Creatine kinase M regulates the JNK/c-Jun-HK2 axis in the progression of cisplatin resistance in laryngeal carcinoma
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摘要:目的 探究肌酸激酶M(CKM)在喉癌细胞顺铂耐药中的作用及机制。方法 利用癌症基因组图谱(TCGA)数据库分析CKM在头颈鳞状细胞癌中的表达及其与患者预后的关系;收集64例喉癌组织及配对癌旁正常黏膜组织,通过免疫组织化学方法验证CKM的表达特征。构建顺铂耐药喉癌细胞株TU686-R,经质粒转染实现CKM过表达或敲低,采用CCK-8、集落形成实验、Transwell实验分别检测细胞活力、增殖及迁移能力;通过Seahorse XFe24代谢分析仪及相关试剂盒检测糖酵解相关指标;利用蛋白质印迹法、染色质免疫共沉淀、双萤光素酶报告实验验证CKM对JNK/c-Jun-己糖激酶2(HK2)通路的调控作用。结果 TCGA数据库分析显示,头颈鳞状细胞癌组织中CKM表达低于正常黏膜组织(P<0.05);临床样本组织验证显示,CKM低表达患者5年总生存率低于高表达患者(28.5% vs 50.2%,P<0.001)。喉癌组织中CKM低表达率高于癌旁正常黏膜组织(57.2% vs 12.5%,P<0.01),且CKM低表达与高T分期、淋巴结转移相关(均P<0.05)。耐药细胞中CKM表达较亲本细胞降低,过表达CKM可降低顺铂对耐药细胞的IC50并抑制耐药细胞集落形成与迁移能力。CKM低表达可介导JNK/c-Jun通路激活,促进c-Jun与HK2启动子结合并上调HK2,从而增强细胞糖酵解活性,而抑制JNK或敲低HK2后上述改变可被逆转。结论 喉癌细胞中CKM低表达,导致JNK/c-Jun-HK2轴被激活并促进糖酵解代偿,进而促进顺铂耐药;CKM可作为喉癌预后评估的潜在标志物,JNK、HK2有望成为耐药干预靶点。
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关键词:
- 喉肿瘤 /
- 肌酸激酶M /
- 糖酵解 /
- JNK/c-Jun信号通路 /
- 顺铂耐药
Abstract:Objective To explore the role and mechanism of creatine kinase M (CKM) in the cisplatin resistance of laryngeal cancer cells.Methods The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was used to analyze the expression of CKM in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and its relationship with patients' prognosis. A total of 64 cases of laryngeal cancer tissue samples and paired adjacent normal mucosal tissues were collected, and the expression characteristics of CKM were verified by immunohistochemistry. A cisplatin-resistant laryngeal cancer cell line, TU686-R, was constructed, and CKM overexpression or knockdown was achieved by plasmid transfection. Cell counting kit 8 assay, colony formation assay, and Transwell assay were used to detect cell viability, proliferation, and migration ability, respectively. The Seahorse XFe24 metabolic analyzer and related kits were used to detect the levels of glycolysis-related parameters. Western blotting, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and dual-luciferase reporter assay were used to verify the regulatory effect of CKM on the JNK/c-Jun-HK2 pathway.Results TCGA database analysis showed that the expression of CKM in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tissues was significantly lower than that in normal mucosal tissues (P<0.05). Verification using clinical tissue samples showed that the 5-year overall survival rate of patients with low CKM expression (28.5%) was significantly lower than that of the high expression group (50.2%, P<0.001). The low expression rate of CKM in laryngeal cancer tissues (57.2%) was significantly higher than that in adjacent normal mucosal tissues (12.5%, P<0.01), and low CKM expression was correlated with advanced T stage and lymph node metastasis (all P<0.05). The expression of CKM in drug-resistant cells was significantly lower than that in parental cells; overexpression of CKM decreased the IC50 of cisplatin in drug-resistant cells and inhibited colony formation and migration of drug-resistant cells. Low CKM expression could mediate the activation of the JNK/c-Jun pathway, promote the binding of c-Jun to the HK2 promoter and upregulate HK2, thereby enhancing cellular glycolytic activity, and these changes could be reversed by inhibiting JNK or knocking down HK2.Conclusion Low expression of CKM can promote glycolytic compensation by activating the JNK/c-Jun-HK2 axis, and then accelerate cisplatin resistance in laryngeal cancer; CKM can be used as a potential marker for the prognosis evaluation of laryngeal cancer, and JNK and HK2 are expected to become drug-resistance intervention targets.喉癌是头颈部常见恶性肿瘤之一,临床治疗以手术、放疗及以顺铂为基础的化疗为主[1-2]。尽管多模式治疗提高了喉癌局部控制率,但顺铂耐药仍是导致复发、转移及预后不良的关键因素[3-4]。因此,阐明喉癌顺铂耐药的分子机制对于优化治疗策略及提高患者生存获益具有重要意义。
肿瘤代谢重编程尤其糖酵解增强是肿瘤细胞适应化疗压力的重要机制[5-6],耐药肿瘤细胞通过提高葡萄糖摄取和代谢通量维持其ATP稳态[7-8]。肌酸激酶(creatine kinase,CK)系统是细胞能量缓冲的核心,CK通过催化磷酸肌酸与ATP的可逆转化实现能量快速再生与转运[9-10]。其中肌酸激酶M(creatine kinase M,CKM)在高能量需求的肿瘤组织中高表达,参与维持细胞内能量平衡[11-12]。已有研究显示CKM在多种肿瘤组织中低表达[13-15],但其低表达导致的能量失衡能否诱导糖酵解代偿尚不清楚。己糖激酶2(hexokinase 2,HK2)作为糖酵解的限速酶,其高表达可促进代谢通量并抑制线粒体凋亡,在头颈鳞状细胞癌中发挥促肿瘤进展及促耐药作用[16-17]。还有研究表明,JNK/c-Jun信号通路可响应能量应激并调控代谢相关基因转录[18-19]。但JNK/c-Jun信号通路是否介导了能量代谢异常与HK2上调之间的联系并参与喉癌顺铂耐药过程,仍有待进一步研究。
基于上述研究现状与关键科学问题,本研究提出如下假设:CKM在喉癌组织中低表达,其缺失导致细胞能量稳态失衡,从而异常激活JNK/c-Jun信号通路,进而上调HK2表达,增强糖酵解,最终促进顺铂耐药。本研究拟结合临床样本与体外实验,系统阐明CKM-JNK/c-Jun-HK2调控轴在喉癌耐药中的作用,为靶向代谢重编程的干预策略研究提供理论依据。
1 材料和方法
1.1 公共数据库分析
从癌症基因组图谱(The Cancer Genome Atlas,TCGA)数据库下载头颈鳞状细胞癌(head and neck squamous cell carcinoma)数据,分析CKM表达。
1.2 临床组织样本、病例资料收集与分析
从海军军医大学第一附属医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科肿瘤样本库收集64例喉癌及配对癌旁正常黏膜组织,样本采集时间为2015年1月至2025年12月,均为喉癌患者手术切除过程中获得的新鲜组织。从医院信息系统中收集相应的病例资料及生存信息。纳入标准:(1)病理确诊、术前未治疗、资料完整;(2)排除合并恶性肿瘤或重要脏器功能障碍者。本研究经海军军医大学第一附属医院伦理委员会批准并取得患者知情同意。
喉癌组织和配对癌旁正常黏膜组织经甲醛固定、石蜡包埋及切片后,进行抗原修复及免疫组织化学染色,所用一抗包括CKM兔多克隆抗体(武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司,货号为18712-1-AP,稀释比例为1∶200)、HK2兔多克隆抗体(武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司,货号为22029-1-AP,稀释比例为1∶2 000)、c-Jun兔单克隆抗体(美国Cell Signaling Technology公司,货号为9165,稀释比例为1∶300)。然后经HRP标记二抗孵育、DAB显色、苏木精复染,最后在显微镜下观察。
染色结果由2名经验丰富的病理医师在盲法条件下独立评分。评分标准:阳性细胞得分(阳性细胞比例<10%为0分,10%~25%为1分,26%~50%为2分,51%~75%为3分,>75%为4分)与染色强度得分(无染色为0分,淡黄色为1分,棕黄色为2分,棕褐色为3分)的乘积≥6分为高表达,<6分为低表达。
1.3 细胞培养与顺铂耐药细胞模型建立
人喉癌细胞系TU686购自中国科学院细胞库。细胞培养用含10% FBS(美国Gibco公司)、100 U/mL青霉素和100 μg/mL链霉素的DMEM(美国Gibco公司,货号为11995065)于37 ℃、5% CO2恒温培养箱中常规培养。通过逐步增加顺铂浓度建立耐药细胞株TU686-R,并通过IC50验证。耐药指数>3提示顺铂耐药细胞模型构建成功(耐药指数为耐药细胞IC50与亲本细胞IC50的比值)[20-21]。
1.4 质粒构建、siRNA干预及细胞转染
构建CKM过表达质粒,设计靶向CKM与HK2的siRNA,采用LipofectamineTM 3000(美国Invitrogen公司,货号L3000015)转染TU686细胞,并通过蛋白质印迹法验证转染效率(转染效率>70%判定为转染成功)。采用ImageJ软件定量灰度值,以转染组目的蛋白条带灰度值与内参蛋白GAPDH灰度值的比值除以空白对照组对应比值,计算得到相对转染效率。
1.5 细胞活力、增殖及迁移能力分析
采用CCK-8试剂盒(日本Dojindo公司)检测不同处理条件下TU686-R细胞对顺铂的敏感性。将细胞接种于96孔板中(每孔5×103个细胞),待细胞贴壁后,给予0.25、0.5、1、2、4、6、8、16、28、32 μmol/L顺铂处理,培养48 h后加入CCK-8试剂,继续培养2 h后检测光密度值,评估细胞活力变化。每个浓度设置3个复孔,实验重复3次,采用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件计算细胞顺铂IC50值。
采用集落形成实验评估TU686-R细胞的长期增殖能力。将对数生长期细胞以低密度接种于6孔板中(每孔500个细胞),常规培养10~14 d,依次用4%多聚甲醛溶液固定、0.1%结晶紫染色20 min、清水洗涤并自然晾干后,在显微镜下统计每孔集落数目(直径>0.5 mm视为有效集落)。每个分组设置3个复孔,实验重复3次。按以下公式计算集落形成率:集落形成率(%)=集落数/接种细胞数×100%。
采用Transwell小室实验(8 μm孔径,美国Corning公司)评估TU686-R细胞迁移能力。将无血清培养基悬浮的细胞接种于Transwell上室(每孔1×105个细胞),下室加入含10% FBS的培养基,培养24 h后,用4%多聚甲醛溶液固定、结晶紫染色。在显微镜下随机选取5个视野,计数迁移至下膜表面的细胞数目。每个分组设置3个复孔,实验重复3次,取平均值进行统计分析。
1.6 能量代谢相关指标检测
使用乳酸检测试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所,货号为A019-2-1)检测乳酸生成水平。采用Seahorse XFe24代谢分析仪(美国Agilent公司)测定细胞外酸化率(extracellular acidification rate,ECAR)。使用Wave软件分析数据。JNK抑制剂SP600125购自美国MCE公司(货号为HY-12041),用DMSO溶解配制成10 mmol/L母液,-20 ℃保存备用。药物处理细胞方式:细胞接种于培养皿,待细胞汇合度达到70%~80%时,加入SP600125工作液进行处理,使用剂量为20 μmol/L,处理时间为24 h;对照组加入等体积DMSO,其他培养条件保持一致。上述实验每个分组均设置3个复孔,重复6次。
1.7 蛋白质印迹法分析
采用含蛋白酶抑制剂的RIPA裂解液提取TU686细胞总蛋白质,采用BCA法测定蛋白质浓度。各组取等量蛋白质经SDS-PAGE分离后,转至PVDF膜,膜经5%脱脂奶粉溶液封闭1 h后,分别加入CKM抗体(武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司,货号为18712-1-AP,稀释比例为1∶1 000)、HK2抗体(武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司,货号为22029-1-AP,稀释比例为1∶1 000)、JNK抗体(美国Cell Signaling Technology公司,货号为9252,稀释比例为1∶1 000)、磷酸化JNK(phosphorylated JNK,p-JNK)抗体(美国Cell Signaling Technology公司,货号为4668,稀释比例为1∶1 000)、c-Jun抗体(美国Cell Signaling Technology公司,货号为9165,稀释比例为1∶1 000)及内参GAPDH抗体(武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司,货号为60004-1-Ig,稀释比例为1∶10 000),4 ℃孵育过夜。洗膜后,加入HRP标记的二抗(美国Jackson ImmunoResearch公司,货号为111-035-003,稀释比例为1∶5 000),室温孵育1 h。洗膜后,采用ECL化学发光试剂盒(美国Millipore公司)显影并获取图像。实验重复3次。
1.8 染色质免疫沉淀法(chromatin immunoprecipitation,ChIP)及qPCR分析
采用ChIP检测TU686-R细胞中c-Jun蛋白与HK2启动子的结合情况,并通过qPCR进行验证分析。使用c-Jun抗体(稀释比例为1∶50)进行免疫沉淀,IgG作为阴性对照;沉淀DNA经纯化后,采用qPCR检测HK2启动子区域的富集情况。每个分组设置3个复孔,实验重复3次。
1.9 双萤光素酶报告实验
将包含HK2启动子序列的萤光素酶基因报告质粒(pGL3-HK2)与海肾萤光素酶基因质粒(pRL-TK)按4∶1比例共转染TU686细胞,同时转染CKM过表达质粒或空载体、c-Jun过表达质粒或空载体。转染48 h后,采用双萤光素酶报告检测系统(美国Promega公司)检测萤光素酶活性,使用酶标仪(美国BioTek公司)读取萤火虫萤光素酶和海肾萤光素酶活性值,以萤火虫萤光素酶活性/海肾萤光素酶活性比值作为相对转录活性。每个分组设置3个复孔,实验重复3次。
1.10 统计学处理
采用SPSS 26.0软件完成统计分析。实验数据以x±s表示,计量资料在分析前经正态性与方差齐性检验显示符合正态分布且方差齐,两组比较采用独立样本t检验,多组比较采用单因素方差分析。总体生存分析应用Kaplan-Meier法,组间生存差异以log-rank检验进行统计分析。检验水准(α)为0.05。
2 结果
2.1 CKM在喉癌组织中低表达且与不良预后相关
TCGA数据库分析显示,CKM在头颈鳞状细胞癌组织中的表达低于正常黏膜组织(P<0.05,图 1A)。64例喉癌组织及配对癌旁正常黏膜组织中CKM蛋白水平的检测结果提示,CKM在喉癌组织中的表达降低(图 1B)。免疫组织化学染色结果显示,CKM在癌旁正常黏膜组织中呈中至强阳性表达,主要定位于细胞质;而在喉癌组织中表达显著减弱甚至缺失(图 1C);半定量分析结果提示喉癌组织CKM低表达率为57.2%,高于癌旁正常黏膜组织的12.5%(P<0.01)。按CKM表达中位数分组后,CKM低表达(相对表达量≤0.58)组患者总生存期短于CKM高表达(相对表达量>0.58)组(5年总生存率28.5% vs 50.2%,P<0.001;图 1D),且CKM低表达与高T分期及淋巴结转移相关(均P<0.05,图 1E、1F)。上述结果提示CKM在喉癌组织中下调,其低表达与肿瘤侵袭性及临床进展密切相关。
图 1 CKM在喉癌组织中的表达情况及其与预后的关系Fig. 1 Expression of CKM in laryngeal carcinoma tissues and its correlation with prognosisA: CKM expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) from The Cancer Genome Atlas database; B: Western blotting results of the expression of CKM in laryngeal carcinoma tissues (LC1-LC4) and the paired adjacent normal mucosal tissues (N1-N4); C: Immunohistochemistry of CKM expression; D: Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of overall survival rate; E: Association of CKM expression with T stage; F: Association of CKM expression with lymph node metastasis. *P<0.05, **P<0.01. CKM: Creatine kinase M; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.2.2 CKM调控顺铂耐药喉癌细胞的恶性表型
在顺铂耐药喉癌细胞株TU686-R中,CKM蛋白表达较亲本细胞TU686降低(0.32±0.05 vs 1.00±0.08,P<0.01;图 2A)。通过质粒转染在TU686-R细胞中过表达或敲低CKM表达(图 2B)后,CCK-8检测结果显示,过表达CKM可提高耐药细胞对顺铂的敏感性,IC50由(21.63±2.31)μmol/L降至(16.71±1.32)μmol/L,而敲低CKM则增强了耐药性(图 2C);集落形成实验检测结果显示,过表达CKM可抑制耐药细胞的集落形成,集落数由(89±7)个减少至(32±4)个(P<0.01),而敲低CKM则促进细胞集落形成(图 2D);Transwell实验结果表明,过表达CKM可抑制细胞迁移,迁移细胞数由(276±12)个减少至(168±8)个(P<0.01),而敲低CKM则促进细胞迁移(图 2E)。上述结果表明,CKM低表达与喉癌细胞顺铂耐药及增殖、迁移等恶性表型有关。
图 2 CKM对顺铂耐药喉癌细胞恶性表型的调控作用Fig. 2 Regulation effect of CKM on malignant phenotypes of cisplatin-resistant laryngeal cancer cellsA: Western blotting results of expression of CKM in laryngeal cancer cells (TU686) and cisplatin-resistant laryngeal cancer cells (TU686-R); B: Western blotting validation results of CKM knockdown (CKM KD) or overexpression (CKM OE) in TU686-R cells; C: Cell counting kit 8 assay results of cisplatin sensitivity of TU686-R cells with CKM KD or CKM OE (n=3, x±s); D: Colony formation assay results of TU686-R cells with CKM KD or CKM OE; E: Transwell migration assay results of TU686-R cells with CKM KD or CKM OE. CKM: Creatine kinase M; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; IC50: Half inhibitory concentration.2.3 CKM低表达与糖酵解增强相关
蛋白质印迹法检测结果显示,在敲低CKM的顺铂耐药喉癌细胞中,糖酵解限速酶HK2表达上调,而过表达CKM可逆转该变化(图 3A)。能量代谢指标检测结果显示,在敲低CKM的顺铂耐药喉癌细胞中ECAR升高、乳酸生成增加(均P<0.01),而过表达CKM的顺铂耐药喉癌细胞中ECAR及乳酸水平均降低(图 3B~3E)。说明喉癌细胞对顺铂耐药的机制可能与CKM表达降低导致的糖酵解增强有关。
图 3 CKM表达对顺铂耐药喉癌细胞糖酵解活性的影响Fig. 3 Effect of CKM expression on glycolysis activity in cisplatin-resistant laryngeal cancer cellsA: Western blotting results of the expression of glycolytic key enzyme HK2; B: Dynamic changes of ECAR; C: Comparison of glycolytic product contents in each group; D: Comparison of glycolytic capacity in each group; E: Lactate production level in each group. **P<0.01. n=6, x±s. CKM: Creatine kinase M; CKM KD: CKM knockdown; CKM OE: CKM overexpression; HK2: Hexokinase 2; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; ECAR: Extracellular acidification rate; 2-DG: 2-deoxy-D-glucose.2.4 CKM通过JNK/c-Jun信号通路调控HK2表达
在敲低CKM的顺铂耐药喉癌细胞中p-JNK及c-Jun蛋白表达均升高,而过表达CKM可逆转上述变化(图 4A)。采用生物信息学方法预测HK2启动子区域(图 4B),并通过ChIP检测其与HK2的结合情况,结果显示,当顺铂耐药喉癌细胞中CKM低表达时c-Jun在HK2启动子区域的结合增强,过表达CKM则可降低其富集水平(图 4C)。双萤光素酶报告实验结果进一步证实,c-Jun的结合增强了HK2启动子的转录活性,而在过表达CKM的细胞中该增强效应被抑制(图 4D)。上述结果提示,CKM通过抑制JNK/c-Jun通路下调HK2转录,从而调控顺铂耐药喉癌细胞的糖酵解代谢。
图 4 CKM通过JNK-c-Jun信号通路调控顺铂耐药喉癌细胞HK2表达Fig. 4 CKM regulates HK2 expression in cisplatin-resistant laryngeal cancer cells via JNK-c-Jun signaling pathwayA: Western blotting results of the expression of JNK, p-JNK, and c-Jun in cisplatin-resistant laryngeal cancer cells (TU686-R); B: The schematic diagram of HK2 promoter region predicted by bioinformatics; C: ChIP assay shows c-Jun binding with HK2 promoter; D: Dual-luciferase reporter assay shows that the binding of c-Jun enhanced the transcriptional activity of HK2 promoter. SP600125 is an inhibitor of JNK. *P<0.05, **P<0.01. n=3, x±s. CKM: Creatine kinase M; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; HK2: Hexokinase 2; p-JNK: Phosphorylated JNK; CKM KD: CKM knockdown; CKM OE: CKM overexpression; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; TSS: Transcription start site; AP-1: Activator protein 1; ChIP: Chromatin immunoprecipitation; qPCR: Quantitative polymerase chain reaction; IgG: Immunoglobulin G; NC: Normal control; mut: Mutation.2.5 CKM-JNK/c-Jun-HK2轴介导糖酵解依赖性顺铂耐药形成
在顺铂耐药喉癌细胞中,使用JNK抑制剂SP600125或干扰HK2表达均可逆转敲低CKM引起的糖酵解增强,且ECAR及乳酸生成均下降(图 5A~5D)。功能实验结果显示,在敲低CKM条件下,抑制JNK或干扰HK2表达后细胞对顺铂的敏感性均得到恢复(IC50均降低),细胞集落形成与迁移能力均降低(图 5E~5G)。
图 5 CKM-JNK/c-Jun-HK2轴介导喉癌细胞糖酵解依赖性顺铂耐药Fig. 5 CKM-JNK/c-Jun-HK2 axis mediates glycolysis-dependent cisplatin-resistance in laryngeal cancer cellsA: Dynamic changes of ECAR in cisplatin-resistant laryngeal cancer cells (TU686-R); B: Comparison of glycolytic product contents in each group; C: Comparison of glycolytic capacity in each group; D: Comparison of lactate product levels in each group; E: The cell viability detected by cell counting kit 8 assay; F: The results of colony formation assay; G: The cell migration detected by Transwell assay. SP600125 is an inhibitor of JNK. *P<0.05, **P<0.01. n=6, x±s. CKM: Creatine kinase M; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; HK2: Hexokinase 2; ECAR: Extracellular acidification rate; CMK KD: CKM knockdown; si-HK2: Small interfering RNA targeting HK2; 2-DG: 2-deoxy-D-glucose; IC50: Half inhibitory concentration.3 讨论
本研究围绕喉癌顺铂耐药的分子机制,结合临床样本分析、体外功能实验及分子机制验证,系统揭示了“CKM低表达→JNK/c-Jun激活→HK2上调→糖酵解增强→顺铂耐药形成”的调控模式。首先,在临床层面证实CKM在喉癌组织中低表达,且与不良预后密切相关;进一步在细胞水平研究发现,敲低CKM可使顺铂耐药性增强,而过表达CKM则能部分逆转耐药表型,提示CKM在喉癌耐药形成中具有功能性作用。需要指出的是,本研究临床样本量相对有限,且为回顾性分析,上述结论仍有待在更大规模的前瞻性队列中验证,但现有结果已从临床相关性与功能实验两个层面形成初步一致证据,支持CKM的潜在抑癌作用。
在机制层面,本研究结果显示顺铂耐药的喉癌细胞存在CKM缺失伴随细胞能量代谢状态改变及糖酵解水平升高。结合CKM在能量缓冲中的经典功能,提示CKM低表达可能打破了ATP供能稳态,驱使肿瘤细胞向糖酵解依赖的代偿模式转变,从而适应化疗压力[22-25]。进一步实验表明,CKM缺失可能与JNK/c-Jun信号通路激活有关,JNK/c-Jun信号通路激活促进下游HK2表达上调。需要强调的是,本研究未直接检测AMPK及活性氧等相关关键分子,因此CKM缺失介导JNK/c-Jun信号通路激活的上游机制仍需进一步实验明确。此外,本研究主要基于糖酵解相关指标评估能量代谢改变,尚未结合线粒体呼吸功能(如氧消耗率)进行系统分析,后续有必要从整体代谢网络角度进一步完善该部分机制解释。
此外,本研究通过ChIP及双萤光素酶报告实验证实c-Jun可直接结合HK2启动子并增强其转录活性,从而在分子层面建立了“信号通路激活-代谢酶表达调控”的直接联系。功能实验结果进一步表明,HK2上调可增强糖酵解通量,为喉癌细胞在顺铂诱导的应激环境中提供持续能量支持并维持生存优势,最终促进耐药形成。需要注意的是,当前机制验证主要基于体外细胞模型,尚未在体内肿瘤微环境中进行验证,该调控轴在整体生理环境中的作用仍需通过动物模型进一步确认。
综上所述,本研究基于CKM-JNK/c-Jun-HK2调控轴,系统阐明了代谢酶和信号通路协同参与喉癌耐药的分子机制。结果表明,CKM低表达介导的JNK/c-Jun信号通路激活能够上调HK2转录表达,从而促进糖酵解代谢重编程,进而驱动喉癌细胞顺铂耐药表型形成。未来可进一步探索“代谢靶向+化疗”的联合治疗策略——通过靶向CKM、JNK/c-Jun或HK2抑制糖酵解代谢代偿,恢复喉癌细胞对顺铂的敏感性,从而改善顺铂耐药喉癌患者的治疗疗效。此外,CKM作为喉癌中显著低表达的抑癌分子,其表达水平也可作为判断患者化疗敏感性的潜在指标,为临床个体化治疗方案的选择提供参考。
图 1 CKM在喉癌组织中的表达情况及其与预后的关系
Fig. 1 Expression of CKM in laryngeal carcinoma tissues and its correlation with prognosis
A: CKM expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) from The Cancer Genome Atlas database; B: Western blotting results of the expression of CKM in laryngeal carcinoma tissues (LC1-LC4) and the paired adjacent normal mucosal tissues (N1-N4); C: Immunohistochemistry of CKM expression; D: Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of overall survival rate; E: Association of CKM expression with T stage; F: Association of CKM expression with lymph node metastasis. *P<0.05, **P<0.01. CKM: Creatine kinase M; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
图 2 CKM对顺铂耐药喉癌细胞恶性表型的调控作用
Fig. 2 Regulation effect of CKM on malignant phenotypes of cisplatin-resistant laryngeal cancer cells
A: Western blotting results of expression of CKM in laryngeal cancer cells (TU686) and cisplatin-resistant laryngeal cancer cells (TU686-R); B: Western blotting validation results of CKM knockdown (CKM KD) or overexpression (CKM OE) in TU686-R cells; C: Cell counting kit 8 assay results of cisplatin sensitivity of TU686-R cells with CKM KD or CKM OE (n=3, x±s); D: Colony formation assay results of TU686-R cells with CKM KD or CKM OE; E: Transwell migration assay results of TU686-R cells with CKM KD or CKM OE. CKM: Creatine kinase M; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; IC50: Half inhibitory concentration.
图 3 CKM表达对顺铂耐药喉癌细胞糖酵解活性的影响
Fig. 3 Effect of CKM expression on glycolysis activity in cisplatin-resistant laryngeal cancer cells
A: Western blotting results of the expression of glycolytic key enzyme HK2; B: Dynamic changes of ECAR; C: Comparison of glycolytic product contents in each group; D: Comparison of glycolytic capacity in each group; E: Lactate production level in each group. **P<0.01. n=6, x±s. CKM: Creatine kinase M; CKM KD: CKM knockdown; CKM OE: CKM overexpression; HK2: Hexokinase 2; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; ECAR: Extracellular acidification rate; 2-DG: 2-deoxy-D-glucose.
图 4 CKM通过JNK-c-Jun信号通路调控顺铂耐药喉癌细胞HK2表达
Fig. 4 CKM regulates HK2 expression in cisplatin-resistant laryngeal cancer cells via JNK-c-Jun signaling pathway
A: Western blotting results of the expression of JNK, p-JNK, and c-Jun in cisplatin-resistant laryngeal cancer cells (TU686-R); B: The schematic diagram of HK2 promoter region predicted by bioinformatics; C: ChIP assay shows c-Jun binding with HK2 promoter; D: Dual-luciferase reporter assay shows that the binding of c-Jun enhanced the transcriptional activity of HK2 promoter. SP600125 is an inhibitor of JNK. *P<0.05, **P<0.01. n=3, x±s. CKM: Creatine kinase M; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; HK2: Hexokinase 2; p-JNK: Phosphorylated JNK; CKM KD: CKM knockdown; CKM OE: CKM overexpression; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; TSS: Transcription start site; AP-1: Activator protein 1; ChIP: Chromatin immunoprecipitation; qPCR: Quantitative polymerase chain reaction; IgG: Immunoglobulin G; NC: Normal control; mut: Mutation.
图 5 CKM-JNK/c-Jun-HK2轴介导喉癌细胞糖酵解依赖性顺铂耐药
Fig. 5 CKM-JNK/c-Jun-HK2 axis mediates glycolysis-dependent cisplatin-resistance in laryngeal cancer cells
A: Dynamic changes of ECAR in cisplatin-resistant laryngeal cancer cells (TU686-R); B: Comparison of glycolytic product contents in each group; C: Comparison of glycolytic capacity in each group; D: Comparison of lactate product levels in each group; E: The cell viability detected by cell counting kit 8 assay; F: The results of colony formation assay; G: The cell migration detected by Transwell assay. SP600125 is an inhibitor of JNK. *P<0.05, **P<0.01. n=6, x±s. CKM: Creatine kinase M; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; HK2: Hexokinase 2; ECAR: Extracellular acidification rate; CMK KD: CKM knockdown; si-HK2: Small interfering RNA targeting HK2; 2-DG: 2-deoxy-D-glucose; IC50: Half inhibitory concentration.
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