蘖林树冠上层和下层叶片解剖和形态性状做了系统的比较研究,利用黑杨派无性系开展的相关研究亦较少(李昌龙,2007李守勇,2001)。

本研究利用13个黑杨派无性系3年生人工林,对上、中、下3个冠层水平上叶片解剖性状、气孔特性和生长性状的变异及相关性进行分析,并用于对生长的间接选择研究,以提高选择效率和缩短育种周期。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验材料

张绮纹等(2003)于20世纪80年代从国外引进了一批黑杨派的美洲黑杨和欧美杨无性系,经长期区域试验,选出了36杨、50杨、107杨、108杨和Be杨等优良品种用于生产,2005年又引进了Br杨、La杨、Me杨、Ta杨和Ti杨等新无性系。本研究选择其中3个美洲黑杨和10个欧美杨共计13个无性系为试验材料(表 1)。

表 1 13个杨树无性系的基本概况 Tab.1 Overview of 13 poplar clones
1.2 试验地自然概况

试验地设在河北省廊坊市广阳区九州镇南北陈良种场(39°28′31″N,116°33′2″E),所处位置属于永定河流域,土壤类型为潮土,pH7.5~8.0。属半干旱半湿润的大陆性季风气候,四季分明,年均气温11.4 ℃,年均降水量590 mm,集中于夏季,无霜期183天,日照充分,气候温和。

1.3 试验设计

2008年春采用2根1干、胸径大于2 cm的苗木营建无性系对比试验林,周围设置2个保护行。采用完全随机区组试验设计,5株×5行共计25株小区,3次重复,株行距3 m×5 m,总面积为2 hm2。常规抚育管理。

1.4 性状测定

2008—2011年每年生长季结束后测定试验林各无性系胸径和树高。2010年6月从每个无性系各区组中分别选取2株生长发育正常的平均木共6株为标准株,将树冠依照自然分枝轮序从上至下依次分为上、中、下层3个水平; 每层在南面方向各选取代表性一级分枝,从枝条顶端起第6—9个叶片中选取1个成熟叶片,用无色指甲油涂在叶宽最大、靠近主脉处同一位置的正反两面,待稍干后将指甲油层从叶片上撕下,制成临时装片在光学显微镜下观测气孔数目和长度(Al Afas et al.,2006); 在靠近主脉两侧的基部切取5 mm×10 mm的长条,采用石蜡切片法制成永久切片,测定栅栏组织、海绵组织和叶片总厚度(表 2)(Al Afas et al.,2007)。

表 2 13个杨树无性系的测定性状 Tab.2 Overview of the traits analyzed in the present study of 13 poplar clones
1.5 统计分析

利用Excel 2007和SAS 9.1版软件分别对数据进行录入和统计分析。树干材积的计算公式为式(1),方差分析的线性模型为式(2)和式(3)。

树干材积:

$$V = {{\rm{(DBH/200)}}^2} \times H \times 3.1416;$$ (1)

生长性状:

$${Y_i} = \mu + {C_i} + {\varepsilon _{ij}};$$ (2)

叶片性状:

$${Y_{ij}} = \mu + {C_i} + {P_j} + {C_i} \times {P_j} + {\varepsilon _{ijk}}。$$ (3)

式中: V为树干材积;DBH为胸径;H为树高;YiYij分别为生长和叶片性状观测值的小区均值;μ为总体平均值;C表示无性系效应值;P为冠层位置效应值;C×P为无性系和冠层位置交互效应值;ε为误差。

2 结果与分析 2.1 生长性状

13个无性系1~4年生生长性状(胸径、树高和材积)差异极显著(P<0.000 1),利用Scheffe法检验不同无性系间生长性状差异结果见图 1。生长量最大的无性系为Por杨,最小的为Ta杨,4年生单株平均胸径分别为14.02,10.04 cm,材积分别为0.37,0.163 m3。Por杨4年生单株平均胸径和材积比当前主栽品种107杨增加2.96%和8.8%,比108杨增加1.6%和2.8%。

图 1 13个杨树无性系3年生和4年生生长性状均值比较 Fig. 1 General means and standard error on 3- and 4-year-old growth traits of 13 poplar clones图中所示为3次重复区组性状均值和标准误; 不同字母表示不同无性系间相同年龄相同性状间差异显著 (P<0.05),反之差异不显著 。下同。
Mean values of three replicates and S.E. bars are presented. Different letters within same trait at same age mean significant difference between clones (P<0.05), whereas the difference was not significant. The same below.

根据3年生和4年生生长量(图 1),可将13个无性系分为3组: 第1组是Por杨、111杨、107杨和108杨,生长量较大; 第2组是36杨、50杨、Be杨、Br杨和Me杨,生长量中等; 第3组是Ta杨、Ti杨、109杨和La杨,生长量较小。

2.2 叶片性状 2.2.1 叶片解剖性状

13个无性系在树冠上、中、下层的叶片栅栏组织、海绵组织厚度及叶片总厚度差异均为极显著(P<0.000 1),利用Scheffe法检验在各个冠层上不同无性系之间叶片栅栏组织、海绵组织厚度和叶片总厚度的差异(表 3)。除了108杨上层、36杨中层和Ti杨下层叶片栅栏组织厚度(90.35,94.90,88.2 μm)大于Me杨外,其他无性系各个冠层叶片栅栏组织厚度均小于Me杨(84.5,89.12,87.83 μm)。La杨下层叶片海绵组织厚度(84.18 μm)小于Me杨(93.55 μm),但La杨上层和中层叶片海绵组织厚度(100.57 μm和98.32 μm)最大。除了108杨上层叶片总厚度(199.93 μm)大于其他无性系外,Me杨中层和下层叶片总厚度(205.96 μm和205.6 μm)均大于其他无性系。

表 3 13个无性系不同冠层叶片解剖性状均值和标准误 Tab.3 General means and standard error on leaf anatomy traits of 13 clones at three canopy positionsμm

在各个冠层上,La杨、Me杨和Ti杨叶片栅栏组织厚度小于海绵组织厚度,但对于其他无性系,除了107杨上层叶片栅栏组织厚度小于海绵组织厚度外,各个无性系各个冠层叶片栅栏组织厚度均大于海绵组织厚度。

2.2.2 气孔性状

13个无性系各冠层叶片上表面和下表面气孔密度差异均为极显著(P<0.000 1),利用Scheffe法检验不同冠层不同无性系之间叶片上表面和下表面气孔密度的差异(图 2)。13个无性系各个冠层叶片下表面气孔密度均大于上表面,大多数无性系上层叶片上表面气孔密度大于中层和下层。各个冠层(上、中、下)叶片上表面气孔密度最大的为Ta杨(131.6,137.2,122.2 mm-2),其次是La杨(126.4,121.5,121.5 mm-2); 最小的为50杨(67.7,64.2,54.9 mm-2),其次是Por杨(76.0,63.2,54.5 mm-2)。上层叶片下表面气孔密度较大的为107杨、108杨、111杨、50杨和36杨,中层较大的为36杨、Ta杨、Be杨、107杨、Por杨、108杨、111杨和Ti杨,下层最大的为Be杨,其次为107杨、108杨、Br杨、Ti杨和La杨。

图 2 13个无性系不同冠层叶片上表面和下表面气孔密度均值比较 Fig. 2 General means and SE of adaxial (SDd)and abaxial (SDb) stomatal densities of 13 clones at three canopy position

13个无性系各冠层叶片上表面气孔长度和下表面气孔长度的差异均为极显著(P<0.000 1),利用Scheffe法检验不同冠层不同无性系之间叶片上表面和下表面气孔长度的差异(表 4)。大多数无性系各个冠层叶片上表面与下表面气孔长度相近,长度范围为20.21~23.01 μm。其中,对于Ti杨,除了下层叶片上表面气孔长度为22.6 μm外,其上层和中层均为最大(22.49 μm和23.28 μm),且其各个冠层(上、中、下)叶片下表面气孔长度也为最大(22.69,23.01,22.83 μm)。

表 4 13个无性系不同冠层叶片上表面和下表面气孔长度均值和标准误 Tab.4 General means and standard error on leaf stomatal length of 13 clones at three canopy positionsμm
2.3 性状间相关关系

13个无性系生长性状(1~4年生胸径)与各个冠层叶片解剖性性状、气孔性状的相关系数见表 5。各个冠层叶片上表面气孔密度与1~4年生胸径之间均极显著负相关(P≤0.001),与4年生胸径之间相关关系见图 3,且中层叶片上表面气孔密度与3年生和4年生胸径的相关系数分别为-0.755和-0.736。上层叶片下表面气孔密度与2年生胸径之间正相关(P≤0.05),相关系数为0.402,但中层和下层的与1~4年生胸径之间相关关系不显著。此外,各冠层叶片上表面和下表面气孔长度、栅栏组织厚度和叶片总厚度与1~4年生胸径之间相关关系亦不显著,但中层叶片海绵组织厚度与1年生和3年生胸径之间负相关(P≤0.05),相关系数分别为-0.319和-0.339。

表 5 13个无性系生长与不同冠层叶片性状间相互系数 Tab.5 Linear correlations between growth and leaf traits of 13 clones at three canopy positions
图 3 不同冠层叶片上表面气孔密度与4年生胸径的相关关系 Fig. 3 Relationship between 4-year-old DBH and adaxial stomatal density(SDd) at three canopy positions

叶片3个解剖性状栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度与叶片总厚度之间存在显著正相关(P≤0.001),在树冠上、中、下层上,叶片栅栏组织厚度与叶片总厚度的相关系数分别为0.840,0.893和0.933,海绵组织厚度与叶片总厚度之间相关系数分别为0.920,0.939和0.932。叶片4个气孔性状之间存在一定相关关系,叶片上表面与下表面气孔密度、上表面与下表面气孔长度之间存在正相关,中层和下层叶片下表面与上表面气孔长度之间相关系数最大,分别为0.900和0.844。叶片气孔长度与气孔密度之间存在负相关,下层叶片下表面与上表面气孔密度之间相关系数为-0.504,负相关关系最密切,其次是下层叶片上表面气孔长度与上表面气孔密度之间的相关系数(-0.451)。

叶片气孔性状与解剖性状之间存在一定的相关性。上、中和下层叶片上表面气孔密度与上层叶片海绵组织厚度的相关系数分别为0.588,0.569,0.556,与中层叶片海绵组织厚度的相关系数分别为0.426,0.481,0.383,上层和下层叶片上表面气孔密度与上层叶片总厚度的相关系数分别为0.352和0.322。中层叶片下表面气孔密度与下层的栅栏组织厚度之间存在负相关(r=-0.339),中层和下层的叶片下表面气孔密度与海绵组织厚度之间的相关系数分别为-0.413,-0.389,与叶片总厚度之间的相关系数为-0.449,-0.347。

2.4 性状主成分分析

利用13个无性系各冠层叶片解剖性状和气孔性状与3年生和4年生胸径共计11个性状的均值进行主成分分析,结果表明,这11个性状主成分分析的前3个主成分的累积贡献率分别达82.7%,87.5%和88.3%,其中前2个主成分的累积贡献率分别为69.5%,69.5%和70.5%,以第1和第2主成分依照不同冠层作二维坐标图(图 4)。

图 4 不同冠层叶片性状与3年和4年生胸径性状主成分分析的第一、二主成分坐标 Fig. 4 Distribution of 3- and 4-year-old DBH and leaf traits in PCA analysis at three canopy positions for 13 clones

根据上述主成分分析的前2个主成分,求出13个无性系11个性状的2个综合指标值,作二维坐标图(图 5),可将13个无性系划分为3类: 第Ⅰ类为Por杨、111杨、107杨、108杨、36杨、50杨和Be杨,生长量大,一般地,叶片上表面气孔密度较小(例如50杨和Por杨最小),下表面气孔密度较大(例如上层107杨、中层36杨和下层Be杨最大),上表面和下表面气孔长度较小,海绵组织厚度较小(例如上层111杨、中层50杨和下层Be杨最小); 而第Ⅱ类和第Ⅲ类无性系的分类因为冠层的不同而异,根据生长与上层和中层叶片性状主成分分析结果,分为第Ⅱ类Br杨、Ti杨、109杨和第Ⅲ类Me杨、Ta杨、La杨,而根据生长与下层叶片性状主成分分析结果,分为第Ⅱ类Br杨、Ta杨和第Ⅲ类Me杨、Ti杨、109杨、La杨。第Ⅲ类无性系的生长量小,一般地,叶片上表面气孔密度较大(例如Ta杨和La杨最大),下表面气孔密度较小(例如Me杨和109杨最小),上表面和下表面气孔长度较大(例如Ti杨和La杨最大)。

图 5 13个无性系的基于不同冠层叶片性状与3年和4年生胸径性状主成分分析的二维坐标 Fig. 5 PC1×PC2 of PCA analysis of 13 clones with 3- and 4-year-old DBH and leaf traits at three canopy positions
3 结论与讨论 3.1 叶片和生长性状的无性系变异

本研究发现黑杨派无性系之间生长性状和叶片解剖结构(栅栏组织和海绵组织厚度)及气孔性状(密度和长度)存在显著变异,这与早先黑杨派内产量性状和叶片性状存在显著变异的研究结果(Orlovic et al.,1998Ceulemans et al.,19841987Marron et al.,20052007Ferris et al.,2002Al Afas et al.,20062007)一致。Ceulemans等(1984)Orlovic等(1998)对黑杨派美洲黑杨和欧美杨等无性系田间试验研究发现,所有无性系叶片栅栏组织厚度大于海绵组织厚度。Al Afas等(2006)发现青杨派(Section Takamahaca)和青杨派与黑杨派杂种不同冠层叶片厚度均大于黑杨派,所研究的大多数基因型在不同冠层叶片海绵组织厚度大于栅栏组织厚度,并且黑杨派无性系与其他无性系相比,其树冠上层叶片海绵组织厚度最小,这是因为其树冠上层叶片有2层栅栏组织。本研究对黑杨派美洲黑杨和欧美杨等13个无性系研究发现,大多数无性系在不同冠层上叶片栅栏组织厚度均大于海绵组织厚度,证实了Ceulemans等(1984)Orlovic等(1998)的研究结果。

本研究还发现黑杨派13个无性系不同冠层上叶片下表面气孔密度均大于上表面气孔密度,这与Ceulemans等(1984)Orlovic等(1998)的研究结果一致,也与Al Afas等(20062007)利用杨树5个种12个无性系2个冠层的研究结果一致。Ceulemans等(1984)发现毛果杨叶片上表面无气孔。Al Afas等(20062007)研究发现: 毛果杨叶片下表面气孔密度和长度最大; 美洲黑杨叶片气孔小,密度大; 欧洲黑杨气孔大,密度小; 欧美杨叶片气孔密度和长度介于两者之间; 据此认为无性系气孔性状的变异与无性系的亲本有关。杨树气孔性状的基因型变异表现出种的特异性,许多研究者认为这与分类有关,建议将气孔性状作为杨树分类和无性系鉴别的指标,用于各派的划分(Ceulemans et al.,1988Ridge et al.,1986Van Volkenburgh et al.,1996)。

3.2 叶片性状与冠层位置的相关关系

许多研究表明光照对叶片性状如解剖性状和气孔性状有显著影响(Orlovic et al.,1998Van Volkenburgh et al.,1996Al Afas et al.,20062007),不同分枝和冠层上叶片性状存在差异,树冠上层的叶片一般比下层的长且大(Al Afas et al.,2007),气孔密度也大于下层叶片(Al Afas et al.,2006)。Al Afas等(20062007)研究发现3个欧美杨无性系在树冠上层叶片栅栏组织厚度大于下层,上层叶片气孔密度和长度均比下层叶片大。本研究发现黑杨派13个无性系树冠上、中、下层之间叶片性状存在差异,大多数无性系在树冠上层叶片栅栏组织、海绵组织厚度和叶片总厚度大于下层叶片,上层叶片气孔密度大于中层和下层叶片,与Al Afas等(2006; 2007)研究结果不同,这可能是由于本研究利用小密度的人工林,而不是大密度的短轮伐萌蘖林。

3.3 叶片与生长性状的相关关系

产量是一个复杂性状,包括了形态、生理和生化因子,确定与高产相关的基因型和认识性状间相关关系,对于生长早期预测和选择以及加速育种进程具有决定意义,而每一个产量因子受不同基因调控,许多研究集中在杨树产量因子及其遗传分析方面,这些研究结果可用于优良基因型的选择(Yu,2001Ceulemans et al.,1987Orlovic et al.,1998)。Ceulemans等(1984)利用欧洲黑杨、毛果杨×美洲黑杨和欧美杨的研究发现,无论是叶片上表面还是下表面气孔密度与产量之间相关性不显著,而气孔长度与产量之间存在显著正相关。Orlovic等(1998)对苗圃1年生美洲黑杨和欧美杨无性系研究发现,叶片上表面气孔密度、栅栏组织厚度与生物量之间存在很强正相关,提出利用该相关性在苗圃进行无性系生物量选择。Al Afas等(2007)对杨树4个种12个无性系研究发现叶片下表面气孔密度与生物量显著正相关,而气孔长度与生物量相关性不显著。本研究对13个黑杨派无性系的研究发现,不同冠层上叶片上表面气孔密度与1~4年生胸径之间呈极显著负相关,树冠上层叶片下表面气孔密度与2年生胸径之间呈显著正相关,中层海绵组织厚度与1年和3年生胸径之间显著负相关,而气孔长度与生长性状相关性不显著,这些研究结果对于黑杨派育种中生长性状的间接选择指标研究具有重要意义。

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