林业科学  2008, Vol. 44 Issue (6): 137-142   PDF    
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文章信息

王福莲, 李传仁, 刘万学, 万方浩.
Wang Fulian, Li Chuanren, Liu Wanxue, Wan Fanghao.
新入侵物种悬铃木方翅网蝽的生物学特性与防治技术研究进展
Advance in Biological Characteristics and Control Techniques of the New Invasive Sycamore Lace Bug(Corythucha ciliata)
林业科学, 2008, 44(6): 137-142.
Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2008, 44(6): 137-142.

文章历史

收稿日期:2007-03-02

作者相关文章

王福莲
李传仁
刘万学
万方浩

新入侵物种悬铃木方翅网蝽的生物学特性与防治技术研究进展
王福莲1, 李传仁1, 刘万学2, 万方浩2     
1. 长江大学农学院 荆州 434025;
2. 中国农业科学院植物保护研究所 植物病虫害生物学国家重点实验室 北京 100094
摘要: 悬铃木方翅网蝽为新近入侵我国的物种,严重危害悬铃木等园林植物,已在长江流域中下游城市呈现暴发态势。介绍悬铃木方翅网蝽的寄主、分布和危害特点,对悬铃木方翅网蝽的扩散速度与方式、生物学特性及防治技术进行综述,以期为阻止其扩散和危害提供参考。
关键词:悬铃木方翅网蝽    入侵    生物学特性    防治方法    
Advance in Biological Characteristics and Control Techniques of the New Invasive Sycamore Lace Bug(Corythucha ciliata)
Wang Fulian1, Li Chuanren1, Liu Wanxue2, Wan Fanghao2     
1. College of Agriculture, Yangtze University Hubei 434025;
2. State Key Laboratory of Plant Disease and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing 100094
Abstract: The sycamore lace bug(Corythucha ciliata) was a new invasive insect species which heavily damaged Platanus spp. and other horticultural plants. It had spread over many cities along the middle and lower reaches of Changjiang River in China. The distributions and damage characteristics of the bug and its host plants as well were briefly introduced. Its spread speed and dispersal ways, biological characteristics and control techniques were viewed in details with hope of presenting some available suggestions to prevent the further spread and infestation of the bug in China.
Key words: Corythucha ciliata    invade    biological characteristic    control technique    

悬铃木方翅网蝽(Corythucha ciliata)属半翅目网蝽科(Hemiptera:Tingidae),原分布于北美的中东部(Halbert et al., 1998),1964年传至意大利后,以之为中心在欧洲迅速蔓延(Pellizzari et al., 1997Mazzon et al., 2000)。目前已传至南美洲和亚洲(Prado,1990Chung et al., 1996)。主要危害悬铃木属(Platanus),被认为是具有危害潜能的危险入侵物种,一旦传入到新的地区,能形成相当稳定的高密度种群(Maceljski et al., 1972Maceljski et al., 1974Masutti,1984D’Aguilar et al., 1977),成为入侵地悬铃木的常发性主要害虫(Bures et al., 1997Marchetti et al., 1997Milevoj,2004),暴发时难于控制(Cravedi,2000)。如20世纪80年代,悬铃木方翅网蝽在传入地欧洲造成了严重危害(Battisti et al., 1985),为此,欧洲成立了专门工作组对其生物学、生态学、天敌和化学防治等进行系统研究(Working Group IOBC/ WPRS, 1986)。

2006年在武汉发现悬铃木方翅网蝽入侵我国后,国家林业局随即将悬铃木方翅网蝽增列入我国林业危险性有害生物名单,并发函要求各地监测和防治。现已查明,悬铃木方翅网蝽已入侵上海、杭州、南京、重庆、武汉、宜昌、十堰、襄樊、荆门、荆州、贵阳、郑州等地,在长江流域形成了暴发态势。悬铃木方翅网蝽具有传播速度快、危害严重等特点,而悬铃木是我国常见的园林植物,广泛分布于我国中东部地区的数百个城市,具有特殊的美化和人文价值。为了有效阻止和控制悬铃木方翅网蝽的扩散和危害,作者系统整理了国内外相关文献,就悬铃木方翅网蝽的入侵生物学及防治方法进行了综述。

1 寄主及危害特点 1.1 寄主范围

悬铃木方翅网蝽主要危害悬铃木属植物:一球悬铃木(P. occidentalis),二球悬铃木(P. acerifolia)和三球悬铃木(P. orienfalis)(Halbert et al., 1998Maceljski et al., 1972Battisti et al., 1985),也危害桑科构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)、胡桃科小糙皮山核桃(Carya ovata)、杜鹃科甸杜属植物(Chamaedaphne sp.)、木犀科白蜡树(Fraxinus sp.)和桐叶槭(Acer pseudoplatanus)(McPherson et al., 1981Halbert et al.,1998)。Halbert等(1998)曾从壳斗科桂叶栎(Quercus laurifolia)和胶皮枫香树(Liquidambar sytraciflua)上收集到该蝽成、若虫个体,但这2种植物是否为其寄主尚需进一步证实。

1.2 为害特性 1.2.1 刺吸叶片汁液直接为害

悬铃木方翅网蝽通常于悬铃木树冠底层叶片背面吸食汁液,最初造成黄白色斑点和叶片失绿,严重时叶片由叶脉开始干枯至整叶萎黄、青黑及坏死,从而造成树木提前落叶、树木生长中断、树势衰弱至死亡(Soria et al., 1991Halbert et al.,1998Mazzon et al., 2000Oszi et al., 2004)。

1.2.2 携带危险病菌间接危害

悬铃木方翅网蝽是悬铃木叶枯病菌(Gnomonia platani)和甘薯长喙壳菌(Ceratocystis fimbriata)的传播介体,而这2种病原菌能降低悬铃木树势并导致其死亡(Prado,1990),从而产生更大的间接潜在危害。另外,悬铃木方翅网蝽的刺吸伤口使得法国梧桐炭疽病菌(Gnomonia veneta)、甘薯长喙壳菌、悬铃木溃疡病菌(Ceratocystis fimbriata f. sp. platani)等易于侵染悬铃木(Halperin,1989Nikusch,1992),从而加剧了悬铃木的衰老和死亡。

1.2.3 为害悬铃木引发的后果

悬铃木具有树形优美、适应性强、耐修剪的特点,同时还有降噪、抗污染(包括粉尘、SO2、NH3等)和杀菌能力(有效地避免结核、伤寒、白喉、霍乱、痢疾等疾病的发生与蔓延)(许桂芳等,2006),成为首选的城市及工厂区绿化树种。悬铃木方翅网蝽的危害不仅导致树木死亡,而且随处飘落的虫叶给城市园林景观和城市环卫带来极大负面影响(Venturi, 1974)。此外,成虫大发生时会成批闯入悬铃木下的酒吧和咖啡馆,甚至闯入居民家中,成为一类公害(Venturi,1974Nikusch,1992Halbert et al., 1998)。

2 扩散 2.1 传播扩散范围

自1960年从北美传入意大利后,悬铃木方翅网蝽先后蔓延至南斯拉夫(Maceljski et al., 1972)、法国(D’Aguilar et al., 1977)、匈牙利(Toth,2001)、西班牙(Sotres et al., 1981)、奥地利(Zukrigl et al., 1989)、瑞士(Oszi et al., 2004)、(前)捷克(Oszi et al., 2004)、德国(Wulf et al., 1987)、保加利亚(Iosifov,1990)、希腊(Oszi et al., 2004)、俄罗斯(Gninenko et al., 2004)等欧洲中南部国家。1990年,悬铃木方翅网蝽传入南美洲智利(Prado,1990),1996年后进一步扩散到亚洲的韩国、日本和我国(Chung et al., 1996Tokihiro et al., 2003李传仁等,2007)。

2.2 扩散速度

悬铃木方翅网蝽的传播速度较快。在意大利,1960年首次传入时仅局限于威尼斯港周边地区,至1974年时已蔓延至整个北部和中部地区(Venturi,1974),而到2000年时,其扩散范围已覆盖全国,包括远离大陆的撒丁岛和西西里岛(Mazzon et al., 2000)。1976年从克罗地亚传入匈牙利南部的悬铃木方翅网蝽,在10年间向北蔓延了200 km,辐射到400 km宽的地区(Kozar et al., 1985),至2000年,匈牙利的25个城市都发现有其发生,业已波及匈牙利东北部地区(Kukedi,2000)。在西班牙,悬铃木方翅网蝽的扩散速度近70 km·a-1(Soria et al., 1991)。悬铃木方翅网蝽在德国的扩散也十分迅速,1987年仅在德国南部地区见其分布,2003年已扩散至科隆以北莱茵河下游地区(Hoffmann,2003)。

悬铃木方翅网蝽在城市内的蔓延速度更是惊人,尽管其成虫不善飞行,但可在一年内传遍都灵市的所有街道,传播范围超过100 km2(Arzone,1975)。

2.3 扩散方式

悬铃木方翅网蝽的扩散方式包括成虫的主动扩散和人为远距离传播。因成虫翅十分精细,故而很少飞行过远(Halbert et al., 1998),长距离传播主要是人类活动的结果(Halbert et al., 1998)。悬铃木方翅网蝽的分布呈现2大特点:一是在世界范围内跨越大洋间断分布于北美洲、欧洲、南美洲和亚洲,二是一个地理区域内因悬铃木栽种的聚集性而分布不连续。人类哪些活动导致该蝽传播,证据不多,仅推测其从北美传入意大利是以船只为载体(Oszi et al., 2004)。另外,过路的卡车、巴士等刮擦虫树后可将成若虫携至其他树木而发生扩散(Arzone,1975)。

3 生物学特性

在美国、意大利、日本等地区年发生2~3代(Halbert et al., 1998Arzone,1975Gianchecchi et al., 1990Mizuno et al., 2004Prado,1990),以3代为多见。成虫出蛰的温度为8~10 ℃,温度高于10 ℃时开始向树冠转移(Kukedi,2000)。在3代区,各代成虫高峰期分别在7月初、8月初和9月中旬。越冬成虫于4月底或5月初恢复活动,1周后产卵并可持续至6月,卵历期为7~28 d,若虫为8~14 d(Horn et al., 1983aBattisti et al., 1985Halbert et al., 1998)。9月初成虫开始越冬(Venturi,1974;Battisti,1983;Kim et al., 1999Mizuno,2004)。越冬时成虫群集于树皮裂口下、房屋墙壁缝隙内或落叶绿篱上(Maceljski et al., 1972Venturi,1974Halbert et al., 1998Mizuno, et al., 2004)。成虫越冬对树干部位有一定选择性,喜栖息于树体基干(11~16 m树的基部4.8 m)以及东北和西北方位的树皮下越冬(Vasic,1975Battisti et al., 1985)。

雌成虫寿命18 ℃时为51.8 d,33 ℃时为17.2 d(Kim et al., 1999),而在野外时仅为4~10 d(Battisti et al., 1985)。雌虫比例为68%~81%(Kim et al., 1999),越冬时性比较高(Oszi et al., 2004)。成虫具有较强的耐寒性,可以抵御-23.3 ℃的低温(Halbert et al., 1998)。雌虫羽化后可产卵1周,单雌产卵100~350粒(Halbert et al., 1998Battisti et al., 1985)。产卵具有选择性,喜产于叶背的主脉旁(Kim et al., 1999Halbert et al., 1998)。若虫通常沿叶脉群集,低龄若虫龄行动缓慢且仅在孵化时的叶片上吸汁,高龄若虫则可转移至其他叶片生活(Battisti et al., 1985Halbert et al., 1998Oszi et al., 2004)。

个体发育受温度影响明显(Santini et al., 1986Kim et al., 1999)。在18 ℃时卵和若虫的发育需要54.0 d,在33 ℃时仅需17.9 d(Kim et al., 1999)。卵、若虫和整个虫期的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为11.0 ℃(12 ℃),10.9 ℃,11.1 ℃和150.3 d℃,230.6 d℃,376.1 d℃(Santini et al., 1986Kim et al., 1999)。另外,出蛰期降雨不利其发生(Oszi et al., 2004),天气干旱则危害严重(Halbert et al., 1998Kukedi,2000)。温暖干燥的天气利于其发生和危害。

4 防治方法 4.1 农业及物理防治

悬铃木方翅网蝽成虫群集于悬铃木树皮内或落叶中越冬,疏松树皮和树下落叶为其提供了良好的越冬场所,因此秋季刮除疏松树皮层并及时收集销毁落地虫叶可减少越冬虫的数量(Maceljski et al., 1972Kukedi et al., 1992)。该蝽出蛰时对降雨敏感,可于春季出蛰期结合浇水对树冠虫叶进行冲刷,也可在秋季采用树冠冲刷方法来减少越冬虫量(Kukedi,2000)。适时修剪可减少其发生世代数。因为经常进行修剪的悬铃木树体能在整个春季和夏季发出新叶并形成旺长枝条,能提供害虫的春季和夏季世代所需食物,而隔5~6年才修剪的树体主要形成花枝,只在春季发新叶,所以害虫只能发生春季世代(Euverte,1989)。从寄主植物来看,二球悬铃木各品种对该蝽敏感性不同(Mittempergher et al., 1984),因此可以开展悬铃木的抗虫品种选育工作。抗虫品种选育时,除了可以保留悬铃木的直接针对该蝽的抗虫特性外,还可考虑保留其对天敌有利的特性。比如,白僵菌对田间那些在窄裂口、厚树皮下越冬的成虫侵染率较高,因这样裂口的厚树皮下湿度大,利于该菌的生长(Girolami et al., 1979),那么,在将来悬铃木育种工作中可保留树皮窄裂缝这一遗传特性。

4.2 化学防治

化学防治通常采用的方式有树冠喷雾、树干注射和树干喷雾等。树冠喷雾选择在若虫期和初羽化成虫期施药(Tremblay et al., 1984),尽量选择早上无风或微风时进行高压喷叶,使药液穿透冠层并完全润湿叶片下表面(Venturi,1974Maceljski et al., 1975Hopoltseder,1984)。若考虑减少对环境的影响,可采用效果较好、污染较小、用药次数较少的树干注射法进行施药。1代若虫始见期将杀虫剂注射入树干的维管束,药剂就被运输到被取食部位而在整个树木生长期起作用(Mauri,1989Baseggio,1990)。对于越冬成虫,也可有采用树干喷雾法来防治,即直接对着树皮裂缝喷雾(Vasic,1975Kukedi et al., 1992),但越冬成虫躲藏在树皮下,杀虫剂难以穿透树皮到达虫体,从而效果欠佳(Maceljski et al., 1975)。

至于药剂的品种,由于防治该蝽要在城市和住宅区施药,对人类的健康存在极大的安全隐患,因此需遵从法规并使用低毒产品(Marchetti,2003)。马拉硫磷(malathion)、杀螟松(fenitrothion)、乙酰甲胺磷(acephate)等磷酸酯类药剂(Venturi,1974Maceljski et al., 1975Vasic,1975Tiberi et al., 1988Zechini et al., 1990)、溴氰菊酯等拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂(Vasic,1975Kukedi et al., 1992)均有较好效果。还可以用乙酰甲胺磷(acephate)与多菌灵(carbendazim)或与涕必灵(thiabendazole ipophosphite)的混剂注入树干,以同时防治悬铃木方翅网蝽和悬铃木叶枯病(Tiberi et al., 1988Zechini et al.,1990)。

化学防治存在一定的局限性。尽管有多种杀虫剂和及其应用方法,但花费大效果小且污染严重(Halbert et al., 1998),而且该蝽对磷酸酯类杀虫剂已经产生了耐药性(Oszi et al., 2004)。另外,某些施药方式如树干注射对树木还产生伤害(Oszi et al., 2004)。虽然通过选用高效低毒和新型杀虫剂可以减少城市污染和缓解该蝽的抗药性(Marchetti,2003)、加强苗圃防治也可减少城市用药(Hopoltseder,1984)、改进施药方法或选用新型内吸杀虫剂将减少树干注射对树木的伤害;但开展其他环保型、综合性的防治方法的研究十分迫切。

4.3 生物防治

在原产地和传入国利用天敌控制悬铃木方翅网蝽的研究众多。欧洲学者探讨了常见土著捕食性天敌对悬铃木方翅网蝽的控制作用,发现拟原姬蝽(Nabis pseudoferus)、猎蝽(Rhinocoris iracundus)、齿爪盲蝽(Deraeocoris nebulosus)、邻小花蝽(Orius vicinus)、小花蝽(Orius insidiosus)、阿姬蝽(Aptus mirmicoides)、希姬蝽(Himacerus mirmicoides)、蜘蛛(Cheiracanthium mildeiTheridion lunatum)等对入侵的悬铃木方翅网蝽有较强的捕食能力(Maceljski et al., 1977Maceljski et al., 1978Horn et al., 1983cD’Aguilar et al., 1977),其中拟原姬蝽最大日捕食量高达每天15头(Maceljski et al., 1977)。草蛉、螳螂和螨也可作为其捕食性天敌(Horn et al.,1983cMaceljski et al., 1978Tavella et al., 1987)。关于寄生蜂,在原产地和传入国均仅发现缨小蜂科(Mymaridae)寄生蜂可以寄生该蝽的卵(D’Aguilar et al., 1977Horn et al., 1983c)。已分离的悬铃木方翅网蝽病原微生物有球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)、蜡蚧轮枝菌(Verticillium lecanii)和粉拟青霉菌(Paecilomyces farinosus)(Tavella et al., 1987),从对成虫和若虫的侵染力来看,球孢白僵菌毒性最强(Arzone et al., 1984)。室内研究发现其在培养基上易于繁殖,且能保持较高的侵染力(Girolami et al., 1979)。

对于入侵的悬铃木方翅网蝽,人们寄希望于利用本地天敌或从原产地引进天敌来建立生态平衡(Maceljski et al., 1975Arzone,1975),或者主张运用昆虫产品来进行防治(Cravedi,2000)。但天敌对该蝽种群的自然抑制作用不足。捕食性天敌的发生与该蝽缺乏同步性,固其田间控制能力很欠缺(Tavella et al., 1987),能攻击该蝽卵的寄生蜂,也不能明显减少其种群数量(D'Aguilar,1982)。至于病原菌,其对高湿度的要求与该蝽喜干燥的特性相矛盾,从而导致二者时空上的错位。比如,意大利室内对该蝽有效的上述病菌,在田间于春季多雨年份或在窄裂口的厚皱树皮下侵染率高,而悬铃木方翅网蝽则喜干燥,在宽的树皮裂缝内越冬虫存活率较高(Tavella et al., 1987);这就导致这些病菌对该蝽种群的抑制作用较弱。即使在一些树上病菌对越冬虫导致100%的死亡率,也不能控制该蝽夏季危害(Girolami et al., 1979)。就是在原产国美国,能寄生该蝽的几种昆虫和病原菌,都不足以明显遏止该蝽对城市悬铃木的损害(Halbert et al., 1998)。虽然,室内该蝽产的卵约8%~25%无活力(Horn et al., 1983cKim et al., 1999),田间有50%卵不能孵化(Horn et al., 1983c),1龄若虫的田间死亡率达55%(Horn et al., 1983a),越冬成虫死亡率为39.1%~67%(Battisti et al., 1985)。但其能够在入侵地频繁暴发,可能与天敌自然作用甚微有关。因此,加强天敌的应用研究具有必要性。

5 小结

悬铃木方翅网蝽主要危害悬铃木,不仅直接刺吸危害,还携带危险病菌协同危害并引发严重的不良后果。该蝽传播速度非常快,在洲际、国家或地区之间迅速扩展,而在传入国甚至在原产地天敌等环境因子不能抑制其种群发展,且已有的防治方法效果欠佳。其传播方式为人为传播,交通工具可以携带该蝽在不同城市和地区扩展。随着人类交流的频繁及交通运输业的发展,其传播速度会大大加快。因此,悬铃木方翅网蝽的入侵具有危险性,相关部门应引起重视,及时采取措施阻止其进一步的入侵和传播。

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