舰船科学技术  2018, Vol. 40 Issue (1): 9-16   PDF    
WENO格式精度对舱室内爆炸载荷影响规律研究
徐维铮1,2, 吴卫国1,2     
1. 武汉理工大学 高性能舰船技术教育部重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430063;
2. 武汉理工大学 交通学院船舶、海洋与结构工程系,湖北 武汉 430063
摘要: 舰船舱室内爆炸载荷主要包含瞬态多峰值冲击波和持续时间较长的准静态超压,为了研究WENO格式精度对舱室内爆炸载荷影响规律,基于Fortran平台,采用3阶、5阶、7阶WENO有限差分格式,开发了高精度舱室内爆炸载荷三维数值计算程序。采用Sod激波管、双爆轰波碰撞、激波与熵波相互作用等经典算例初步考察了各数值格式的计算性能。开展了封闭舱室、泄压舱室内爆炸载荷数值计算,探讨了WENO格式精度对舱室内爆炸载荷影响规律。研究表明:WENO格式精度对舱室内爆炸冲击波载荷影响较大,对舱室内爆炸准静态超压载荷影响较小。
关键词: 舱室内爆     WENO格式     数值计算     爆炸冲击波     准静态超压    
The influence of accuracy of WENO schemes on the blast load in confined cabin
XU Wei-zheng1,2, WU Wei-guo1,2     
1. Key Laboratory of High Performance Ship Technology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China;
2. Departments of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Structural Engineering, School of Transportation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
Abstract: Blast load in confined cabin mainly contains multiple peaks shock waves and long duration quasi-static overpressure. In order to investigate on the influence of accuracy of WENO schemes on the blast load inside cabin, a high-resolution 3D code was developed in the present work. 3th, 5th and 7th WENO finite difference scheme were implemented in the code to capture the shock waves generated by condensed explosives in confined cabin. Several Riemann problems such as Sod shock tube, interacting blast waves and shock entropy wave interaction were simulated to investigate on computing performance of the schemes preliminary. Then, the code was used to conduct the simulation of blast waves in closed cabin and venting cabin and the influence of accuracy of WENO schemes on the blast load was discussed as well. It is indicated that the accuracy of WENO schemes has great effect on the blast waves and less effect on the quasi-static overpressure.
Key words: explosion inside cabin     WENO scheme     numerical computation     blast waves     quasi-static overpressure    
0 引 言

当爆炸发生在舰船舱室内部时,由于冲击波传播过程中受到舱室壁面限制,将产生冲击的多次反射和汇聚,以及持续时间较长的准静态压力,对内部结构和人员产生更加严重的毁伤效应。近年来,国内外学者针对内爆炸特性和计算方法方面做了大量的研究工作。

WU等[1]开展了封闭舱室内爆炸实验,研究了炸药形状和起爆位置对爆炸冲击波载荷的影响规律。侯海量等[2] 实验研究了舱室内爆炸冲击波载荷特性。孔祥韶等[3]实验研究了药量、角隅结构形式对舱内爆炸载荷影响规律。侯海量等[4]采用MSC.DYTRAN软件数值研究了舱室内爆炸冲击波载荷特性。孔祥韶等[5]采用MSC.DYTRAN软件数值模拟了舰船舱室内部战斗部爆炸及爆炸毁伤效应。樊壮卿等[6]基于LS-DYNA软件,数值模拟了大体积复杂舱室内爆炸载荷传播特性。陈攀等[7]采用AUTODYN软件数值研究了舱室内爆工况下不同区域爆炸冲击波载荷特性及爆点位置对舱室内爆炸冲击波特性的影响规律。

炸药爆炸属于高压比、高密度比问题,其对激波捕捉格式提出较为严格的要求。传统的商用软件(MSC.DYTRAN,LS-DYNA,AUTODYN)主要采用低阶精度的黎曼求解器和FCT欧拉算法,针对爆炸载荷的计算比较粗糙,且当前发展比较成熟的激波捕捉算法还没有嵌入到商用程序中,因此自主开发高精度爆炸载荷数值计算程序显得更有意义。

目前,激波捕捉格式众多,如TVD格式[8]、ENO格式[9]、NND格式[10]等,本文主要关注被广泛采用的WENO格式(weighted essentially non-oscillation scheme),LIU等[11]于1994年提出了该格式,SHU等[1214]发展了该格式。WENO在格式的有效性、通量的光滑性和收敛解的稳定性方面均优于ENO格式。

本文基于FORTRAN平台,采用3阶、5阶、7阶WENO有限差分格式,开发了舱室内爆炸载荷高精度三维数值计算程序。采用所开发的程序开展了封闭舱室、泄压舱室内爆炸载荷数值计算,研究了WENO格式精度对舱室内爆炸载荷影响规律,为结构抗爆设计提供一定的参考和指导。

1 控制方程

假定炸药瞬时爆轰,将凝聚相炸药等效为高压、高密度气体,流场的控制方程采用三维可压缩欧拉方程进行描述,

${\overrightarrow U _t} + {\overrightarrow E _x} + {\overrightarrow F _y} + {\overrightarrow G _z} =0\text{,}$ (1)

其中:

$\begin{array}{l}\overrightarrow U = \left( \begin{array}{l}\rho \\\rho u\\\rho v\\\rho w\\E\end{array} \right){\rm{ }}\overrightarrow E = \left( \begin{array}{l}\rho u\\\rho {u^2} + p\\\rho uv\\\rho uw\\u\left( {E + p} \right)\end{array} \right){\rm{ }}\text{,}\\[8pt]\overrightarrow F = \left( \begin{array}{l}\rho v\\\rho vu\\\rho {v^2} + p\\\rho vw\\v\left( {E + p} \right)\end{array} \right){\rm{ }}\overrightarrow G = \left( \begin{array}{l}\rho w\\\rho wu\\\rho wv\\\rho {w^2} + p\\w\left( {E + p} \right)\end{array} \right)\text{,}\end{array}$ (2)
$E = \rho e + \frac{1}{2}\rho {u^2} + \frac{1}{2}\rho {v^2} + \frac{1}{2}\rho {w^2}\text{,}$ (3)
$p = \left( {\gamma - 1} \right)\rho e\text{。}$ (4)

式中: $\rho $ 为密度; $u,v,w$ $x,y,z$ 方向上的速度分量;p为流体压力;E为单位体积流体的总能量;e为比内能;γ为气体绝热指数,取为1.4。对于多维欧拉方程的计算,采用Strang维数分裂法,将欧拉方程分解为 $x,y,z$ 三个方向求解。

2 数值计算方法

程序中采用3阶、5阶、7阶WENO有限差分格式对欧拉方程进行数值离散和求解,下面给出不同精度WENO格式的离散过程。

2.1 三阶WENO格式

3阶WENO格式(WENO-JS3)的数值离散和推导过程如下:

单元面中心 ${x_{i + 1/2}}$ 处数值通量 ${f_{i + 1/2}}$ 的2种重构方式分别为[12]

$f_{i + 1/2}^0 = - \frac{1}{2}{f_{i - 1}} + \frac{3}{2}{f_i}\text{,}$ (5)
$f_{i + 1/2}^1 = \frac{1}{2}{f_i} + \frac{1}{2}{f_{i + 1}}\text{。}$ (6)

利用上述2种模板的凸组合计算数值通量 ${f_{i + 1/2}}$ ,即

${f_{i + 1/2}} = {\omega _0}f_{i + 1/2}^0 + {\omega _1}f_{i + 1/2}^1\text{。}$ (7)

对于光滑情形,有 ${\omega _k} = {d_k}\left( {k = 0,1} \right)$ ,其中, ${d_k}$ 为WENO格式的线性权值,对于3阶WENO格式,其值为 ${d_0} = \frac{1}{3}$ ${d_1} = \frac{2}{3}$ 。将 ${\omega _k} = {d_k}$ 代入式并经过简单地整理得:

${f_{i + 1/2}} = \frac{1}{2}\left( {{f_i} + {f_{i + 1}}} \right) - \frac{1}{2}{\omega _0}\left( {{D_0} - {D_1}} \right)\text{,}$ (8)

式中:

${D_0} = {f_{i - 1}} - {f_i},{D_1} = {f_i} - {f_{i + 1}}\text{。}\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \, $ (9)

上式即为本文程序中采用的3阶WENO格式的最终形式,对于含激波间断流场,式中的 ${\omega _k}$ 根据下式求得:

${\omega _k} = \frac{{{\alpha _k}}}{{\sum\limits_{s = 0}^1 {{\alpha _s}} }},{\alpha _k} = \frac{{{d_k}}}{{{{\left( {\varepsilon + {\beta _k}} \right)}^2}}},k = 0,1\text{。}$ (10)

式中:ε为避免分母为0,取 $\varepsilon = 1.0 \times {10^{ - 6}}$ 。其中,光滑因子 ${\beta _k}\left( {k = 0,1} \right)$ 的表达式为

${\beta _0} = D_0^2,{\beta _1} = D_1^2\text{。}$ (11)
2.2 五阶WENO格式

五阶WENO格式(WENO-JS5)的数值离散和推导过程如下:

单元面中心 ${x_{i + 1/2}}$ 处数值通量 ${f_{i + 1/2}}$ 的3种重构方式分别为[12]

$f_{i + 1/2}^0 = \frac{1}{3}{f_{i - 2}} - \frac{7}{6}{f_{i - 1}} + \frac{{11}}{6}{f_i}\text{,}$ (12)
$f_{i + 1/2}^1 = - \frac{1}{6}{f_{i - 1}} + \frac{5}{6}{f_i} + \frac{1}{3}{f_{i + 1}}\text{,}$ (13)
$f_{i + 1/2}^2 = \frac{1}{3}{f_i} + \frac{5}{6}{f_{i + 1}} - \frac{1}{6}{f_{i + 2}}\text{。}$ (14)

利用上述3种模板的凸组合计算数值通量 ${f_{i + 1/2}}$ ,即

${f_{i + 1/2}} = {\omega _0}f_{i + 1/2}^0 + {\omega _1}f_{i + 1/2}^1 + {\omega _2}f_{i + 1/2}^1\text{。}$ (15)

对于光滑情形,有 ${\omega _k} = {d_k}\left( {k = 0,1,2} \right)$ ,对于5阶WENO格式, ${d_0} = \displaystyle\frac{1}{{10}}$ ${d_1} = \displaystyle\frac{6}{{10}}$ ${d_2} = \displaystyle\frac{3}{{10}}$ 。将 ${\omega _k} = {d_k}$ 代入式(15)并经过简单地整理得:

$\begin{split}& {f_{i + 1/2}} = \displaystyle\frac{1}{{12}}\left( { - {f_{i - 1}} + 7{f_i} + 7{f_{i + 1}} - {f_{i + 2}}} \right) +\\& \displaystyle\frac{1}{3}{\omega _0}\left( {{D_0} - 2{D_1} + {D_2}} \right)+\\ & \displaystyle\frac{1}{6}\left( {{\omega _2} - \frac{1}{2}} \right)\left( {{D_1} - 2{D_2} + {D_3}} \right)\text{。}\end{split}$ (16)

式中:

$\left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{l}}{{D_0} = {f_{i - 2}} - {f_{i - 1}},{D_1} = {f_{i - 1}} - {f_i}}\text{,}\\{{D_2} = {f_i} - {f_{i + 1}},{D_3} = {f_{i + 1}} - {f_{i + 2}}}\text{。}\end{array}} \right. $ (17)

式(16)即为本文程序中采用的5阶WENO格式的最终形式,对于含激波间断流场,式中的 ${\omega _k}$ 根据下式求得:

${\omega _k} = \frac{{{\alpha _k}}}{{\sum\limits_{s = 0}^2 {{\alpha _s}} }},{\alpha _k} = \frac{{{d_k}}}{{{{\left( {\varepsilon + {\beta _k}} \right)}^2}}},k = 0,1,2\text{。}$ (18)

其中,光滑因子 ${\beta _k}\left( {k = 0,1,2} \right)$ 的表达式如下[15]

$\left\{ \begin{array}{l}{\beta _0} = {D_0}\left( {4{D_0} - 11{D_1}} \right) + 10D_1^2\text{,}\\{\beta _1} = {D_1}\left( {4{D_1} - 5{D_2}} \right) + 4D_2^2\text{,}\\{\beta _2} = {D_2}\left( {10{D_2} - 11{D_3}} \right) + 4D_3^2\text{。}\end{array} \right. $ (19)
2.3 七阶WENO格式

7阶WENO格式(WENO-JS7)的数值离散和推导过程如下,单元面中心 ${x_{i + 1/2}}$ 处数值通量 ${f_{i + 1/2}}$ 的4种重构方式分别为[16]

$f_{i + 1/2}^0 = - \frac{1}{4}{f_{i - 3}} + \frac{{13}}{{12}}{f_{i - 2}} - \frac{{23}}{{12}}{f_{i - 1}} + \frac{{25}}{{12}}{f_i}\text{,}$ (20)
$f_{i + 1/2}^1 = \frac{1}{{12}}{f_{i - 2}} - \frac{5}{{12}}{f_{i - 1}} + \frac{{13}}{{12}}{f_i} + \frac{1}{4}{f_{i + 1}}\text{,}$ (21)
$f_{i + 1/2}^2 = - \frac{1}{{12}}{f_{i - 1}} + \frac{7}{{12}}{f_i} + \frac{7}{{12}}{f_{i + 1}} - \frac{1}{{12}}{f_{i + 2}}\text{,}$ (22)
$f_{i + 1/2}^3 = \frac{1}{4}{f_i} + \frac{{13}}{{12}}{f_{i + 1}} - \frac{5}{{12}}{f_{i + 2}} + \frac{1}{{12}}{f_{i + 3}}\text{。}$ (23)

利用上述4种模板的凸组合计算数值通量 ${f_{i + 1/2}}$ ,即

${f_{i + 1/2}} = {\omega _0}f_{i + 1/2}^0 + {\omega _1}f_{i + 1/2}^1 + {\omega _2}f_{i + 1/2}^2 + {\omega _3}f_{i + 1/2}^3\text{。}$ (24)

对于光滑情形,有 ${\omega _k} = {d_k}\left( {k = 0,1,2,3} \right)$ ,对于7阶WENO格式, ${d_0} = \displaystyle\frac{1}{{35}}$ ${d_1} = \displaystyle\frac{{12}}{{35}}$ ${d_2} = \displaystyle\frac{{18}}{{35}}$ ${d_3} = \displaystyle\frac{4}{{35}}$ 。将 ${\omega _k} = {d_k}$ 代入式(24)并经过简单地整理得:

$\begin{split}{f_{i + 1/2}} \!=\! \displaystyle\frac{1}{{60}}\left( {{f_{i - 2}} \!-\! 8{f_{i - 1}} \!+\! 37{f_i} \!+\! 37{f_{i + 1}} \!-\! 8{f_{i \!+\! 2}} \!+\! {f_{i + 3}}} \right) \!-\! \!\!\!\!\\\displaystyle\frac{1}{{12}}\left[ \begin{array}{l}{\omega _0}\left( {3{D_0} - 10{D_1} + 12{D_2} - 6{D_3} + {D_4}} \right)\\ + \left( {{\omega _1} - \displaystyle\frac{1}{5}} \right)\left( { - {D_1} + 3{D_2} - 3{D_3} + {D_4}} \right)\\ + \left( {{\omega _3} - \displaystyle\frac{1}{5}} \right)\left( { - {D_2} + 3{D_3} - 3{D_4} + {D_5}} \right)\end{array} \right] \text{,}\end{split}$ (25)

式中:

$\left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{l}}{{D_0} = {f_{i - 3}} - {f_{i - 2}},{D_1} = {f_{i - 2}} - {f_{i - 1}}}\text{,}\\{{D_2} = {f_{i - 1}} - {f_i},{D_3} = {f_i} - {f_{i + 1}}}\text{,}\\{{D_4} = {f_{i + 1}} - {f_{i + 2}},{D_5} = {f_{i + 2}} - {f_{i + 3}}}\text{。}\end{array}} \right. $ (26)

式(25)即为本文程序中采用的7阶WENO格式的最终形式,对于含激波间断流场,式中的 ${\omega _k}$ 根据下式求得:

${\omega _k} = \frac{{{\alpha _k}}}{{\sum\limits_{s = 0}^3 {{\alpha _s}} }},{\alpha _k} = \frac{{{d_k}}}{{{{\left( {\varepsilon + {\beta _k}} \right)}^2}}},k = 0,1,2,3\text{。}$ (27)

其中,光滑因子 ${\beta _k}\left( {k = 0,1,2,3} \right)$ 的表达式如下[15]

$\left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{l}}{{\beta _0} = {D_0}\left( {547{D_0} - 2788{D_1} + 1854{D_2}} \right) + }\\{{D_1}\left( {3708{D_1} - 5188{D_2}} \right) + 2107D_2^2\text{,}}\\[12pt]{{\beta _1} = {D_1}\left( {267{D_1} - 1108{D_2} + 494{D_3}} \right)+} \\{{D_2}\left( {1468{D_2} - 1428{D_3}} \right) + 547D_3^2\text{,} }\\[12pt]{{\beta _2} = {D_2}\left( {547{D_2} - 1428{D_3} + 494{D_4}} \right) + }\\{{D_3}\left( {1468{D_3} - 1108{D_4}} \right) + 267D_4^2\text{,}}\\[12pt]{{\beta _3} = {D_3}\left( {2107{D_3} - 5188{D_4} + 1854{D_5}} \right) + }\\{{D_4}\left( {3708{D_4} - 2788{D_5}} \right) + 547D_5^2\text{。}}\end{array}} \right.$ (28)
2.4 时间项数值离散

时间项采用3阶TVD-RK法求解,格式如下[17]

$\left\{ \begin{aligned}& {u^{\left( 1 \right)}} = {u^n} + \Delta tL\left( {{u^n}} \right)\text{,}\\& {u^{\left( 2 \right)}} = \displaystyle\frac{3}{4}{u^n} + \displaystyle\frac{1}{4}{u^{\left( 1 \right)}} + \displaystyle\frac{1}{4}\Delta tL\left( {{u^{\left( 1 \right)}}} \right)\text{,}\\& {u^{n + 1}} = \displaystyle\frac{1}{3}{u^n} + \displaystyle\frac{1}{3}{u^{\left( 2 \right)}} + \displaystyle\frac{2}{3}\Delta tL\left( {{u^{\left( 2 \right)}}} \right)\text{。}\end{aligned} \right.$ (29)
3 数值试验

为了初步考察上述格式(WENO-JS3,WENO-JS5,WENO-JS7)的计算性能,选取3个经典一维黎曼算例进行计算。

3.1 Sod激波管

该算例初始条件如式(30)所示[18],网格数为400,计算结束时间为0.18。图1给出计算结束时刻密度曲线图及局部放大图。

${\left( {\rho ,u,p} \right)^{\rm T}} = \left\{ \begin{array}{l}{(1,0,1)^{\rm T}},0 \text{≤} x < 0.5; \\{(0.125,0,0.1)^{\rm T}},0.5 \text{≤} x \text{≤} 1{\text{。}}\end{array} \right.$ (30)
图 1 计算结束后密度曲线及局部放大图 Fig. 1 Density curve and partial enlarged details
3.2 双爆轰波碰撞

该算例初始条件如式(31)所示[19],网格数为400,计算结束时间为0.038。图2给出计算结束时刻密度曲线图及局部放大图。

${\left( {\rho ,u,p} \right)^{\rm T}} = \left\{ \begin{array}{l}{\left( {1,0,1000} \right)^{\rm T}},0 \text{≤} x < 0.1;\\{\left( {1,0,0.01} \right)^{\rm T}},0.1 \text{≤} x \text{≤} 0.9;\\{\left( {1,0,100} \right)^{\rm T}},0.9 \text{≤} x \text{≤} 1{\text{。}}\end{array} \right.$ (31)
图 2 计算结束后密度曲线及局部放大图 Fig. 2 Density curve and partial enlarged details
3.3 激波与熵波相互作用

该算例初始条件如式(32)所示,网格数为400,计算结束时间为1.8。图3给出计算结束时刻密度曲线图及局部放大图。

${\left( {\rho ,u,p} \right)^{\rm T}} = \left\{ \begin{array}{l}{\left( {3.857143,2.629369,10.33333} \right)^{\rm T}},\\ - 5 \text{≤} x < - 4;\\{\left( {1 + 0.2\sin 5x,0,1} \right)^{\rm T}},\\ - 4 \text{≤} x \text{≤} 5{\text{。}}\end{array} \right.$ (32)
图 3 计算结束后密度曲线及局部放大图 Fig. 3 Density curve and partial enlarged details

根据上述计算结果,评估各格式的计算性能发现:WENO-JS7格式计算性能最优,WENO-JS5格式次之,WENO-JS3格式计算性能最低。即高精度WENO格式对含激波间断流场具有更低的耗散特性和更高的分辨率。

4 舱室内爆炸载荷计算

为了考察不同精度WENO格式对舱室内爆载荷的影响规律,采用所开发的三维程序开展封闭舱室和泄压舱室内爆炸载荷数值计算。

4.1 密闭舱室内爆炸 4.1.1 初始条件设置

密闭舱室尺寸为800×800×800 mm,壁面上设置2个测点,分别编号为NO1,NO2对爆炸超压时间历程进行输出(见图4)。

图 4 舱室及测点分布 Fig. 4 Cabin and gauging points

球形炸药(200 g)位于舱室中间,等效后的高压、高密度气体参数:半径为61.65 mm,密度为203.75 kg/m3,压力为3.791×108 Pa。计算初始条件见图5(a)。考虑计算时间及精度的要求,经多次数值试验,网格数为40×40×40,见图5(b)。壁面边界条件设置为反射边界。

图 5 爆炸初场及网格分布 Fig. 5 Initial condition and mesh distribution
4.1.2 封闭舱室内爆炸载荷特性

图6给出封闭舱室内爆炸壁面测点NO1和NO2超压时间历程曲线。从图6可知,封闭舱室内爆炸载荷主要包含多峰值、强度逐渐衰弱的冲击波和持续时间较长、保持稳定的准静态超压。根据测点NO1和NO2的对比可知,测点的位置对爆炸前期爆炸波超压峰值有较大的影响,而对最终形成的准静态超压峰值几乎没有影响,说明封闭舱室内部爆炸形成的准静态超压峰值在空间上近似均匀。

图 6 封闭舱室内爆炸超压时间历程曲线 Fig. 6 Overpressure time histories of all the gauging points in closed cabin
4.1.3 不同精度爆炸载荷比较

为了探讨不同精度WENO格式对封闭舱室内爆炸载荷影响规律,选取壁面典型测点NO1对爆炸载荷进行输出。

图7(a)~图7(c)给出不同精度WENO格式,测点NO1爆炸超压时间历程曲线,通过对比发现,高精度WENO格式能分辨出更精细的爆炸载荷特征,即高精度WENO格式具有更低的耗散特性和更高的分辨率。

图7(d)图7(e)分别给出3种精度WENO格式爆炸载荷对比图及局部放大图。从图7(d)图7(e)可知,随着WENO格式精度的提高,爆炸冲击波载荷峰值得到较大的提高,即高精度WENO格式对于激波间断具有更低的耗散特性。然而,不同精度WENO格式对最终形成的准静态超压峰值影响较小,见图7(d)中的粗实线。

图 7 封闭舱室内爆炸不同精度WENO格式测点NO1爆炸超压时间历程曲线 Fig. 7 Overpressure time histories of gauging point NO1 for different schemes in closed cabin
4.2 泄压舱室内爆炸 4.2.1 初始条件设置

计算初始条件同4.1.1小节,唯一的不同是,泄压舱室壁面上设置一个边长为160 mm的方形泄压口(见图8)。壁面边界条件设置为反射边界,泄压口处边界条件设置为透射边界。

图 8 舱室及测点分布 Fig. 8 Cabin and gauging points
4.2.2 泄压舱室内爆炸载荷特性

图9给出泄压舱室内爆炸壁面上测点NO1和NO2超压时间历程曲线。从图9可知,泄压舱室内爆炸载荷主要包含多峰值、强度逐渐衰弱的冲击波和持续时间较长、呈现指数衰减规律[20]的准静态超压。根据测点NO1和NO2的对比可知,测点的位置对爆炸前期爆炸波超压峰值有一定的影响,而对准静态超压时间历程几乎没有影响,说明泄压舱室内爆炸形成的准静态超压时间历程在空间上近似均匀。

图 9 泄压舱室内爆炸超压时间历程曲线 Fig. 9 Overpressure time histories of all the gauging points in venting cabin
4.2.3 不同精度爆炸载荷比较

为了探讨不同精度WENO格式对泄压舱室内爆炸载荷影响规律,选取壁面典型测点NO1对爆炸载荷进行输出。

图10(a)~图10(c)给出不同精度WENO格式,测点NO1爆炸超压时间历程曲线,通过对比发现,高精度WENO格式能分辨出更精细的爆炸载荷特征,即高精度WENO格式具有更低的耗散特性和更高的分辨率。

图 10 泄压舱室内爆炸不同精度WENO格式测点NO1爆炸超压时间历程曲线 Fig. 10 Overpressure time histories of gauging point NO1 for different schemes in venting cabin

图10(d)图10(e)分别给出3种精度WENO格式爆炸载荷对比图及局部放大图。从图10(d)图10(e)可知,随着WENO格式精度的提高,爆炸冲击波载荷峰值得到较大的提高,即高精度WENO格式对于激波间断具有更低的耗散特性。然而,不同精度WENO格式对逐渐形成的、呈现指数衰减规律的准静态超压影响较小,见图10(d)中的粗实线。

5 结 语

基于自主开发的高精度舱室内爆炸三维数值计算程序研究了WENO格式精度对舱室内爆炸载荷影响规律,通过本文的研究主要得到以下4点结论:

1)高精度WENO格式对含激波间断流场具有更低的耗散特性和更高的分辨率。

2)WENO格式精度对舱室内爆炸冲击波载荷影响较大,高精度WENO格式给出更陡峭的激波峰值。

3)WENO格式精度对舱室内爆炸准静态超压(封闭舱室内爆炸形成的保持不变的准静态超压、泄压舱室内爆炸形成的呈指数衰减的准静态超压)载荷影响较小。

4)本文所开发的三维程序可用于舰船舱室内爆炸载荷数值计算,为结构抗爆设计提供载荷依据。

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