舰船科学技术  2020, Vol. 42 Issue (7): 34-39    DOI: 10.3404/j.issn.1672-7649.2020.07.007   PDF    
轴对称缺陷轴压圆柱壳稳定性分析刚度折减方法
白旭1, 李金华2     
1. 江苏科技大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,江苏 镇江 212003;
2. 齐鲁工业大学(山东省科学院),山东省科学院海洋仪器仪表研究所,山东 青岛 266061
摘要: 由于初始缺陷会引起轴压圆柱壳失稳载荷很大程度的折减,本文基于刚度折减方法,推导建立轴压圆柱壳失稳载荷计算公式,分析轴对称缺陷对轴压圆柱壳各部分刚度的影响。结果表明,轴对称初始缺陷对轴压圆柱壳薄膜刚度影响较大,初始缺陷经过了圆柱壳失稳波数的二次方放大。
关键词: 圆柱壳     轴压     轴对称缺陷     失稳载荷     刚度折减    
Stiffness reduction method to stability analysis of cylindrical shell with axially symmetric defect under axial compression
BAI Xu1, LI Jin-hua2     
1. School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China;
2. Institute of Marine Instruments and Instruments, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Qingdao 266061, China
Abstract: The initial imperfections can greatly reduce the critical buckling load of the axially compressed thin-walled cylindrical shell. The influence of the initial axisymmetric defects on the stiffness of each part of the compressed cylindrical shell is discussed with stiffness reduction method (RSM). The results show that the initial axisymmetric defects have a great influence on the membrane stiffness of the cylindrical shell, which reduces the stability carrying capacity of the axially compressed cylindrical shell. The initial defect is amplified by the square of the instability wavenumber of the cylindrical shell.
Key words: cylindrical shell     axial compression     axially symmetric defect     stability carrying capacity     stiffness reduction method    
0 引 言

圆柱壳结构具有特殊的几何构型,对于轴压、径压、扭转以及组合载荷均具有很好的承载作用,在船舶与海洋工程等各类领域中都有十分广泛的应用。圆柱壳的主要失效模式为失稳,针对其失稳稳定性问题,特别是轴压作用下的圆柱壳失稳载荷和模态,一直是学者研究最为活跃的课题之一[1]

早期针对轴压作用下薄壁圆柱壳的稳定性试验表明结构实际的失稳承载能力和理论上理想的完善壳体相比较小,原因就在于初始缺陷的存在会引起轴压薄壁圆柱壳临界失稳载荷很大程度的折减。祝恩淳等[2]针对轴压作用下薄壁圆柱壳的试验数据,采取统计分析的方法给出了结构失稳应力的经验计算公式。Lauren Kougias[3]采用有限元数值方法研究了壳体不圆度对轴压圆柱壳稳定性的影响,认为圆柱壳不圆度与壳体厚度相当时,临界承载能力降低可达75%。Muggeridge等[4]研究认为局部轴对称缺陷对圆柱壳失稳临界载荷的影响很大。龚友根等[5]研究凹坑形式的轴对称缺陷对轴压圆柱壳失稳承载能力的影响。王小明[6]研究了纵骨对环肋圆柱壳壳板稳定性的影响。

一系列的研究表明,研究分析方法对于问题的适用性以及结果准确度存在突出的影响。针对圆柱薄壳结构的失稳问题,Croll等[7-8]提出的刚度折减方法(Reduced Stiffness Method,RSM)在一定程度上理论值可以与实验值很好的吻合,随即引发了基于RSM开展不同类型以及不同承载的薄壁壳体结构失稳载荷的研究。Rossana C. Jaca等[9]应用RSM法研究了风载荷作用下圆柱壳结构的失稳失稳问题,认为采用RSM方法得到的失稳下界与非线性分析结果较为一致。Hongtao Wang等[10]采用RSM方法对圆柱壳体结构的失稳承载能力进行了优化研究,认为在给定材料和几何参数的范围内,改善了失稳临界载荷。Eduardo M. Sosa等[11]基于RSM方法分析了风载荷作用下含有初始缺陷的圆锥壳结构失稳临界载荷。Xu Bai等[12]分析了刚度折减对环肋圆柱壳承载能力的影响,研究结果表明周向薄膜刚度对圆柱壳的稳定性影响最大,轴向的弯曲刚度对圆柱壳稳定性的影响较小。

在现有基础上,本文采取RSM针对具有轴对称缺陷的轴压圆柱壳的稳定性进行研究。

1 轴压下完善圆柱壳的失稳载荷 1.1 失稳载荷

轴压作用下完善薄壁圆柱壳模型如图1所示。圆柱壳两端自由支持在刚性周界,设定长度为 $l$ ,壁厚为 $t$ ,半径为 $r$ ,均匀轴向压力为 $p$ ,材料的弹性模量为 $E$ ,位移为 $\left( {U,V,W} \right)$

图 1 轴压完善圆柱壳模型 Fig. 1 Perfect cylindrical shell model under axial compression

依据薄壳理论,圆柱壳失稳前的应力状态下:

$ \left( {\sigma _x^F,\sigma _\theta ^F} \right) = \left( { - p,0} \right) \text{,} $ (1)
$ \left( {E_x^F,E_\theta ^F} \right) = \left( { - \frac{p}{E},\frac{{\mu p}}{E}} \right) \text{;} $ (2)

失稳后的平衡状态为:

$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} U = U_\sigma ^F + u \text{,} \\ V = V_\sigma ^F + v \text{,} \\ W = W_\sigma ^F + w \text{。} \end{array} \right. $ (3)

其中: $U_\sigma ^F,V_\sigma ^F,W_\sigma ^F$ 分别为失稳前轴向、周向和径向位移。 $u,v,w$ 为失稳后状态相对于失稳前状态的位移增量。

失稳后,总应力、应变、弯矩、转角可以写为:

$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {\sigma _x} = \sigma _x^F + {n_x}\text{,} \\ {\sigma _\theta } = \sigma _\theta ^F + {n_\theta }\text{,} \\ {\sigma _{x\theta }} = \sigma _{x\theta }^F + {n_{x\theta }} = {n_{x\theta }} \text{;} \end{array} \right. $ (4)
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {E_x} = E_x^F + {\varepsilon _x}\text{,} \\ {E_\theta } = E_\theta ^F + {\varepsilon _\theta } \text{,} \\ {E_{x\theta }} = E_{x\theta }^F + {\varepsilon _{x\theta }} = {\varepsilon _{x\theta }} \text{;} \end{array} \right. $ (5)
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {M_x} = M_x^F + {m_x} = {m_x}\text{,} \\ {M_\theta } = M_\theta ^F + {m_\theta } = {m_\theta }\text{,} \\ {M_{x\theta }} = M_{x\theta }^F + {m_{x\theta }} = {m_{x\theta }}\text{;} \end{array} \right. $ (6)
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {X_x} = X_x^F + {\gamma _x} = {\gamma _x} \text{,} \\ {X_\theta } = X_\theta ^F + {\gamma _\theta } = {\gamma _\theta } \text{,} \\ {X_{x\theta }} = X_{x\theta }^F + {\gamma _{x\theta }} = {\gamma _{x\theta }} \text{。} \end{array} \right. $ (7)

其中公式右边第1项为失稳前,第2项为失稳后相对增量。

将应变、应力分成线性项部分 $\left( {{{\varepsilon '}_x},{{\varepsilon '}_\theta },{{\varepsilon '}_{x\theta }}} \right)$ $\left( {{{n'}_x},{{n'}_\theta },{{n'}_{x\theta }}} \right)$ 和二次项部分 $\left( {{{\varepsilon ''}_x},{{\varepsilon ''}_\theta },{{\varepsilon ''}_{x\theta }}} \right)$ $\left( {{{n''}_x},{{n''}_\theta },{{n''}_{x\theta }}} \right)$ ,忽略高阶项,则圆柱壳总势能为:

$ V = {V_0} + {V_1} + {V_2} + ... \text{。} $ (8)

其中:

$ \begin{aligned} & {V_0} = \frac{1}{2}\int\nolimits_0^l {\int\nolimits_0^{2{\text{π}} } {(N_x^FE_x^F} } + N_\theta ^FE_\theta ^F + 2N_{x\theta }^FE_{x\theta }^F)tr{\rm d}\theta {\rm d}x - \\ & \frac{1}{2}\int\nolimits_0^{2{\text{π}} } {ptU_\sigma ^F\left| {_0^lr{\rm d}\theta } \right.} {\text{,}} \end{aligned} $ (9)
$ \begin{aligned} & {V_1} = \frac{1}{2}\int\nolimits_0^l {\int\nolimits_0^{2{\text{π}} } {(N_x^F{{\varepsilon '}_x}} } + {{n'}_x}E_x^F + N_\theta ^F{{\varepsilon '}_\theta } + {{n'}_\theta }E_\theta ^F + \\ & 2N_{x\theta }^F{{\varepsilon '}_{x\theta }} + 2{{n'}_{x\theta }}E_{x\theta }^F)tr{\rm d}\theta {\rm d}x - \int\nolimits_0^{2{\text{π}} } {ptu\left| {_0^lr{\rm d}\theta } \right.} {\text{,}} \end{aligned} $ (10)
$ \left\{ \begin{aligned} & {V_2} = {V_{\rm{m}}} + {V_b} + {V_{2m}} {\text{,}} \\ & {V_{\rm{m}}} = \frac{1}{2}\int\nolimits_0^l {\int\nolimits_0^{2{\text{π}} } {({{n'}_x}{{\varepsilon '}_x}} } + {{n'}_\theta }{{\varepsilon '}_\theta } + 2{{n'}_{x\theta }}{{\varepsilon '}_{x\theta }})r{\rm d}\theta {\rm d}x {\text{,}}\\ & {V_b} = \frac{1}{2}\int\nolimits_0^l {\int\nolimits_0^{2{\text{π}} } {({{m'}_x}{{\gamma '}_x} + {{m'}_\theta }{{\gamma '}_\theta } + 2{{m'}_{x\theta }}{{\gamma '}_{x\theta }})} } r{\rm d}\theta {\rm d}x {\text{,}} \\ & {V_{2m}} = \frac{1}{2}\int\nolimits_o^l {\int\nolimits_0^{2{\text{π}} } {(N_x^F{{\varepsilon ''}_x} + {{n''}_x}E_x^F + N_\theta ^F{{\varepsilon ''}_\theta } + {{n''}_\theta }E_\theta ^F)} } r{\rm d}\theta {\rm d}x {\text{。}} \end{aligned} \right. $ (11)

圆柱壳位移选取为:

$ \left\{ \begin{aligned} & u = {u_{ij}}\cos i\theta \cos j{\text{π}} x/l\text{,} \\ & v = {v_{ij}}\sin i\theta \sin j{\text{π}} x/l \text{,} \\ & w = {w_{ij}}\cos i\theta \sin j{\text{π}} x/l \text{。} \end{aligned} \right. $ (12)

其中: $i$ 为圆周方向的波数; $j$ 为轴线方向的半波数; ${u_{ij}}$ ${v_{ij}}$ ${w_{ij}}$ 为任意常数。

依据文献[13]中圆柱壳几何方程和胡克定律,可以得到:

$ \begin{split} & {V_m} = \frac{{K{\text{π}} L}}{8}\left( {1 - \mu } \right){\left( {{v_{ij}}\lambda - {u_{ij}}i} \right)^2} - \\ & \frac{{K{\text{π}} L}}{4}\left( {\mu \left( {{v_{ij}}i - {w_{ij}}} \right) - {u_{ij}}\lambda } \right){u_{ij}}\lambda + \\ & \frac{{K{\text{π}} L}}{4}\left( {{v_{ij}}i - {w_{ij}} - \mu {u_{ij}}\lambda } \right)\left( {{v_{ij}}i - {w_{ij}}} \right) {\text{,}} \end{split} $ (13)

其中: $\lambda = j{\text{π}} /L$ $L = l/r$

$ \begin{split} & {V_b} = \frac{{K{\text{π}} L}}{2}\frac{{\left( {1 - \mu } \right)w_{ij}^2{i^2}{\lambda ^2}}}{\alpha } + \\ & \frac{{K{\text{π}} L}}{4}\frac{{\left( {{w_{ij}}{\lambda ^2} + \mu {w_{ij}}{i^2}} \right){w_{ij}}{\lambda ^2}}}{\alpha } + \\ & \frac{{K{\text{π}} L}}{4}\frac{{\left( {{w_{ij}}{i^2} + \mu {w_{ij}}{\lambda ^2}} \right){w_{ij}}{i^2}}}{\alpha } {\text{,}} \end{split} $ (14)

其中: $\alpha = 12{R^2}$ $R = r/t$

$ {V_{2m}} = - \frac{{pt{\text{π}} L}}{4}w_{ij}^2{\lambda ^2}\text{,} $ (15)

由于总势能二次项部分在任意条件下的偏导为0,因而可转化为特征值方程问题:

$\left[ \begin{array}{l} {A_{11}}\quad {A_{12}}\quad {A_{13}} \\ {A_{21}}\quad {A_{22}}\quad {A_{23}} \\ {A_{31}}\quad {A_{32}}\quad {A_{33}} \\ \end{array} \right]\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {u_{ij}} \\ {v_{ij}} \\ {w_{ij}} \\ \end{array} \right\} = 0\text{,}$ (16)

其中: ${A_{ij}} = {A'_{ij}} - \Lambda {A''_{ij}}$ ,有如下形式:

$ \left\{ \begin{aligned} & {{A'}_{11}} = {\lambda ^2} + \frac{1}{2}\left( {1 - \mu } \right){i^2} \text{,} \\ & {{A'}_{12}} = - \frac{1}{2}\left( {1 + \mu } \right)i\lambda\text{,} \\ & {{A'}_{13}} = \mu \lambda \text{,} \\ & {{A'}_{22}} = {i^2} + \frac{1}{2}\left( {1 - \mu } \right){\lambda ^2}\text{,} \\ & {{A'}_{23}} = - i \text{,} \\ & {{A'}_{33}} = \frac{1}{\alpha }{\left( {{i^2} + {\lambda ^2}} \right)^2} + 1 \text{,} \\ & {{A''}_{11}} = {{A''}_{22}} = {{A''}_{13}} = {{A''}_{23}} = {{A''}_{12}} = 0\text{,} \\ & {{A''}_{33}} = \left( {1 - {\mu ^2}} \right){\lambda ^2} \text{。} \end{aligned} \right. $ (17)

其中: $\Lambda = p/E$

式(16)存在任意解的条件是系数行列式为0,因而

$ \Lambda = \frac{{\dfrac{{\left( {1 - {\mu ^2}} \right){\lambda ^4}}}{{{{\left( {{i^2} + {\lambda ^2}} \right)}^2}}} + \dfrac{{{{\left( {{i^2} + {\lambda ^2}} \right)}^2}}}{\alpha }}}{{\left( {1 - {\mu ^2}} \right){\lambda ^2}}}\text{。} $ (18)
1.2 结果分析

图2给出了应用式(18)得到的轴压作用下完善圆柱壳结构的失稳载荷( $L{\rm{ = 2}}{\rm{.88}}$ $R{\rm{ = }}250$ $t = 5$ ,以下计算均以此参数为基础),可以看出轴压圆柱壳存在多种失稳模态。

图 2 轴压圆柱壳失稳载荷图谱 Fig. 2 Instability load spectrum of axial compression cylindrical shell

图3图4中可以看出,承受轴向压力圆柱壳的失稳载荷仅与圆柱壳半径与厚度的比R有关,与长度和半径的比L无关。因此在式(18)中,求其最小值,得

图 3 不同L下的失稳载荷 Fig. 3 Instability load at different L

图 4 不同R下的失稳载荷 Fig. 4 Instability load at different R
$ \Lambda = \frac{1}{{\sqrt {3\left( {1 - {\mu ^2}} \right)} }}\frac{1}{R} \text{。} $ (19)

与经典弹性临界应力公式相同。

2 轴压圆柱壳的刚度折减分析

依据式(11),轴压完善圆柱壳失稳总势能中的 ${V_2}$ 项可以表述为:

${V_2} = \int\nolimits_0^l {\int\nolimits_0^{2{\text{π}}} {\left( {{V_m} + {V_b} - \Lambda \frac{{\partial {V_{2m}}}}{{\partial \sigma }}} \right)} } r{\rm d}\theta {\rm d}x\text{。} $ (20)

通过壳体的稳定条件,将轴向压力下圆柱壳稳定性问题转化为求解特征方程的特征值问题:

$ \left( {{K_m} + {K_b} - {\Lambda ^C}{K_G}} \right)\varPhi = 0\text{。} $ (21)

式中: ${K_m}$ ${K_b}$ 分别是薄膜刚度矩阵和弯曲刚度矩阵; ${K_G}$ 几何刚度矩阵;参数 ${\Lambda ^{\rm{c}}}$ 是特征值而向量 $\Phi $ 是特征向量,对应于圆柱壳的失稳载荷和失稳模态。

当圆柱壳各刚度折减时,式(22)应写为:

$ \left( {\beta {K_m} + \xi {K_b} + \Lambda '{K_G}} \right)\Phi ' = 0 \text{。} $ (22)

其中: $\Lambda '$ $\Phi '$ 为折减刚度后的新的特征值和特征向量。 $\beta $ 为薄膜刚度折减系数( $0 < \beta \leqslant 1$ ), $\xi $ 为弯曲刚度折减系数( $0 < \xi \leqslant 1$ )。

因此式(18)中的系数将变为:

$ \left\{ \begin{aligned} & {{A'}_{11}} = \beta {\lambda ^2} + \frac{\beta }{2}\left( {1 - \mu } \right){i^2} \text{,} \\ & {{A'}_{12}} = - \frac{\beta }{2}\left( {1 + \mu } \right)i\lambda \text{,} \\ & {{A'}_{22}} = \beta {i^2} + \frac{\beta }{2}\left( {1 - \mu } \right){\lambda ^2}\text{,} \\ & {{A'}_{23}} = - \beta i \text{,} \\ & {{A'}_{13}} = \beta \mu \lambda \text{,} \\ & {{A'}_{33}} = \frac{\xi }{\alpha }{\left( {{i^2} + {\lambda ^2}} \right)^2} + \beta \text{,} \\ & {{A''}_{33}} = \left( {1 - {\mu ^2}} \right){\lambda ^2} \text{,} \\ & {{A''}_{11}} = {{A''}_{22}} = {{A''}_{13}} = {{A''}_{23}} = {{A''}_{12}} = 0 \text{。} \end{aligned} \right. $ (23)

可得含有折减系数的临界载荷方程:

$\Lambda ' = \frac{{\dfrac{{\left( {1 - {\mu ^2}} \right)\beta {\lambda ^4}}}{{{{\left( {{i^2} + {\lambda ^2}} \right)}^2}}} + \dfrac{{\xi {{\left( {{i^2} + {\lambda ^2}} \right)}^2}}}{\alpha }}}{{\left( {1 - {\mu ^2}} \right){\lambda ^2}}} \text{。} $ (24)

通过分析,临界载荷方程分子的两项分别代表薄膜刚度和弯曲刚度对临界载荷的贡献,在公式(24)中,求其最小值得:

$ \Lambda ' = \frac{{\sqrt {\beta \xi } }}{{\sqrt {3\left( {1 - {\mu ^2}} \right)} }}\frac{1}{R} \text{。} $ (25)

图5图6给出了不同刚度折减系数对轴向受压薄壁圆柱壳失稳载荷的影响。

图 5 弯曲刚度折减失稳载荷图谱 Fig. 5 Instability load spectrum of bending stiffness reduction

图 6 薄膜刚度折减失稳载荷图谱 Fig. 6 Instability load spectrum of film stiffness reduction

可以看出,无论是薄膜刚度还是弯曲刚度的降低都会影响轴压圆柱壳的失稳模态。轴压圆柱壳失稳时周向波数随着薄膜刚度的减少而减少,随着弯曲刚度的降低而增加。

3 含轴对称缺陷圆柱壳失稳分析 3.1 基于RSM的失稳载荷计算

含轴对称初始缺陷圆柱壳模型如图7所示。设定长度为 $l$ ,半径为 $r$ ,初始缺陷的幅值为 ${w_0}$ ,缺陷的曲率为 $\rho $ ,静水压力为 $p$ ,壳板的厚度为 $t$

图 7 含轴对称缺陷轴压圆柱壳模型 Fig. 7 Axially compressed cylindrical shell model with axisymmetric defects

缺陷幅值相对于半径为小量,忽略对圆柱壳应力分布的影响,壳体失稳前应力和应变仍然为式(1)和式(2),而几何方程如下:

$ \left\{ \begin{aligned} & {{\varepsilon '}_x} = \frac{{\partial u}}{{\partial x}} + \frac{w}{\rho },{{\gamma '}_x} = \frac{{{\partial ^2}w}}{{\partial {x^2}}} + \frac{w}{{{\rho ^2}}}\text{,}\\ & {{\varepsilon '}_\theta } = \frac{1}{r}\frac{{\partial v}}{{\partial \theta }} - \frac{w}{r},{{\gamma '}_\theta } = \frac{1}{{{r^2}}}\frac{{{\partial ^2}w}}{{\partial {\theta ^2}}}\text{,}\\ & {{\varepsilon '}_{x\theta }} = \frac{1}{2}\left( {\frac{{\partial v}}{{\partial x}} + \frac{1}{r}\frac{{\partial u}}{{\partial \theta }}} \right),{{\gamma '}_{x\theta }} = \frac{1}{r}\frac{{{\partial ^2}w}}{{\partial x\partial \theta }}\text{,}\\ & {{\varepsilon ''}_x} = {\left( {\frac{{\partial w}}{{\partial x}}} \right)^2},{{\varepsilon ''}_\theta } = \frac{1}{{2{r^2}}}{\left( {\frac{{\partial w}}{{\partial \theta }}} \right)^2}\text{。} \end{aligned} \right.$ (26)

因此相对于完善壳体,式(13)~式(15)分别表述为:

$ \begin{aligned} & {V_m} = \frac{{{\text{π}} KL}}{2}\left( {1 - \mu } \right){\left( {\frac{1}{2}{v_{ij}}\lambda - \frac{1}{2}{u_{ij}}i} \right)^2} +\\ & \frac{{{\text{π}} KL}}{4}\left( {\mu \left( {{v_{ij}}i - {w_{ij}}} \right) - {u_{ij}}\lambda + {w_{ij}}\bar r} \right)\left( {{w_{ij}}\bar r - {u_{ij}}\lambda } \right) + \\ & \frac{{{\text{π}} KL}}{4}\left( {{v_{ij}}i - {w_{ij}} + \mu \left( {{w_{ij}}\bar r - {u_{ij}}\lambda } \right)} \right)\left( {{v_{ij}}i - {w_{ij}}} \right) \text{;} \end{aligned} $ (27)

其中: $\lambda = j{\text{π}} /L$ $L = l/r$ $\bar r = r/\rho $

$ \begin{aligned} & {V_b} = \frac{{{\text{π}} LK}}{2}\frac{{\left( {1 - \mu } \right)w_{ij}^2{\lambda ^2}{i^2}}}{\alpha }+ \\ & \frac{{K{\text{π}} L}}{4}\frac{{\left( {{w_{ij}}{{\bar r}^2} - {w_{ij}}{\lambda ^2} - \mu {w_{ij}}{i^2}} \right)\left( {{w_{ij}}{{\bar r}^2} - {w_{ij}}{\lambda ^2}} \right)}}{\alpha } - \\ & \frac{{{\text{π}}KL}}{4}\frac{{\left( { - {w_{ij}}{i^2} + \mu \left( {{w_{ij}}{{\bar r}^2} - {w_{ij}}{\lambda ^2}} \right)} \right){w_{ij}}{i^2}}}{\alpha } \text{;} \end{aligned} $ (28)

其中: $\alpha = 12{R^2}$ $R = r/t$

$ {V_{2m}} = - \frac{{pt{\text{π}} L}}{4}w_{ij}^2{\lambda ^2}\text{。} $ (29)

根据壳体稳定条件得到系数行列式的系数为:

$ \left\{ \begin{aligned} & {{A'}_{11}} = {\lambda ^2} + \frac{1}{2}\left( {1 - \mu } \right){i^2},{{A'}_{12}} = - \frac{1}{2}\left( {1 + \mu } \right)i\lambda\text{,} \\ & {{A'}_{22}} = {i^2} + \frac{1}{2}\left( {1 - \mu } \right){\lambda ^2},{{A'}_{23}} = - i + \mu i\bar r\text{,}\\ & {{A'}_{13}} = \mu \lambda - \lambda \bar r\text{,}\\ & {{A'}_{33}} = \frac{1}{\alpha }{\left( {{i^2} + {\lambda ^2}} \right)^2} + \frac{1}{\alpha }\left( {{{\bar r}^4} - 2{\lambda ^2}{{\bar r}^2} - 2\mu {i^2}{{\bar r}^2}} \right)\text{,}\\ & + 1 + {{\bar r}^2} - 2\mu \bar r\text{,}\\ & {{A''}_{11}} = {{A''}_{22}} = {{A''}_{13}} = {{A''}_{23}} = {{A''}_{12}} = 0\text{,}\\ & {{A''}_{33}} = \left( {1 - {\mu ^2}} \right){\lambda ^2}\text{。} \end{aligned} \right. $ (30)

得含轴对称缺陷的轴压圆柱壳失稳临界载荷:

$ \Lambda = \frac{{\dfrac{{{{\left( {{i^2}\bar r - {\lambda ^2}} \right)}^2}}}{{{{\left( {{i^2} + {\lambda ^2}} \right)}^2}}} + \dfrac{{{{\left( {{i^2} + {\lambda ^2}} \right)}^2} - \left( {2\mu {i^2}{{\bar r}^2} + 2{{\bar r}^2}{\lambda ^2} - {{\bar r}^4}} \right)}}{{\alpha \left( {1 - {\mu ^2}} \right)}}}}{{{\lambda ^2}}}\text{。} $ (31)
3.2 轴对称缺陷对失稳载荷的影响

为便于分析初始缺陷对薄膜刚度和弯曲刚度的影响,令

$ \left\{ \begin{aligned} & {a_1} = {i^2}\bar r \text{,} \\ & {a_2} = 2\mu {i^2}{{\bar r}^2} + 2{{\bar r}^2}{\lambda ^2} - {{\bar r}^4} \text{,} \end{aligned} \right.$ (32)

式(31)可写为:

$ \Lambda = \frac{{\dfrac{{{{\left( {{a_1} - {\lambda ^2}} \right)}^2}}}{{{{\left( {{i^2} + {\lambda ^2}} \right)}^2}}} + \dfrac{{{{\left( {{i^2} + {\lambda ^2}} \right)}^2} - {a_2}}}{{\alpha \left( {1 - {\mu ^2}} \right)}}}}{{{\lambda ^2}}} \text{。} $ (33)

图8中可以看出, ${a_2}$ 对圆柱壳的影响很小,可以忽略不计,因此将式(34)简化为:

图 8 缺陷在轴压圆柱壳失稳的影响 Fig. 8 Effect of defects on the instability of cylindrical shells under axial compression
$ \Lambda = \frac{{\dfrac{{{{\left( {{i^2}\bar r - {\lambda ^2}} \right)}^2}}}{{{{\left( {{i^2} + {\lambda ^2}} \right)}^2}}} + \dfrac{{{{\left( {{i^2} + {\lambda ^2}} \right)}^2}}}{{\alpha \left( {1 - {\mu ^2}} \right)}}}}{{{\lambda ^2}}}\text{。} $ (34)

从式(34)可以看出,轴对称缺陷是经过圆柱壳失稳时轴向波数二次方放大,所以很小的初始缺陷将会对圆柱壳的稳定承载能力产生较大影响。

图9可以看出,与无缺陷时轴向受压圆柱壳的失稳模式不同,当纵向失稳波数是1时,含轴对称初始缺陷的轴压受压圆柱壳的失稳载荷有最小值。比较式(34)和式(25)可得含轴对称缺陷圆柱壳承受轴向均匀压力时,薄膜刚度折减系数与轴对称初始缺陷的关系为:

图 9 含轴对称缺陷轴压圆柱壳的失稳临界载荷图谱 Fig. 9 Instability critical load spectrum of axially compressed cylindrical shells with axisymmetric defects
$\beta = \frac{{{i^4}{{\bar r}^2} - 2{i^2}{\lambda ^2}\bar r + {\lambda ^4}}}{{{\lambda ^4}}}\text{。}$ (35)
4 结 语

采用RSM方法针对轴压载荷作用下完善圆柱壳以及具有轴对称缺陷圆柱壳结构的稳定性进行了分析,主要结论如下:

1)轴压作用下完善圆柱壳结构的失稳载荷与半径、厚度的比有关,与长度、半径比无关。

2)轴压圆柱壳结构的薄膜刚度、弯曲刚度均影响其失稳模态,失稳周向波数随着薄膜刚度的减少而减少,随着弯曲刚度的降低而增加。

3)由于轴对称缺陷通过圆柱壳失稳的轴向波数二次方放大来影响薄膜刚度,故对其临界承载能力影响很大。

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