Analysis of pathogen surveillance results of acute respiratory infections in sentinel hospitals in Yangpu District, Shanghai, 2024
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摘要:
目的 分析2024年上海市杨浦区哨点医院急性呼吸道传染病的流行特征及病原谱分布,为传染病精准防控提供科学依据。 方法 收集2024年1月1日至12月31日上海市杨浦区哨点医院监测采样的门急诊流感样病例(ILI)和住院严重急性呼吸道感染(SARI)病例的临床和实验室数据,通过描述性统计分析急性呼吸道传染病的流行病学特征和病原体季节性流行规律,采用χ2检验和Fisher确切概率法分析组间差异。 结果 共纳入2 514例病例(门急诊ILI患者1 360例,住院SARI患者1 154例),总体病原体检出率为46.5%(1 168/2 514);主要临床症状为发热(99.4%,2 500/2 514)和咳嗽(93.4%,2 348/2 514)。病原谱分布显示,肺炎支原体(10.3%,259/2 514)、腺病毒(7.2%,180/2 514)和新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2;6.8%,171/2 514)为检出率最高的3种病原体。门急诊ILI患者中,60岁以上老年人病原体检出率最高(61.4%,51/83),以SARS-CoV-2感染为主(38.6%,32/83);住院SARI患者中,>4~15岁儿童病原体检出率最高(46.1%,166/360),以肺炎支原体感染为主(36.9%,133/360)。人冠状病毒HKU1与人冠状病毒NL63共感染(44例,41.9%)、肠道病毒与人鼻病毒共感染(34例,32.4%)是最常见的多重感染组合。季节性流行特征分析表明,腺病毒感染在夏季(5-8月)高发,流感病毒感染在冬季(1-2月和12月)流行,SARS-CoV-2感染在冬春之交(2-3月)和夏季(6-8月)形成双峰,肺炎支原体感染在住院SARI患者中全年持续流行。 结论 上海市杨浦区2024年急性呼吸道传染病呈现显著年龄与季节差异,建议实施差异化公共卫生防控策略,重点加强15岁及以下儿童腺病毒感染和60岁以上老年人SARS-CoV-2感染的针对性防控以及住院SARI患者肺炎支原体感染的管理。 Abstract:Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and pathogen spectrum of acute respiratory infections in sentinel hospitals in Yangpu District, Shanghai, 2024, and to provide evidence for the development of precise prevention and control strategies. Methods Clinical and laboratory data were collected from outpatient/emergency influenza-like illness (ILI) cases and hospitalized severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) cases in sentinel hospitals of Yangpu District between Jan. 1 and Dec. 31, 2024. Epidemiological characteristics and seasonal epidemic patterns of pathogens of acute respiratory infections were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and intergroup differences were analyzed using χ2 test and Fisher exact test. Results A total of 2 514 cases were enrolled, including 1 360 outpatient/emergency ILI cases and 1 154 hospitalized SARI cases, with an overall pathogen detection rate of 46.5% (1 168/2 514). The most common clinical manifestations were fever (99.4%, 2 500/2 514) and cough (93.4%, 2 348/2 514). The top 3 pathogens were Mycoplasma pneumoniae (10.3%, 259/2 514), adenovirus (7.2%, 180/2 514), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; 6.8%, 171/2 514). Among outpatient/emergency ILI cases, the elderly aged > 60 years had the highest detection rate of pathogens (61.4%, 51/83), with SARS-CoV-2 being the predominant (38.6%, 32/83). Among hospitalized SARI cases, children aged > 4-15 years had the highest detection rate of pathogens (46.1%, 166/360), with Mycoplasma pneumoniae as the primary pathogen (36.9%, 133/360). The most common mixed infections were coinfection with human coronavirus HKU1 and human coronavirus NL63 (44 cases, 41.9%) and coinfection with enterovirus and human rhinovirus (34 cases, 32.4%). Seasonal trends showed that adenovirus infection peaked in summer (May to Aug.), influenza virus infection in winter (Jan. to Feb. and Dec.), SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibited bimodal peaks in late winter to spring (Feb. to Mar.) and in summer (Jun. to Aug.), while Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection persisted epidemic throughout the year among hospitalized SARI patients. Conclusion Acute respiratory infections demonstrate distinct age and seasonal variations in Yangpu District, Shanghai, 2024. Tailored public health prevention and control interventions should be implemented, including adenovirus infection control for children aged ≤15 years and SARS-CoV-2 infection prevention for the elderly aged > 60 years, as well as enhancing the management of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in hospitalized SARI patients. -
急性呼吸道感染(acute respiratory tract infection,ARTI)始终是全球公共卫生的重要挑战,其中流感样病例(influenza-like illness,ILI)和严重急性呼吸道感染(severe acute respiratory infection,SARI)是公共卫生监测体系的核心指标[1-2]。ILI通常定义为发热(体温≥38 ℃)伴咳嗽或咽痛的非特异性呼吸道症状,而SARI则指需住院治疗并伴有下呼吸道感染证据的严重病例[3]。根据WHO数据,2019年全球约有240万人死于下呼吸道感染,老年人和慢性病患者患病后预后较差[4-5]。上海市作为人口密集的国际大都市,呼吸道传染病的流行特征具有独特的地域特点。杨浦区作为上海市中心城区之一,人口相对稳定,经济发展中等,能较好地代表上海市城区的整体情况[6]。该区拥有多所大型综合医院和专科医疗机构,其监测数据对反映城市呼吸道传染病的流行态势具有重要意义。本研究基于2024年上海市杨浦区哨点医院监测数据,分析了2 514例急性呼吸道传染病的流行病学特征和病原谱构成,旨在为区域化传染病精准防控提供科学依据。
1 对象和方法
1.1 研究对象
本研究病例数据来源于基于多源数据的上海市传染病综合监测预警和应急处置信息平台。纳入2024年1月1日至12月31日杨浦区哨点医院监测采样的所有急性呼吸道传染病病例,包括门急诊ILI和住院SARI病例。杨浦区的呼吸道多病原体监测工作自试点阶段起逐步推进,早期由1家哨点医院承担,2024年扩展并固定为3家哨点机构。2024年度是杨浦区全面实施多病原体监测、数据上报实现信息化和规范化的第1年,因此选取2024年数据进行分析具有代表性,可为后期研究提供参考。所有数据经双人核对和一致性检查后纳入数据库进行分析。ILI定义参考国家卫生健康委员会发布的《全国流感监测方案(2017年版)》(https://www.nhc.gov.cn/wjw/c100175/201704/ff72b6f8e3bb4134a07506103f2bfceb.shtml):急性起病(≤10 d),体温≥38 ℃,伴咳嗽或咽痛,无其他明确病因。SARI病例定义为发病10 d内、发热(体温≥38 ℃)伴咳嗽症状且需要住院治疗的ARTI病例。
1.2 样本采集
对于门急诊ILI,由杨浦区市东医院、上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院和杨浦区中心医院3家哨点医院收集样本,重点采集发病3 d内的ILI。建议哨点医院门急诊采集的ILI样本中,60岁及以上老年人占比≥10%;样本类型主要包括咽拭子、鼻拭子和鼻咽拭子等上呼吸道标本;每家哨点医院每周采集10~40份样本,全年平均每周达到20份。所有样本均采集于添加抗生素的非灭活采样管中,保存在2~8 ℃并在48 h内运送至杨浦区疾病预防控制中心实验室进行检测,全程避免反复冻融以保证样本检测质量。对于SARI病例,优先采集发病1周内的住院病例,在样本量不足时可放宽至发病10 d内。建议哨点医院采集样本中,具有肺炎影像学表现或静息状态下指氧饱和度<90%的重症病例占比≥30%;在年龄分布方面,住院SARI病例中60岁及以上老年人占比≥25%;优先采集深部痰液、支气管肺泡灌洗液等下呼吸道样本,同时也可采集咽拭子、鼻拭子和鼻咽拭子等上呼吸道样本。每例SARI病例采集同类型样本2份,分别用于细菌检测(不添加抗生素、非灭活,室温运送)和病毒检测(添加抗生素、非灭活,2~8 ℃保存),所有样本均在采集后48 h内运送至杨浦区疾病预防控制中心实验室进行检测,全程避免反复冻融以保证样本检测质量。
1.3 实验室检测
使用全自动核酸提取纯化仪SSNP-3000A和核酸提取试剂盒提取核酸。使用反转录PCR核酸检测试剂盒进行多重呼吸道病原体核酸检测。检测的病原体包括10种病毒[新型冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)、流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、腺病毒、人偏肺病毒、副流感病毒、普通冠状病毒、博卡病毒、人鼻病毒、肠道病毒]、6种细菌(A族链球菌、百日咳鲍特菌、肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、军团菌、肺炎克雷伯菌)、2种真菌(曲霉菌、隐球菌)、2种衣原体(鹦鹉热衣原体、肺炎衣原体)和1种支原体(肺炎支原体),共21种。对流感病毒阳性样本,进一步采用PCR鉴定流感病毒亚型。
1.4 统计学处理
数据录入和整理采用Microsoft Excel 2021软件完成,统计分析使用SPSS 25.0软件进行。计量资料以x±s表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验;计数资料以例数和百分数表示,组间比较采用χ2检验,当理论频数<5时使用Fisher确切概率法。检验水准(α)为0.05,所有统计检验均为双侧检验。对于主要病原体月度检出率的时间变化趋势,使用R 4.3.2软件绘制时间序列曲线,以直观展示季节性分布特征。
2 结果
2.1 基本情况
2024年上海市杨浦区哨点医院共计监测采样2 514例急性呼吸道传染病病例,其中门急诊ILI患者1 360例,住院SARI患者1 154例。0~4岁、>4~15岁、>15~60岁和>60岁老年人占比分别为22.9%、40.9%、14.0%和22.3%,门急诊ILI和住院SARI患者年龄分布差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。所有监测患者中男性占50.8%,门急诊ILI和住院SARI患者的性别构成差异无统计学意义(P=0.087)。患者平均体温为(38.9±0.7)℃,其中住院SARI患者的体温高于门急诊ILI患者(P<0.001)。在职业分布方面,门急诊ILI患者以学生(39.3%)和散居儿童(34.7%)为主;而住院SARI患者中离退休人员占比最高(40.4%),其次为学生(28.5%)。病例现居地以杨浦区(48.8%)为主,其次为浦东新区(21.9%)。在杨浦区内,定海路街道(9.9%)和殷行街道(9.7%)的病例分布较为集中。见表 1。
表 1 上海市杨浦区2024年哨点医院急性呼吸道传染病患者的基本信息Table 1 Basic information of patients with acute respiratory infections in sentinel hospitals in Yangpu District, Shanghai, 2024Index Total N=2 514 ILI N=1 360 SARI N=1 154 Statistic P value Age, n (%) χ2=493.6 <0.001 0-4 years 575 (22.9) 428 (31.5) 147 (12.7) >4-15 years 1 028 (40.9) 668 (49.1) 360 (31.2) >15-60 years 351 (14.0) 181 (13.3) 170 (14.7) >60 years 560 (22.3) 83 (6.1) 477 (41.3) Gender, n (%) χ2=2.9 0.087 Male 1 278 (50.8) 670 (49.3) 608 (52.7) Female 1 236 (49.2) 690 (50.7) 546 (47.3) Temperature/℃, x±s 38.9±0.7 38.7±0.6 39.1±0.7 t=13.0 <0.001 Occupation, n (%) χ2=840.5 <0.001 Student 864 (34.4) 535 (39.3) 329 (28.5) Retiree 557 (22.2) 91 (6.7) 466 (40.4) Unorganized child 550 (21.9) 472 (34.7) 78 (6.8) Child in nursery 220 (8.8) 106 (7.8) 114 (9.9) Commercial service personnel 81 (3.2) 80 (5.9) 1 (0.1) Others 242 (9.6) 76 (5.6) 166 (14.4) District, n (%) χ2=115.6 <0.001 Yangpu 1 226 (48.8) 553 (40.7) 673 (58.3) Pudong 551 (21.9) 377 (27.7) 174 (15.1) Baoshan 233 (9.3) 145 (10.7) 88 (7.6) Hongkou 211 (8.4) 141 (10.4) 70 (6.1) Jing’an 77 (3.1) 48 (3.5) 29 (2.5) Others 216 (8.6) 96 (7.1) 120 (10.4) Subdistrict, n (%) χ2=183.9 <0.001 Dinghai 248 (9.9) 152 (11.2) 96 (8.3) Yinhang 244 (9.7) 35 (2.6) 209 (18.1) Daqiao 107 (4.3) 57 (4.2) 50 (4.3) Pingliang 98 (3.9) 42 (3.1) 56 (4.9) Changbai 86 (3.4) 50 (3.7) 36 (3.1) Others 1 731 (68.9) 1 024 (75.3) 707 (61.3) ILI: Influenza-like illness; SARI: Severe acute respiratory infection. 2.2 临床症状
在所有患者中,发热(99.4%)和咳嗽(93.4%)是最常见的症状。发热的发生率在门急诊ILI患者和住院SARI患者之间差异无统计学意义(P=0.819),但住院SARI患者中咳嗽的发生率高于门急诊ILI患者(P<0.001)。相较于门急诊ILI患者,住院SARI患者气促(P<0.001)和胸闷(P<0.001)的发生率更高。然而,咽痛在门急诊ILI患者中更为常见(P<0.001)。见表 2。
表 2 上海市杨浦区2024年哨点医院急性呼吸道传染病患者的症状分布Table 2 Symptoms of patients with acute respiratory infections in sentinel hospitals in Yangpu District, Shanghai, 2024n (%) Symptom Total N=2 514 ILI N=1 360 SARI N=1 154 χ2 value P value Fever 2 500 (99.4) 1 352 (99.4) 1 148 (99.5) 0.1 0.819 Cough 2 348 (93.4) 1 202 (88.4) 1 146 (99.3) 120.8 <0.001 Sore throat 551 (21.9) 426 (31.3) 125 (10.8) 153.2 <0.001 Rhinorrhea 333 (13.2) 173 (12.7) 160 (13.9) 0.7 0.399 Nasal congestion 188 (7.5) 84 (6.2) 104 (9.0) 7.3 0.007 Fatigue 186 (7.4) 33 (2.4) 153 (13.3) 106.9 <0.001 Headache 124 (4.9) 70 (5.1) 54 (4.7) 0.3 0.590 Myalgia 106 (4.2) 55 (4.0) 51 (4.4) 0.2 0.641 Tachypnea 105 (4.2) 2 (0.1) 103 (8.9) 120.2 <0.001 Chest tightness 90 (3.6) 1 (0.1) 89 (7.7) 105.5 <0.001 Vomiting 88 (3.5) 26 (1.9) 62 (5.4) 22.1 <0.001 Abdominal pain 48 (1.9) 16 (1.2) 32 (2.8) 8.5 0.004 Diarrhea 35 (1.4) 18 (1.3) 17 (1.5) 0.1 0.750 Rash 15 (0.6) 6 (0.4) 9 (0.8) 1.2 0.272 Dyspnea 13 (0.5) 0 13 (1.1) 15.4 <0.001 Neurological symptom 2 (0.1) 1 (0.1) 1 (0.1) 1.000a Hemorrhage 1 (0.0) 0 1 (0.1) 0.459a a: Fisher exact test. ILI: Influenza-like illness; SARI: Severe acute respiratory infection. 2.3 病原体检测结果
2 514例急性呼吸道传染病患者中,总体病原体检出率为46.5%(1 168/2 514),检出率排前3位的病原体依次为肺炎支原体(259例,10.3%)、腺病毒(180例,7.2%)和SARS-CoV-2(171例,6.8%)。多重感染(同一患者检出2种或2种以上病原体)检出率为4.2%(105例)。对年龄进行分组分析,门急诊ILI患者的病原体检出率在60岁以上老年人中最高(61.4%),不同年龄段门急诊ILI患者之间病原体检出率差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);而住院SARI患者中,病原体检出率在>4~15岁儿童中最高(46.1%)、60岁以上老年人中最低(23.1%),不同年龄段住院SARI患者之间病原体检出率差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。具体到病原体类型,门急诊ILI患者中,0~4岁婴幼儿主要感染腺病毒(10.7%)和SARS-CoV-2(7.5%),>4~15岁儿童主要感染腺病毒(15.7%),>15~60岁人群以SARS-CoV-2(17.7%)和甲型H1N1流感病毒(9.4%)感染为主,60岁以上老年人以SARS-CoV-2感染(38.6%)为主、甲型H1N1流感病毒感染(10.8%)次之;住院SARI病例中,肺炎支原体在0~4岁婴幼儿(25.9%)、>4~15岁儿童(36.9%)和>15~60岁人群(11.8%)中的检出率都居于首位,60岁以上老年人的SARS-CoV-2检出率最高(7.1%)。见表 3。多重感染中,最常见的感染组合为人冠状病毒HKU1与人冠状病毒NL63共感染(44例,41.9%)、肠道病毒与人鼻病毒共感染(34例,32.4%),见表 4。
表 3 上海市杨浦区2024年哨点医院急性呼吸道传染病患者主要病原体检出率(按年龄分组)Table 3 Positive rates of major pathogens in patients with acute respiratory infections in sentinel hospitals in Yangpu District, Shanghai, 2024 (grouped by age)n (%) Pathogen type Total N=2 514 ILI 0-4 years N=428 >4-15 years N=668 >15-60 years N=181 >60 years N=83 χ2 value P value Mycoplasma pneumoniae 259 (10.3) 18 (4.2) 46 (6.9) 2 (1.1) 1 (1.2) 0.002a Adenovirus 180 (7.2) 46 (10.7) 105 (15.7) 4 (2.2) 0 38.3 <0.001 SARS-CoV-2 171 (6.8) 32 (7.5) 30 (4.5) 32 (17.7) 32 (38.6) 119.7 <0.001 Influenza A (H1N1) virus 82 (3.3) 11 (2.6) 28 (4.2) 17 (9.4) 9 (10.8) 0.001a Influenza B Victoria lineage 79 (3.1) 14 (3.3) 44 (6.6) 10 (5.5) 0 0.009a Human metapneumovirus 49 (1.9) 17 (4.0) 12 (1.8) 1 (0.6) 0 0.017a Human coronavirus HKU1 48 (1.9) 16 (3.7) 20 (3.0) 4 (2.2) 1 (1.2) 0.648a Human coronavirus NL63 48 (1.9) 16 (3.7) 20 (3.0) 4 (2.2) 1 (1.2) 0.645a Human rhinovirus 48 (1.9) 11 (2.6) 17 (2.5) 8 (4.4) 0 0.218a Human parainfluenza virus type 3 44 (1.8) 17 (4.0) 4 (0.6) 3 (1.7) 3 (3.6) <0.001 Human parainfluenza virus type 2 43 (1.7) 11 (2.6) 26 (3.9) 3 (1.7) 1 (1.2) 0.327a Enterovirus 37 (1.5) 10 (2.3) 14 (2.1) 6 (3.3) 0 0.439a Respiratory syncytial virus 24 (1.0) 11 (2.6) 3 (0.4) 0 1 (1.2) 0.006a Influenza A (H3N2) virus 14 (0.6) 2 (0.5) 4 (0.6) 1 (0.6) 1 (1.2) 0.691a Bocavirus 12 (0.5) 7 (1.6) 2 (0.3) 0 0 0.063a Human coronavirus OC43 10 (0.4) 5 (1.2) 1 (0.1) 1 (0.6) 0 0.141a Human parainfluenza virus type 4 8 (0.3) 2 (0.5) 3 (0.4) 1 (0.6) 0 1.000a Bordetella pertussis 5 (0.2) 0 1 (0.1) 1 (0.6) 1 (1.2) 0.093a Legionella pneumophila 4 (0.2) 0 1 (0.1) 0 0 1.000a Human coronavirus 229E 3 (0.1) 1 (0.2) 0 0 0 0.516a Total 1 168 (46.5) 247 (57.7) 381 (57.0) 98 (54.1) 51 (61.4) 89.2 <0.001 Pathogen type SARI 0-4 years N=147 >4-15 years N=360 >15-60 years N=170 >60 years N=477 χ2 value P value Mycoplasma pneumoniae 38 (25.9) 133 (36.9) 20 (11.8) 1 (0.2) 211.8 <0.001 Adenovirus 8 (5.4) 10 (2.8) 7 (4.1) 0 <0.001a SARS-CoV-2 0 4 (1.1) 7 (4.1) 34 (7.1) 26.7 <0.001 Influenza A (H1N1) virus 1 (0.7) 1 (0.3) 2 (1.2) 13 (2.7) 0.018a Influenza B Victoria lineage 1 (0.7) 2 (0.6) 3 (1.8) 5 (1.0) 0.592a Human metapneumovirus 2 (1.4) 2 (0.6) 4 (2.4) 11 (2.3) 0.159a Human coronavirus HKU1 1 (0.7) 2 (0.6) 0 4 (0.8) 0.774a Human coronavirus NL63 1 (0.7) 2 (0.6) 0 4 (0.8) 0.772a Human rhinovirus 0 2 (0.6) 2 (1.2) 8 (1.7) 0.291a Human parainfluenza virus type 3 1 (0.7) 0 3 (1.8) 13 (2.7) 0.003a Human parainfluenza virus type 2 1 (0.7) 1 (0.3) 0 0 0.156a Enterovirus 0 2 (0.6) 1 (0.6) 4 (0.8) 0.898a Respiratory syncytial virus 3 (2.0) 0 1 (0.6) 5 (1.0) 0.048a Influenza A (H3N2) virus 0 0 2 (1.2) 4 (0.8) 0.145a Bocavirus 3 (2.0) 0 0 0 0.002a Human coronavirus OC43 0 1 (0.3) 0 2 (0.4) 1.000a Human parainfluenza virus type 4 0 0 1 (0.6) 1 (0.2) 0.568a Bordetella pertussis 0 2 (0.6) 0 0 0.335a Legionella pneumophila 1 (0.7) 1 (0.3) 0 1 (0.2) 0.596a Human coronavirus 229E 1 (0.7) 1 (0.3) 0 0 0.151a Total 62 (42.2) 166 (46.1) 53 (31.2) 110 (23.1) 124.6 <0.001 a: Fisher exact test. ILI: Influenza-like illness; SARI: Severe acute respiratory infection; SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. 表 4 上海市杨浦区2024年哨点医院急性呼吸道传染病患者常见多重感染的检出情况Table 4 Detection of common multiple infections in patients with acute respiratory infections in sentinel hospitals in Yangpu District, Shanghai, 2024N=105 Pathogen combination Case, n Percentage/% CoV-HKU1+CoV-NL63 44 41.9 Enterovirus+human rhinovirus 34 32.4 Adenovirus+HPIV2 3 2.9 M. pneumoniae+SARS-CoV-2 3 2.9 Adenovirus+CoV-HKU1+CoV-NL63 2 1.9 HPIV4+human rhinovirus 2 1.9 Others 17 16.2 Total 105 100.0 CoV-HKU1: Human coronavirus HKU1; CoV-NL63: Human coronavirus NL63; HPIV2: Human parainfluenza virus type 2; M. pneumoniae: Mycoplasma pneumoniae; SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; HPIV4: Human parainfluenza virus type 4. 2.4 不同月份病原体检出率的变化情况
门急诊ILI患者的病原体检出率呈现双峰分布,分别在冬季(1-2月与12月)和夏季(5-8月)达到高峰;不同病原体的流行模式存在明显差异:腺病毒感染在夏季(5-8月)流行率较高;SARS-CoV-2感染在2-3月和6-8月呈现2个流行高峰;乙型流感病毒Victoria株和甲型H1N1流感病毒感染的流行高峰分别集中在1-2月和12月(图 1A)。在住院SARI患者中,SARS-CoV-2感染同样表现出冬春之交(2-3月)和夏季(7-8月)双高峰流行模式;值得注意的是,肺炎支原体感染在住院SARI患者中的阳性率全年维持在较高水平(>10%,图 1B)。
图 1 上海市杨浦区2024年哨点医院急性呼吸道传染病患者病原体检出率的时间变化曲线A: Outpatient influenza-like cases; B: Inpatient severe acute respiratory infection cases. A-H1N1: Influenza A (H1N1) virus; A-H3: Influenza A (H3N2) virus; ADV: Adenovirus; B-Victoria: Influenza B Victoria lineage; CoV-229E: Human coronavirus 229E; CoV-HKU1: Human coronavirus HKU1; CoV-NL63: Human coronavirus NL63; CoV-OC43: Human coronavirus OC43; HMPV: Human metapneumovirus; HPIV2: Human parainfluenza virus type 2; HPIV3: Human parainfluenza virus type 3; HPIV4: Human parainfluenza virus type 4; HRV: Human rhinovirus; M. pneumonia: Mycoplasma pneumoniae; RSV: Respiratory syncytial virus; SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.Fig. 1 Time-varying curve of pathogen detection rate in patients with acute respiratory infections in sentinel hospitals in Yangpu District, Shanghai, 20243 讨论
ARTI是一个主要的全球性健康问题,具有高发病率和高死亡率的特点。建立和完善呼吸道传染病监测体系,是及时发现疫情变化、制定防控措施和指导临床诊治的重要基础。本研究基于2024年上海市杨浦区多病原体监测哨点医院的数据,分析了2 514例急性呼吸道传染病病例的病原谱特征和流行规律,为该区及全市呼吸道疾病防控提供了基础数据支持。
本研究结果显示,发热和咳嗽是住院ARTI患者最常见的症状;腺病毒是15岁及以下儿童中门急诊ILI的主要病原体,肺炎支原体为60岁及以下住院SARI患者的主要病原体。SARS-CoV-2在60岁以上老年人门急诊ILI患者和住院SARI患者中检出率均较高,提示应加强老年人的SARS-CoV-2疫苗接种和早期抗病毒治疗。
在季节分布上,冬季是流感病毒(乙型流感病毒Victoria株与甲型H1N1流感病毒)流行的主要时期,SARS-CoV-2在冬、夏两季流行率较高,腺病毒在夏季流行率较高,肺炎支原体阳性率在住院患者中始终较高。这种差异性流行特征提示,应根据不同季节和人群特征采取针对性的预防措施,例如在冬季重点防控流感和冠状病毒感染,在夏季加强腺病毒感染的监测等。
上海市杨浦区ARTI呈现明显“双峰”年龄分布:门急诊ILI病例主要集中在>4~15岁儿童(49.1%),而住院SARI病例则以60岁以上老年人为主(41.3%)。这一“儿童-老年”易感模式与全国多地监测结果[7-9]一致。儿童因学校聚集和免疫系统发育不完善而更易感染流感样病原体,因此应在校内加强健康教育与症状监测[10-11]。老年人免疫功能下降,合并慢性基础疾病比例高,更易发展为重症。本研究观察到,SARS-CoV-2在60岁以上ILI和SARI病例中检出率分别为38.6%和7.1%,显著高于其他年龄段人群,这与上海市奉贤区2022-2023年的调查数据[7]相似,提示老年人群仍为SARS-CoV-2感染和重症的高风险人群。
值得注意的是,本研究共检出105例(4.2%)多重病原体感染,其中以人冠状病毒HKU1与人冠状病毒NL63共感染(41.9%)、肠道病毒与人鼻病毒共感染(32.4%)最为常见。这些病毒间可能存在协同致病效应,加重临床症状和病情复杂度[12]。肺炎支原体与SARS-CoV-2共感染占2.9%,提示在SARS-CoV-2流行背景下,需关注非典型病原体在合并感染中的作用。此外,有研究表明,肺炎衣原体在住院SARI病例中的检出率高于门急诊ILI,提示住院患者可能存在医院相关传播风险,需加强院内感染防控和病原学检测[13]。本研究中超过一半病例未检出已知病原体,可能原因包括:(1)采样时间延迟,导致病原体被清除;(2)部分患者的发病由目前检测范围外的病原体感染引起;(3)部分急性呼吸道症状由非感染性因素或低致病性病毒感染引起。这提示,应进一步扩展检测谱系、引入高通量测序和宏基因组测序技术,以发现潜在新病原体并完善监测体系[14]。与全市总体监测数据比较,杨浦区主要病原体的构成比例与上海市平均水平基本一致[15-16],但腺病毒及肺炎支原体的检出率略高,可能与杨浦区儿童比例较高、样本来源集中在儿科医院有关。
综上所述,本研究利用上海市杨浦区在2024年实现监测体系规范化、信息化后的首年完整数据,系统描述了急性呼吸道传染病的病原谱及流行特征,填补了该区病原体监测全覆盖背景下的基线资料空白,为今后多年度动态趋势分析及全市区域差异研究提供了科学依据。未来应继续加强监测体系建设,持续积累多年度、多病原体的监测数据,并与全市及其他地区进行横向比较,以进一步评估病原谱变化趋势。针对学龄儿童应加强腺病毒和肺炎支原体感染的监测与防控,针对老年人群应重点预防SARS-CoV-2感染。同时,临床诊疗中应关注混合感染的识别与管理,实验室应不断完善未知病原体的检测能力,为区域公共卫生预防决策和疫情预警提供科学依据。
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图 1 上海市杨浦区2024年哨点医院急性呼吸道传染病患者病原体检出率的时间变化曲线
A: Outpatient influenza-like cases; B: Inpatient severe acute respiratory infection cases. A-H1N1: Influenza A (H1N1) virus; A-H3: Influenza A (H3N2) virus; ADV: Adenovirus; B-Victoria: Influenza B Victoria lineage; CoV-229E: Human coronavirus 229E; CoV-HKU1: Human coronavirus HKU1; CoV-NL63: Human coronavirus NL63; CoV-OC43: Human coronavirus OC43; HMPV: Human metapneumovirus; HPIV2: Human parainfluenza virus type 2; HPIV3: Human parainfluenza virus type 3; HPIV4: Human parainfluenza virus type 4; HRV: Human rhinovirus; M. pneumonia: Mycoplasma pneumoniae; RSV: Respiratory syncytial virus; SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
Fig. 1 Time-varying curve of pathogen detection rate in patients with acute respiratory infections in sentinel hospitals in Yangpu District, Shanghai, 2024
表 1 上海市杨浦区2024年哨点医院急性呼吸道传染病患者的基本信息
Table 1 Basic information of patients with acute respiratory infections in sentinel hospitals in Yangpu District, Shanghai, 2024
Index Total N=2 514 ILI N=1 360 SARI N=1 154 Statistic P value Age, n (%) χ2=493.6 <0.001 0-4 years 575 (22.9) 428 (31.5) 147 (12.7) >4-15 years 1 028 (40.9) 668 (49.1) 360 (31.2) >15-60 years 351 (14.0) 181 (13.3) 170 (14.7) >60 years 560 (22.3) 83 (6.1) 477 (41.3) Gender, n (%) χ2=2.9 0.087 Male 1 278 (50.8) 670 (49.3) 608 (52.7) Female 1 236 (49.2) 690 (50.7) 546 (47.3) Temperature/℃, x±s 38.9±0.7 38.7±0.6 39.1±0.7 t=13.0 <0.001 Occupation, n (%) χ2=840.5 <0.001 Student 864 (34.4) 535 (39.3) 329 (28.5) Retiree 557 (22.2) 91 (6.7) 466 (40.4) Unorganized child 550 (21.9) 472 (34.7) 78 (6.8) Child in nursery 220 (8.8) 106 (7.8) 114 (9.9) Commercial service personnel 81 (3.2) 80 (5.9) 1 (0.1) Others 242 (9.6) 76 (5.6) 166 (14.4) District, n (%) χ2=115.6 <0.001 Yangpu 1 226 (48.8) 553 (40.7) 673 (58.3) Pudong 551 (21.9) 377 (27.7) 174 (15.1) Baoshan 233 (9.3) 145 (10.7) 88 (7.6) Hongkou 211 (8.4) 141 (10.4) 70 (6.1) Jing’an 77 (3.1) 48 (3.5) 29 (2.5) Others 216 (8.6) 96 (7.1) 120 (10.4) Subdistrict, n (%) χ2=183.9 <0.001 Dinghai 248 (9.9) 152 (11.2) 96 (8.3) Yinhang 244 (9.7) 35 (2.6) 209 (18.1) Daqiao 107 (4.3) 57 (4.2) 50 (4.3) Pingliang 98 (3.9) 42 (3.1) 56 (4.9) Changbai 86 (3.4) 50 (3.7) 36 (3.1) Others 1 731 (68.9) 1 024 (75.3) 707 (61.3) ILI: Influenza-like illness; SARI: Severe acute respiratory infection. 表 2 上海市杨浦区2024年哨点医院急性呼吸道传染病患者的症状分布
Table 2 Symptoms of patients with acute respiratory infections in sentinel hospitals in Yangpu District, Shanghai, 2024
n (%) Symptom Total N=2 514 ILI N=1 360 SARI N=1 154 χ2 value P value Fever 2 500 (99.4) 1 352 (99.4) 1 148 (99.5) 0.1 0.819 Cough 2 348 (93.4) 1 202 (88.4) 1 146 (99.3) 120.8 <0.001 Sore throat 551 (21.9) 426 (31.3) 125 (10.8) 153.2 <0.001 Rhinorrhea 333 (13.2) 173 (12.7) 160 (13.9) 0.7 0.399 Nasal congestion 188 (7.5) 84 (6.2) 104 (9.0) 7.3 0.007 Fatigue 186 (7.4) 33 (2.4) 153 (13.3) 106.9 <0.001 Headache 124 (4.9) 70 (5.1) 54 (4.7) 0.3 0.590 Myalgia 106 (4.2) 55 (4.0) 51 (4.4) 0.2 0.641 Tachypnea 105 (4.2) 2 (0.1) 103 (8.9) 120.2 <0.001 Chest tightness 90 (3.6) 1 (0.1) 89 (7.7) 105.5 <0.001 Vomiting 88 (3.5) 26 (1.9) 62 (5.4) 22.1 <0.001 Abdominal pain 48 (1.9) 16 (1.2) 32 (2.8) 8.5 0.004 Diarrhea 35 (1.4) 18 (1.3) 17 (1.5) 0.1 0.750 Rash 15 (0.6) 6 (0.4) 9 (0.8) 1.2 0.272 Dyspnea 13 (0.5) 0 13 (1.1) 15.4 <0.001 Neurological symptom 2 (0.1) 1 (0.1) 1 (0.1) 1.000a Hemorrhage 1 (0.0) 0 1 (0.1) 0.459a a: Fisher exact test. ILI: Influenza-like illness; SARI: Severe acute respiratory infection. 表 3 上海市杨浦区2024年哨点医院急性呼吸道传染病患者主要病原体检出率(按年龄分组)
Table 3 Positive rates of major pathogens in patients with acute respiratory infections in sentinel hospitals in Yangpu District, Shanghai, 2024 (grouped by age)
n (%) Pathogen type Total N=2 514 ILI 0-4 years N=428 >4-15 years N=668 >15-60 years N=181 >60 years N=83 χ2 value P value Mycoplasma pneumoniae 259 (10.3) 18 (4.2) 46 (6.9) 2 (1.1) 1 (1.2) 0.002a Adenovirus 180 (7.2) 46 (10.7) 105 (15.7) 4 (2.2) 0 38.3 <0.001 SARS-CoV-2 171 (6.8) 32 (7.5) 30 (4.5) 32 (17.7) 32 (38.6) 119.7 <0.001 Influenza A (H1N1) virus 82 (3.3) 11 (2.6) 28 (4.2) 17 (9.4) 9 (10.8) 0.001a Influenza B Victoria lineage 79 (3.1) 14 (3.3) 44 (6.6) 10 (5.5) 0 0.009a Human metapneumovirus 49 (1.9) 17 (4.0) 12 (1.8) 1 (0.6) 0 0.017a Human coronavirus HKU1 48 (1.9) 16 (3.7) 20 (3.0) 4 (2.2) 1 (1.2) 0.648a Human coronavirus NL63 48 (1.9) 16 (3.7) 20 (3.0) 4 (2.2) 1 (1.2) 0.645a Human rhinovirus 48 (1.9) 11 (2.6) 17 (2.5) 8 (4.4) 0 0.218a Human parainfluenza virus type 3 44 (1.8) 17 (4.0) 4 (0.6) 3 (1.7) 3 (3.6) <0.001 Human parainfluenza virus type 2 43 (1.7) 11 (2.6) 26 (3.9) 3 (1.7) 1 (1.2) 0.327a Enterovirus 37 (1.5) 10 (2.3) 14 (2.1) 6 (3.3) 0 0.439a Respiratory syncytial virus 24 (1.0) 11 (2.6) 3 (0.4) 0 1 (1.2) 0.006a Influenza A (H3N2) virus 14 (0.6) 2 (0.5) 4 (0.6) 1 (0.6) 1 (1.2) 0.691a Bocavirus 12 (0.5) 7 (1.6) 2 (0.3) 0 0 0.063a Human coronavirus OC43 10 (0.4) 5 (1.2) 1 (0.1) 1 (0.6) 0 0.141a Human parainfluenza virus type 4 8 (0.3) 2 (0.5) 3 (0.4) 1 (0.6) 0 1.000a Bordetella pertussis 5 (0.2) 0 1 (0.1) 1 (0.6) 1 (1.2) 0.093a Legionella pneumophila 4 (0.2) 0 1 (0.1) 0 0 1.000a Human coronavirus 229E 3 (0.1) 1 (0.2) 0 0 0 0.516a Total 1 168 (46.5) 247 (57.7) 381 (57.0) 98 (54.1) 51 (61.4) 89.2 <0.001 Pathogen type SARI 0-4 years N=147 >4-15 years N=360 >15-60 years N=170 >60 years N=477 χ2 value P value Mycoplasma pneumoniae 38 (25.9) 133 (36.9) 20 (11.8) 1 (0.2) 211.8 <0.001 Adenovirus 8 (5.4) 10 (2.8) 7 (4.1) 0 <0.001a SARS-CoV-2 0 4 (1.1) 7 (4.1) 34 (7.1) 26.7 <0.001 Influenza A (H1N1) virus 1 (0.7) 1 (0.3) 2 (1.2) 13 (2.7) 0.018a Influenza B Victoria lineage 1 (0.7) 2 (0.6) 3 (1.8) 5 (1.0) 0.592a Human metapneumovirus 2 (1.4) 2 (0.6) 4 (2.4) 11 (2.3) 0.159a Human coronavirus HKU1 1 (0.7) 2 (0.6) 0 4 (0.8) 0.774a Human coronavirus NL63 1 (0.7) 2 (0.6) 0 4 (0.8) 0.772a Human rhinovirus 0 2 (0.6) 2 (1.2) 8 (1.7) 0.291a Human parainfluenza virus type 3 1 (0.7) 0 3 (1.8) 13 (2.7) 0.003a Human parainfluenza virus type 2 1 (0.7) 1 (0.3) 0 0 0.156a Enterovirus 0 2 (0.6) 1 (0.6) 4 (0.8) 0.898a Respiratory syncytial virus 3 (2.0) 0 1 (0.6) 5 (1.0) 0.048a Influenza A (H3N2) virus 0 0 2 (1.2) 4 (0.8) 0.145a Bocavirus 3 (2.0) 0 0 0 0.002a Human coronavirus OC43 0 1 (0.3) 0 2 (0.4) 1.000a Human parainfluenza virus type 4 0 0 1 (0.6) 1 (0.2) 0.568a Bordetella pertussis 0 2 (0.6) 0 0 0.335a Legionella pneumophila 1 (0.7) 1 (0.3) 0 1 (0.2) 0.596a Human coronavirus 229E 1 (0.7) 1 (0.3) 0 0 0.151a Total 62 (42.2) 166 (46.1) 53 (31.2) 110 (23.1) 124.6 <0.001 a: Fisher exact test. ILI: Influenza-like illness; SARI: Severe acute respiratory infection; SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. 表 4 上海市杨浦区2024年哨点医院急性呼吸道传染病患者常见多重感染的检出情况
Table 4 Detection of common multiple infections in patients with acute respiratory infections in sentinel hospitals in Yangpu District, Shanghai, 2024
N=105 Pathogen combination Case, n Percentage/% CoV-HKU1+CoV-NL63 44 41.9 Enterovirus+human rhinovirus 34 32.4 Adenovirus+HPIV2 3 2.9 M. pneumoniae+SARS-CoV-2 3 2.9 Adenovirus+CoV-HKU1+CoV-NL63 2 1.9 HPIV4+human rhinovirus 2 1.9 Others 17 16.2 Total 105 100.0 CoV-HKU1: Human coronavirus HKU1; CoV-NL63: Human coronavirus NL63; HPIV2: Human parainfluenza virus type 2; M. pneumoniae: Mycoplasma pneumoniae; SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; HPIV4: Human parainfluenza virus type 4. -
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