倾斜台阶的重力异常表达式由Jung在1961年给出.其常用的表达式可从文献(Hubbert,1948;Talwani et al., 1959; Grant and West, 1965;Stanley and Green, 1976;蔡宗熹和姜兰,1986;Won and Bevis, 1987;Butler,1995;杨辉和王宜昌,1998;彭放等,1999;张建中等,2000;张胜业和潘玉玲,2004;魏伟和刘天佑, 2005a,b;苑书金和于常青,2006;刘天佑,2007;汤井田等,2007;张剑等,2007;杨文采和于常青,2007;房立华和吴建平,2009;贾真和孟令顺,2009;杨仁虎等,2009;翟振和和孙中苗,2009;解小莉等,2010;李振海等,2012;王彦国等,2013;刘晓刚等,2014)中查得.文献中常用的倾斜台阶重力异常表达式经Matlab正演计算,发现倾斜台阶重力异常曲线在某些特定情况下存在间断点.异常曲线间断点的存在使倾斜台阶重力异常特定情况下无法进行正演,同时在该特定情况下进行反演时得不到该有的地质模型,对该问题的研究,尚未见相关文献报道,因此有必要对其进行研究.
1 倾斜台阶重力异常曲线间断点发现如图 1所示,坐标原点O选在倾斜台阶斜面与地面的交线上,X轴和该交线垂直,Z轴铅垂向下.台阶顶底面深度为h和H,斜面倾角为α,与围岩的密度差为Δσ,G为万有引力常数,其重力异常公式(重力勘探资料解释手册编写组著,1983)为
设倾斜台阶模型参数为:h=10 m,H=100 m,斜面倾角α分别为45°,90°和135°,Δσ=1 g/cm3(曾华霖,2005).根据公式(1)正演计算的倾斜台阶重力异常曲线见图 2.由图 2可见,当斜面倾角α=45°和135°时,倾斜台阶重力异常曲线不连续,存在间断点.除此外,发现以下两种情况:(1)倾斜台阶顶端埋深h较浅,如图 3所示顶端埋深h小于20 m时,倾斜台阶重力异常曲线出现了间断点;(2)倾斜台阶埋深比H/h大于5.8,如图 4所示,埋深比H/h大于5.8后,倾斜台阶重力异常曲线出现了间断点.
倾斜台阶重力异常曲线为什么在以上情况中存在间断点?是哪里产生间断点,使重力异常曲线不连续?为研究方便,把公式(1)右边中括号的内容分成五部分:
为研究方便,选取斜面倾角α=45°的情况进行讨论.倾斜台阶模型参数h=10 m,H=100 m,Δσ=1 g/cm3.用Matlab(2)至(6)公式编程,运行程序,得如图 5所示各公式曲线.由图 5可见,各函数曲线中,只有公式(6)曲线不连续,存在间断点.故倾斜台阶重力异常曲线存在间断点的主要原因在公式(6).
通过对公式(6)进一步的研究,认为
有两根x1,x2,致使Δg曲线出现间断点.下面从数学上进行证明:
考察函数
在x1,x2处的连续性.(1)若方程有两根,x1,x2,设x1<x2<0,那么:
∴函数f(x)在x1,x2处不连续.(2)若方程有两根,x1<0,x2>0,同理:
∴函数f(x)在x1,x2处不连续.(3)若方程有单根x0,易证x0<0,
∴f(x)在x0处连续.
综上所述,当x2sin2αcosα+(H+h)xsinαcosα+Hh=0 存在两根x1,x2时,函数f(x)=arctan
存在间断点,间断点为x1,x2.证明倾斜台阶重力异常表达式的曲线存在间断点.由此,找到了倾斜台阶重力异常曲线存在间断点的原因.
3 倾斜台阶重力公式改进为解决倾斜台阶重力异常曲线在上述情况存在间断点,用二度体基本公式(重力勘探资料解释手册编写组著,1983)重新推导倾斜台阶重力异常表达式.以下为数学推导的过程:
为了方便,先进行不定积分的计算:(10)为改进后的公式.为验证公式(10)倾斜台阶重力异常曲线的连续,用公式(1)倾斜台阶模型同样的参数:h=10 m,H=100 m,α分别为45°,90°和135°,Δσ=1 g/cm3.经过Matlab编程运算,得如图 6所示.
可见,改进后的倾斜台阶重力异常公式经正演计算,所得重力异常曲线是连续的.
为了进一步证明公式(10)所作曲线连续,给倾斜台阶模型任意斜面倾角(α=15°,25°,50°、125°、150°、165°);顶端埋深h最小为5 m;埋深比H/h等于10,远大于5.8界限.经过Matlab编程,得如图 7a所示.可见倾斜台阶重力异常曲线都未出现间断点.证明改进后公式(10)不论斜面倾角大小,顶端埋深浅,埋深比远大于5.8,倾斜台阶重力异常曲线都连续,没有出现间断点.
以该组参数,用原来倾斜台阶重力异常公式经正演计算,得如图 7b所示,可见倾斜台阶的斜面倾角过大或过小,顶端埋深浅,埋深比大于5.8时,重力异常曲线存在间断点的问题很明显.
综上可知,改进的推导重力异常公式(10)是正确的,解决原来重力异常公式曲线存在间断点是有必要且有意义.
4 结 论经正演计算及数学分析,发现常用的倾斜台阶重力异常公式在以下三种情况存在间断点:(1)顶端埋深h埋深较浅;(2)埋深比H/h大于5.8;(1)斜面倾角过小或者过大.重新推导的倾斜台阶重力异常公式(公式10),解决了原有公式存在间断点的问题.使该公式在任何情况下,都能解决倾斜台阶重力异常正演的问题,不会产生间断点,故建议今后采用公式(10).
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