IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica  2018, Vol. 5 Issue(6): 1121-1127 PDF
Disturbance Observer Based Control for Four Wheel Steering Vehicles With Model Reference
Shuyou Yu1, Jing Wang2, Yan Wang3, Hong Chen1
1. State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, and with the Department of Control Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
2. Bosch Automotive Products(Suzhou) Co., Ltd, Suzhou 215021, China;
3. Huachen Auto Group, Shenyang 110141, China
Abstract: This paper presents a disturbance observer based control strategy for four wheel steering systems in order to improve vehicle handling stability. By combination of feedforward control and feedback control, the front and rear wheel steering angles are controlled simultaneously to follow both the desired sideslip angle and the yaw rate of the reference vehicle model. A nonlinear three degree-of-freedom four wheel steering vehicle model containing lateral, yaw and roll motions is built up, which also takes the dynamic effects of crosswind into consideration. The disturbance observer based control method is provided to cope with ignored nonlinear dynamics and to handle exogenous disturbances. Finally, a simulation experiment is carried out, which shows that the proposed four wheel steering vehicle can guarantee handling stability and present strong robustness against external disturbances.
Key words: Disturbance observer based control     four wheel steering     handling stability     model reference
Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION

With the rapid development of automobile industry, handling stability related to vehicle safety has attracted more attention. The four wheel steering (4WS) vehicles have been studied in order to improve the maneuverability of vehicle at low speed and enhance the stability at high speed. As rear wheels participate in steering process, the transient response of a vehicle can be improved [1], [2].

Traditional 4WS vehicles mainly refer to automobiles with active rear wheel steering systems, and their control types include both feedforward control and feedback control [3]. Early 4WS vehicles intend to achieve zero sideslip angle to reduce the phase difference between lateral acceleration and yaw rate. This kind of 4WS vehicles usually use a feedforward control method. Sano proposes a ratio between rear wheels and front wheels, which can guarantee a zero sideslip angle during steady steering [4]. This method is easy to implement, but it increases the time it takes for yaw rate and lateral acceleration to reach steady states. Thus, it does not perform well during transient motion. For 4WS vehicles using the feedback control method, two control strategies are presented. One also focuses on reaching a zero sideslip angle, the other focuses on tracking the reference yaw rate. The feedback control method has the characteristic of fast response, which can effectively reduce the effect of external disturbances. Quite a few modern 4WS control methods are established based on it. In [5], a set of linear maneuvering equations representing 4WS vehicle dynamics is used, which formulates the multi-objective vehicle controllers as a mixed $H_2/H_\infty$ synthesis. A fuzzy controller based on the state feedback and the sliding-mode control methods is proposed for high-speed 4WS vehicles in [6]. Considering the uncertain problems for 4WS control, robust control schemes have been adopted in [7]-[10].

The development of the steer-by-wire (SBW) technique has made it possible for front and rear wheels to actively steer, simultaneously [11]. In this paper, motivated by this idea, the strategy of model reference control is proposed in order to achieve both the desired sideslip angle and the yaw rate. With the combination of feedforward control and feedback control, front wheel active steering and rear wheel active steering are used to achieve the desired performance of a reference vehicle model. In [12], a similar model reference control strategy has also been used, where a $H_\infty$ output feedback controller is designed. Its simulation results show that the proposed 4WS vehicle can improve vehicle handling and stability, but it only focuses on a linear 4WS model. In this paper, a nonlinear three degree-of-freedom (3DOF) 4WS vehicle model which contains the dynamic effects of crosswind is built up. The model will be used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controllers. In order to implement it easily, a relatively simple vehicle model, a linear two degree-of-freedom (2DOF) 4WS vehicle model, is used in the controller design stage. While the feedforward and feedback controllers we designed do not consider ignored nonlinear dynamics and external disturbances existing in 4WS system, a disturbance observer based control (DOBC) method is provided to attenuate disturbances.

The rest of this paper is organized as follows. 4WS vehicle models are built up in Section Ⅱ. Section Ⅲ describes the main results for 4WS control strategy. Disturbance observer based control scheme is illustrated in Section Ⅳ. The simulation results are carried out in Section Ⅴ. Section Ⅵ concludes the paper with a short summary.

Ⅱ. 4WS VEHICLE MODELS

In this section, 4WS vehicle models will be of interest. First a 3DOF 4WS vehicle model with a nonlinear tyre model is set up, which also takes the crosswind disturbance into consideration. Such a model captures the most relevant characteristics associated to lateral and longitudinal stabilization of 4WS vehicle. For simplicity and easy implementation, a linear 4WS vehicle model is used for the design of controllers.

A. Nonlinear 4WS Vehicle Model

A nonlinear 3DOF 4WS vehicle model is shown in Fig. 1. The body frame $(x, y, z)$ is fixed at the vehicle's center of gravity (CG). In Fig. 1, $\beta$ and $r$ are the sideslip angle and the yaw rate of vehicle at CG. $m$ is vehicle mass, $m_s$ is sprung mass. $h_s$ is the height of sprung mass CG above roll axis, $h_g$ is the height of sprung mass CG above ground. $\varphi$ and $\dot{\varphi}$ are roll angle and roll velocity, $I_x$ is the roll moment of inertia of the sprung mass about $x$ axis, $I_z$ is the yaw inertia moment about $z$ axes, and $I_{xz}$ is the product of inertia of the sprung mass about $x$ and $z$ axes. $C_\varphi$ is roll damping of vehicle suspension, and $k_\varphi$ is roll stiffness of vehicle suspension. $v$ is the vehicle longitudinal velocity, $a$ and $b$ are longitudinal distances from the front and rear axle to the CG, and $L=a+b$ is the wheelbase of vehicle. $F_f$ and $F_r$ denote the lateral forces of front and rear wheel respectively.

 Download: larger image Fig. 1 The diagram of 3DOF vehicle model.

Considering lateral, yaw and roll motions, the 3DOF vehicle model of the 4WS system is given by [5], [13]

 $\begin{equation*} mv(\dot{\beta}+r)+m_sh_s\ddot{\varphi}=\Sigma F_y \end{equation*}$ (1)
 $\begin{equation*} I_z\dot{r}-I_{xz}\ddot{\varphi}=\Sigma M_z \end{equation*}$ (2)
 $\begin{equation*} I_x\ddot{\varphi}-I_{xz}\dot{r}=\Sigma L_x \end{equation*}$ (3)

where $F_y$, $M_z$ and $L_x$ are the sums of the external forces and moments acting on the vehicle measured at CG along the car axes.

As crosswind has some influences on dynamics of the 4WS system, the following equations are

 $\begin{equation*} \Sigma F_y =F_f+F_r+F_w \end{equation*}$ (4)
 $\begin{equation*} \Sigma M_z =aF_f-bF_r+F_wl_w \end{equation*}$ (5)
 $\begin{array}{c} \Sigma L_x =m_sh_sg{\text{sin}}\varphi+m_sh_sv(\dot{\beta}+r){\text{cos}}\varphi\\ -C_\varphi\dot{\varphi}-k_\varphi\varphi-F_wh_w \end{array}$ (6)

where $F_w$ is the crosswind force, $h_w$ is the height of crosswind force acting point above roll axis, and $l_w$ is the horizontal distance from crosswind force acting point to vehicle's CG.

The magic formula tyre model [14] is adopted here to determine the lateral force of front and rear wheels

 \label{magic} \begin{aligned} F_i=D{\text{sin}}\{C{\text{arctan}}[B(1-E)\alpha_i+E{\text{arctan}}(B\alpha_i)]\} \end{aligned} (7)

where $F_i$ and $\alpha_i$ represent the lateral force of a wheel and its corresponding slip angle. The parameters $B$, $C$, $D$ and $E$ are determined by the tyre structure and the tyre vertical load.

Assume that $\beta$ is small and $v$ varies slowly, the front slip angle $\alpha_f$ and the rear slip angle $\alpha_r$ can be derived by

 $\alpha_f = -\beta-\frac{ar}{v}+\delta_f\\ \alpha_r = -\beta+\frac{br}{v}+\delta_r$ (8)

where $\delta_f$ and $\delta_r$ are respectively the steering angles of the front and rear wheels.

The vertical load of each tyre includes both the static load and the lateral load transfer caused by the vehicle rolling motion

 $\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {F_{zfl}} = \frac{{mgb}}{{2L}} + \triangle{F_{zf}}\\ {F_{zfr}} = \frac{{mgb}}{{2L}} - \triangle{F_{zf}}\\ {F_{zrl}} = \frac{{mga}}{{2L}} + \triangle{F_{zr}}\\ {F_{zrr}} = \frac{{mga}}{{2L}} - \triangle{F_{zr}}. \end{array} \right.$ (9)

The lateral load transfer is given by [5]

 $\left\{ \begin{array}{l} \triangle {F_{zf}} = \frac{{{a_y}}}{{{E_f}}}(\frac{{{m_s}{l_{rs}}{h_f}}}{L} + {m_{usf}}{h_{uf}}) + \frac{1}{{{E_f}}}( - {k_{\varphi f}}\varphi - {C_{\varphi f}}\dot \varphi )\\ \triangle {F_{zr}} = \frac{{{a_y}}}{{{E_r}}}(\frac{{{m_s}{l_{fs}}{h_f}}}{L} + {m_{usr}}{h_{ur}}) + \frac{1}{{{E_r}}}( - {k_{\varphi r}}\varphi - {C_{\varphi r}}\dot \varphi ) \end{array} \right.$ (10)

where $m_{usf}$ and $m_{usr}$ are the front and rear axle loads of unsprung mass, $h_{uf}$ and $h_{ur}$ are the heights of unsprung mass CG above the front and rear axles, $l_{fs}$ and $l_{rs}$ are the longitudinal distances from the front and the rear axles to the sprung mass CG. $E_f$ and $E_r$ are the front and rear wheel tracks, $C_{\varphi f}$ and $C_{\varphi r}$ are the roll damping of the front and rear suspensions, $k_{\varphi f}$ and $k_{\varphi r}$ are the roll stiffness of the front and rear suspensions, respectively.

B. Linear 4WS Vehicle Model

In order to implement easily, it is reasonable to use a relatively simple vehicle model in the stage of controller design. Two degree-of-freedom vehicle model contains sideslip and yaw rate, which captures the most relevant dynamics of a 4WS vehicle. As is shown in Fig. 2, the coordinate frame is fixed at the vehicle's CG. According to Newton's second law, the vehicle dynamic equations can be written as

 \label{2dof1} \begin{aligned} &mv(\dot{\beta}+r)=F_f+F_r\\ &I_z\dot{r}=aF_f-bF_r. \end{aligned} (11)
 Download: larger image Fig. 2 The diagram of 2DOF vehicle model.

While the tyre slip angle is small, the front and rear lateral tyre forces vary linearly with their slip angles

 \label{2dof2} \begin{aligned} F_f=k_f\alpha_f\\ F_r=k_r\alpha_r \end{aligned} (12)

where $k_f$ and $k_r$ are the cornering stiffness of the front and rear wheels. The front slip angle $\alpha_f$ and rear slip angle $\alpha_r$ are obtained from (8). Then, (11) can be rewritten as

 \label{2dof4} \begin{aligned} mv(\dot{\beta}+r)=-(k_f+k_r)\beta-\frac{ak_f-bk_r}{v}r+k_f\delta_f+k_r\delta_r\\ I_z\dot{r}=-(ak_f-bk_r)\beta-\frac{a^2k_f+b^2k_r}{v}r+ak_f\delta_f-bk_r\delta_r. \end{aligned} (13)

From (13), the state space representation of the linear 4WS vehicle model can be expressed as

 $$$\label{2dofstate} \dot{x}=Ax+Bu$$$ (14)

where $x=[\beta~r]^T$ is the state vector, $u=[\delta_f~\delta_r]^T$ the input vector. The coefficient matrices are given as follows

 \begin{equation*} \begin{aligned} &A=\begin{bmatrix}-\frac{k_f+k_r}{mv}&\frac{bk_r-ak_f}{mv^2}-1\\[2mm] \frac{bk_r-ak_f}{I_z}&-\frac{a^2k_f+b^2k_r}{I_zv}\end{bmatrix}\\ &B=\begin{bmatrix}\frac{k_f}{mv}&\frac{k_r}{mv}\\ \frac{ak_f}{Iz}&-\frac{bk_r}{I_z}\end{bmatrix}. \end{aligned} \end{equation*}

Taking the external disturbances caused by the crosswind into consideration, (11) can be rewritten as

 \label{2dofdis} \begin{aligned} &mv(\dot{\beta}+r)=F_f+F_r+F_w\\ &I_z\dot{r}=aF_f-bF_r+F_wl_w. \end{aligned} (15)

In accordance with (14), the state space representation of (15) can be written as

 \label{2dofstate2} \begin{aligned} \dot{x}=Ax+B_{f}w_f+Bu \end{aligned} (16)

where $w_f={F_w}/{mv}$ is the normalized disturbance input, and $B_{f}=\begin{bmatrix} 1\\ \frac{mvl_w}{I_z}\end{bmatrix}$. The key parameters of 4WS vehicle model used in this paper are collected in Table Ⅰ [13].

Table Ⅰ
PARAMETERS OF 4WS VEHICLE MODEL
Ⅲ. CONTROL OF 4WS

The performance requirement of a 4WS vehicle is to improve the vehicle maneuverability at low speed and to enhance vehicle handling stability at high speed. The strategy of 4WS control is proposed in Fig. 3, where the 4WS control problem is simplified as a yaw rate and a sideslip angle tracking problem. $\delta_f^\ast$ is the front wheel angle input given by the driver. In order to improve steering characteristics, both the front wheel angel $\delta_f$ and the rear wheel angle $\delta_r$ are chosen as controlled quantities. The desired yaw rate and sideslip angle are provided by the reference model, while the feedback controller is designed to minimize tracking errors. The feedforward controller proposed here guarantees that tracking errors are not too large, which is derived based on the reference model as well. Hence the total control input $u$ is composed of the feedforward control input $u_f$ and the feedback control input $u_e$, that is

 \label{uinput} \begin{aligned} u=\begin{bmatrix}\delta_f\\\delta_r\end{bmatrix} =u_f+u_e. \end{aligned} (17)
 Download: larger image Fig. 3 Model reference control of 4WS vehicle.

Note that crosswind disturbances here are not considered. In the next section, a disturbance observer will be introduced so as to attenuate the effects of crosswind disturbances.

A. Reference Model

In order not to change the driver's perception of vehicle handling, the steady state value of desired reference yaw rate should be the same as that of the front wheel steering (FWS) vehicle with the same parameters. Based on vehicle theory, the desired yaw rate can be described as follows [15]:

 \label{gamma} \begin{aligned} r^\ast&=\frac{v}{L(1+kv^2)}\frac{1}{1+\tau_rs}\delta^\ast_f\\ k&=\frac{m}{L^2}\left(\frac{a}{k_r}-\frac{b}{k_f}\right) \end{aligned} (18)

where $r^\ast$ represents the desired reference yaw rate, $\delta^\ast_f$ the front wheel angle, $k$ the vehicle stability factor, and $\tau_r$ the time constant of yaw rate. The desired reference sideslip is also approximated as a first order inertia transfer function of the front wheel angle [15],

 \label{beta} \begin{aligned} \beta^\ast=\frac{k_\beta}{1+\tau_\beta s}\delta^\ast_f \end{aligned} (19)

where $\beta^{\ast}$ represents the desired reference sideslip angle, and $\tau_\beta$ is the time constant of the sideslip angle. The term $k_\beta$ is a proportional gain, which is usually a small constant and can be set to zero in the ideal situation. Thus, $k_\beta=0$ is chosen in this paper.

Define the state vector $x_d=[\beta^\ast~~r^\ast]^T$ and the control input vector $u_d=\delta^\ast_f$. The state space equation of the reference vehicle model can be expressed as

 \label{refmodle} \begin{aligned} \dot{x}_d=A_dx_d+B_du_d \end{aligned} (20)

where

 $A_d\!=\!\begin{bmatrix} -\frac{1}{\tau_\beta}&0\\ 0 & -\frac{1}{\tau_\beta}\end{bmatrix}, B_d\!=\!\begin{bmatrix} \frac{k_\beta}{\tau_\beta} \frac{k_r}{\tau_r}\end{bmatrix}, k_\beta\!=\!0, k_r\!=\!\frac{1}{1+kv^2}\frac{v}{L}.$
B. Feedforward Controller

Applying Laplace transform on the linear 4WS vehicle model (14), the transfer function matrix can be obtained

 \label{gtf} \begin{aligned} G=(sI-A)^{-1}B. \end{aligned} (21)

The role of feedforward controller $C_f(s)$ is to keep the dynamic response of the linear 4WS vehicle model and the reference model the same. If a given front wheel angle goes through the feedforward controller and the 4WS vehicle model, cf. Fig. 3, the desired reference sideslip angle and yaw rate could be obtained as

 \label{cfequ} \begin{aligned} GC_f\cdot\delta_f^\ast=\begin{bmatrix} \beta^\ast\\ r^\ast\end{bmatrix}. \end{aligned} (22)

Substituting (18), (19) and (21) into (22), the feedforward controller can be obtained

 \begin{aligned} C_f=\begin{bmatrix}\frac{I_zvs+ak_fL+bmv^2}{vk_fL}\cdot\frac{v}{L(1+kv^2)}\cdot\frac{1}{1+\tau_rs}\\ \\ \frac{-I_zvs-bk_rL+amv^2}{vk_rL}\cdot\frac{v}{L(1+kv^2)}\cdot\frac{1}{1+\tau_rs}\end{bmatrix}. \end{aligned} (23)

Then the feedforward control input can be expressed as

 \label{uf} \begin{aligned} u_f=C_f\cdot\delta_f^{\ast}. \end{aligned} (24)
C. Feedback Controller

A state feedback controller will be proposed in this part. Define the following error vector as

 \label{error1} \begin{aligned} x_e=x-x_d=\begin{bmatrix}\beta-\beta^\ast\\ r-r^\ast\end{bmatrix}. \end{aligned} (25)

According to (16), (17) and (20), we get

 \label{errorstate1} \begin{aligned} \dot{x}_e\!=\!Ax_e\!+\!Bu_e\!+\!B_f\!w_f\!+\!(Ax_d\!+\!Bu_f)\!-\!(A_dx_d\!+\!B_du_d) \end{aligned} (26)

Substituting (24) into (22), we have

 \label{Guf} \begin{aligned} G\cdot u_f=x_d. \end{aligned} (27)

Substituting (21) into (27) and then applying Laplace inverse transform, we get

 \label{error2} \begin{aligned} \dot{x}_d=Ax_d+Bu_f. \end{aligned} (28)

Substituting (28) and (20) into (26), the last two terms of (26) are eliminated. Thus a simple state space description of the error system is achieved

 $\dot{x}_e=Ax_e+B_fw_f+Bu_e.$ (29)

Here we design a linear quadratic regular (LQR) controller without considering disturbances that will be dealt with in the next section. The performance index $J$ is shown as follow

 $$$J=\int_0^\infty(x_e^TQx_e+u_e^TRu_e)dt$$$ (30)

where $Q\geq 0$ and $R\geq 0$ are the weighting matrices

 $\begin{equation*}\label{errorstate} Q= \begin{bmatrix} 400&0 \\ 0&180 \end{bmatrix}, ~~~~~~~ R= \begin{bmatrix} 1&0 \\ 0&1 \end{bmatrix}. \end{equation*}$

The obtained LQR feedback control gain is

 $\begin{equation*} K_e= \begin{bmatrix} 14.06&7.96 \\ 12.22&-10.67 \end{bmatrix}. \end{equation*}$
Ⅳ. DISTURBANCE OBSERVER BASED CONTROL

In this section, a disturbance observer is designed to deal with the crosswind. Furthermore, this disturbance observer also takes the ignored nonlinear dynamics into account. As the linear vehicle model inevitably neglects some high order nonlinear terms compared with nonlinear vehicle model, a nonlinear function $O(x_e, u_e, w_f)$ is added to (29)

 \label{dobcstate} \begin{aligned} \dot{x}_e=Ax_e+B_fw_f+Bu_e+O(x_e, u_e, w_f). \end{aligned} (31)

The DOBC approach [16] is used to deal with both disturbances and uncertainties. For simplicity, the effect caused by nonlinearities is merged into the disturbance term, i.e.,

 \label{dis} \begin{aligned} w_d=B_fw_f+O(x_e, u_e, w_f). \end{aligned} (32)

Substituting (32) into (31), the full dynamic model of the nonlinear 4WS vehicle is described as

 \label{flstate} \begin{aligned} \dot{x}_e=Ax_e+Bu_e+B_dw_d \end{aligned} (33)

where $B_d=I$ is a $2\times2$ identity matrix. For system (33), the following disturbance observer is employed to estimate the disturbances

 \label{disobserver} \left\{ \begin{aligned} &\dot{p}=-LB_d(p+Lx_e)-L(Ax_e+Bu_e)\\ &\hat{w}_d=p+Lx_e \end{aligned} \right. (34)

where $\hat{w}_d$ is a disturbance estimate vector, $p$ is an auxiliary vector and $L$ is the observer gain matrix to be designed. The estimates of the disturbance observer (34) can asymptotically track disturbances if the observer gain matrix $L$ is chosen such that $-LB_d$ is a Hurwitz matrix. According to the disturbance estimate, we attempt to design a disturbance compensation gain vector $K_d$ to attenuate the disturbances in the output channel. Suppose that $A+BK_e$ and $C(A+BK_e)^{-1}B$ are invertible, the disturbance compensation gain vector $K_d$ can be selected as [17]

 \label{kd} \begin{aligned} K_d=-[C(A+BK_e)^{-1}B]^{-1}\times C(A+BK_e)^{-1}Bd. \end{aligned} (35)

The disturbance observer control law of system (33) is designed as [16]

 $$$u_e=K_ex_e+K_d\hat{w}_d$$$ (36)

where $K_e$ is the LQR feedback control law. Here we select the observer gain matrix as

 $$$L= \begin{bmatrix} 0.1&0 \\ 0&0.1 \end{bmatrix}.$$$ (37)

The control structure of the nonlinear 4WS vehicle with the proposed control strategy is shown in Fig. 4. The disturbance compensation gain vector can be obtained based on (35), where

 $$$K_d= \begin{bmatrix} -0.93&-0.10 \\ -0.67&0.10 \end{bmatrix}.$$$ (38)
 Download: larger image Fig. 4 4WS vehicle with the proposed control strategy.
Ⅴ. SIMULATION

In this section, some simulation results are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategies for 4WS systems. Choose the vehicle forward velocity as $v = 20\, {\text{m/s}}~(72\, \text{km/h})$ and the step front wheel input as $\delta_f^\ast=0.087(5^\circ)$, cf. Fig. 5. The crosswind disturbance is presented in Fig. 6. In the same condition, the experimental results for the 4WS vehicle with or without the disturbance observer (the corresponding control strategies are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4) are discussed, while a conventional front wheel steering (FWS) vehicle and a 4WS vehicle with proportional controller are also implemented for comparison. The classic proportional control method uses a speed dependent ration between rear and front wheels in an open-loop controller in order to achieve a zero sideslip angle during directional maneuvers. The ratio between the front and the rear wheel is described as [1]:

 $$$K=\frac{\delta_f}{\delta_r}=\frac{-b+\frac{mav^2}{k_rL}}{a+\frac{mbv^2}{k_fL}}.$$$ (39)
 Download: larger image Fig. 5 Front wheel angle input.
 Download: larger image Fig. 6 Crosswind disturbance input.

As shown in Fig. 7, the steady-state gain of sideslip angle of 4WS vehicles with or without disturbance observer is much smaller than the one of the proportional control, but the control strategy with disturbance observer is slightly better. In cases where crosswind disturbances occur, both proposed strategies show great advantages. However, only the yaw rate of the 4WS vehicle with disturbance observer can achieve zero tracking error in the steady-state without overshoot Compared with the proportional control for 4WS vehicle, the proposed 4WS control strategies can provide drivers a familiar driving sensation. In addition, the proposed controller both work very well against the crosswind disturbance that occurred from 2 s to 4 s, while the 4WS vehicle based on DOBC is clearly superior.

 Download: larger image Fig. 7 The responses of step steering angle input: 4WS vehicle with disturbance control (cf. Fig. 4), 4WS vehicle without disturbance control (cf. Fig. 3), classic proportional control 4WS vehicle, FWS vehicle.

On the basis of analyses, it is shown that the proposed disturbance observer based control strategy not only copes with the ignored nonlinear dynamics, but also presents strong robustness against external disturbances. Since there are ignored nonlinear dynamics, it can not achieve desired tracking performance. Although the feedback structure effectively reduces the effect of crosswind disturbances, the additional DOBC can have a better control effect.

Ⅵ. CONCLUSIONS

In this paper, a 4WS control strategy based on DOBC approach was presented. First, a nonlinear 3DOF 4WS vehicle model involving dynamic effects of crosswind was introduced. In the stage of controller design, a relatively simple vehicle model, the linear 2DOF 4WS vehicle model, was used. Taking the ignored nonlinear dynamics and crosswind disturbances into consideration, a disturbance observer was designed. Finally, step response experiments were carried out, which showed that the proposed 4WS vehicle with disturbance observer is superior to the 4WS vehicle without the disturbance observer, FWS vehicle, and 4WS vehicle with the classical proportional control. The proposed scheme not only copes with ignored nonlinear dynamics, but also presents strong robustness against external disturbances.

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