牙龈卟啉单胞菌在牙周炎中的免疫逃逸机制对新型治疗策略的启示

马萱怡 蔚一博

引用本文: 马萱怡,蔚一博. 牙龈卟啉单胞菌在牙周炎中的免疫逃逸机制对新型治疗策略的启示[J]. 海军军医大学学报,2026,47(2):269-273.DOI: 10.16781/j.CN31-2187/R.20250287.
Citation: MA X, WEI Y. Immune escape mechanisms of Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontitis: implications for novel therapeutic strategies[J]. Acad J Naval Med Univ, 2026, 47(2): 269-273. DOI: 10.16781/j.CN31-2187/R.20250287.

牙龈卟啉单胞菌在牙周炎中的免疫逃逸机制对新型治疗策略的启示

doi: 10.16781/j.CN31-2187/R.20250287
基金项目: 

国家自然科学基金青年科学基金 81800988.

详细信息
    作者简介:

    马萱怡,住院医师. E-mail: 854460418@qq.com.

    通讯作者:

    蔚一博, E-mail: weiyibo1982@126.com.

Immune escape mechanisms of Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontitis: implications for novel therapeutic strategies

Funds: 

Youth Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China 81800988.

  • 摘要: 牙周炎是一种由微生物-宿主互作稳态失衡引起的慢性炎症性疾病,其中牙龈卟啉单胞菌扮演着关键角色。该菌通过表达多种毒力因子破坏先天免疫和适应性免疫,实现在宿主体内的存活和繁殖,进而破坏牙周组织,并与全身性疾病相关。牙龈卟啉单胞菌能够破坏牙龈上皮屏障,内化上皮细胞,增强细胞自噬,侵入宿主组织并在其中存活,该菌还能通过补体系统的失调、抗菌肽的降解和吞噬细胞功能的破坏促进其逃避。研究牙龈卟啉单胞菌的免疫逃逸机制对于开发牙周炎的新治疗策略具有重要意义。

     

    Abstract: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by dysregulated microbial-host interactions, with Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) playing a pivotal role. This bacterium expresses a variety of virulence factors that disrupt both innate and adaptive immunity, allowing it to survive and proliferate in the host, leading to the destruction of periodontal tissues and its association with systemic diseases. P. gingivalis can breach the gingival epithelial barrier, internalize into epithelial cells, enhance autophagy, invade host tissues, and survive. Moreover, the bacterium can promote its evasion through the dysregulation of the complement system, degradation of antimicrobial peptides, and impairment of phagocytic cell functions. Investigating the immune evasion mechanisms of P. gingivalis is of significant importance for developing new therapeutic strategies against periodontitis.

     

  • 牙周炎是一种与微生物-宿主互作稳态失衡密切相关的慢性炎症性疾病。在众多牙周致病菌中,牙龈卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonas gingivalis)因其在牙周病及全身多种疾病发生、发展中的重要作用而备受关注[1]。作为牙周病龈下菌斑生物膜的关键成员,牙龈卟啉单胞菌通过炎症反应破坏牙周组织,导致牙槽骨吸收和牙齿脱落。研究表明,牙龈卟啉单胞菌能够表达多种毒力因子,这些因子帮助其逃避宿主的免疫监视,从而在宿主体内长期存活,加剧牙周炎的进展[2-3]

    长期以来,研究人员致力于探索牙周病的发病机制,并寻求以抗牙龈卟啉单胞菌为目标的防治策略。除了常规的机械治疗如龈上洁治、龈下刮治和根面平整术外,还采用辅助治疗手段消除机械刮治无法触及的炎症区域[4-5]。近期有研究表明,联合应用免疫调节剂或特异性抑制剂可有效减少残余致病菌区的炎症负担。牙龈卟啉单胞菌通过发展多种免疫逃逸机制使牙周病的治疗变得更加复杂[6]。因此,深入研究其免疫逃逸机制,不仅有助于更好地理解牙周炎的病理过程,而且为开发新型治疗策略提供了重要启示。

    牙龈卟啉单胞菌在牙周炎的发病机制中扮演着核心角色,其免疫逃逸机制对于疾病的进展至关重要。该菌通过多种策略逃避宿主的先天性和适应性免疫反应,加剧牙周炎的发展,并可能引发全身性疾病[7-8]。牙龈卟啉单胞菌能够破坏牙龈上皮屏障,抑制补体系统的裂解作用,并入侵宿主细胞进行繁殖,这是其免疫逃逸的关键步骤[9]。此外,该菌还能通过调节中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞等免疫细胞的功能来逃避吞噬作用,操纵T细胞分化和免疫反应,从而逃避宿主的防御机制,在宿主中长期存活。

    牙龈上皮是防御牙周病病原体的第一道防线,其细胞上的特化跨膜蛋白对于维持牙龈上皮的完整性和屏障功能至关重要。研究表明,牙龈卟啉单胞菌的毒力因子,如蛋白酶、脂多糖及外膜囊泡等能够破坏这些跨膜蛋白,使其能够顺利进入上皮下结缔组织[10-11]。赖氨酸特异性蛋白酶能够水解E-钙粘蛋白等跨膜蛋白,而脂多糖能够诱导TNF-α和活性氧的产生,降低E-钙黏蛋白的表达,并导致粒状头样2基因的丢失,减少连接蛋白的生成[12]。有研究显示,牙龈卟啉单胞菌感染可激活β-连环蛋白信号通路,促进E-钙粘蛋白降解后的细胞骨架重构,增强细菌的跨上皮入侵能力[13]。外膜囊泡能够携带多种水解蛋白与信号分子,损害上皮屏障。牙龈卟啉单胞菌还能通过内化到宿主上皮细胞中逃避细胞外清除,进入宿主细胞后定位于内质网,促进自噬体吞噬泡的形成,在泡液中生存与复制[14]。在吞噬细胞中,自噬作用促进了牙龈卟啉单胞菌的消除;而在非吞噬细胞中,牙龈卟啉单胞菌能阻止或延迟自噬体和溶酶体的融合,以促进细胞内病原体的存活和复制[15-16]

    中性粒细胞通过表达Toll样受体(Toll like receptor,TLR)2识别牙龈卟啉单胞菌,并激发髓样分化因子88(myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88,MyD88)介导的TLR2-MyD88通路,导致促炎细胞因子的分泌,最终消除细菌[17]。然而,牙龈卟啉单胞菌能够裂解补体C5并产生C5a来激活C5a受体,诱导TLR2和C5a受体之间的串扰,导致MyD88泛素化降解,激活T细胞分化蛋白和PI3K,解除TLR2-MyD88介导的抗菌反应,抑制中性粒细胞的吞噬作用[18]。牙龈卟啉单胞菌还削弱了中性粒细胞胞外陷阱的杀菌作用,依靠牙龈卟啉单胞菌肽酰基精氨酸脱亚氨酶(Porphyromonas gingivalis peptidylarginine deiminase,PPAD)的存在,通过瓜氨酸化组蛋白H3和C5a来逃避中性粒细胞胞外陷阱的杀菌作用[19]。巨噬细胞在牙周病防治中也扮演重要角色,牙龈卟啉单胞菌能够通过多种机制逃避巨噬细胞的识别和杀伤,包括修饰脂质A来躲避TLR4识别,利用毒力因子激活补体受体3来减少促炎因子产生,直接降解单核细胞分化抗原CD14来逃逸,或降低巨噬细胞抗原呈递能力[20-21]

    牙龈卟啉单胞菌的毒力因子牙龈蛋白酶能够导致补体失调,抑制抗菌肽以及调节炎症因子[16]。该菌的蛋白酶对补体激活具有剂量依赖性,低浓度时刺激补体系统激活,而在高浓度下裂解补体成分C3、C5,并降解C3b和C5b,阻止C3转化酶和C5转化酶的形成,阻碍膜攻击复合物(membrane attack complex)的形成。抗菌肽LL-37、LP9在牙周组织先天免疫中起重要作用,牙龈卟啉单胞菌能够直接降解LL-37并从降解产物获取营养物质,其外膜蛋白A样蛋白(outer membrane protein A-like protein)能够结合LL-37从而抑制其在细菌膜上穿孔,PPAD能够瓜氨酸化抗菌肽LP9来中和杀菌作用[22-24]。牙龈卟啉单胞菌还能够调节炎症小体的活性,其脂多糖可以促进炎症小体相关蛋白和pro-IL-1β的基因表达,而菌毛和核苷二磷酸激酶(nucleoside diphosphate kinase,NDK)等毒力因子可直接降解含CARD结构域的NOD样受体家族蛋白(NOD-like receptor family CARD domain-containing protein)及抑制功能性嘌呤能核苷酸受体P2X7依赖性IL-1β分泌,实现对宿主免疫应答的逃逸[25-26]

    牙龈卟啉单胞菌作为牙周炎的关键致病菌,通过多种毒力因子(如牙龈蛋白酶、菌毛、外膜囊泡、PPAD和脂多糖)实施复杂的免疫逃逸策略,包括入侵上皮细胞、逃避免疫细胞杀伤及干扰免疫因子分泌,最终破坏上皮屏障并抑制宿主免疫反应以实现持续定植。因此,针对其免疫逃逸机制开发新型治疗策略具有重要临床意义。当前有效的干预思路主要围绕阻断免疫逃逸通路与增强宿主防御能力展开。在增强牙龈上皮屏障功能方面,绿茶多酚和姜黄素可通过上调上皮细胞间连接蛋白的表达,同时破坏细菌毒力因子结构,双重阻碍牙龈卟啉单胞菌的附着与侵入[27]。自噬调节是另一关键靶点,研究表明需打破细菌对非吞噬细胞自噬体-溶酶体融合的抑制,并强化中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞的杀菌功能,才能有效清除胞内定植的细菌[28-30]。补体系统与TLR的串扰机制为免疫调节提供了新方向,C5a受体拮抗剂PMX-53可减少TLR2与C5a受体的相互作用,增强中性粒细胞对细菌的吞噬杀伤活性[31-36]。针对细菌毒力因子的酶靶向抑制策略同样成效显著,PPAD抑制剂可阻断蛋白质瓜氨酸化过程,而唾液酸酶抑制剂2, 3-双脱氢-2-脱氧-N-乙酰神经氨酸(2, 3-didehydro-2-deoxy-N-acetylneuraminic acid, DANA)能抑制细菌毒力,恢复巨噬细胞补体受体3的激活功能及IL-12的分泌,进而促进T细胞活化[37-39]。此外,通过没食子酸儿茶素或益生菌调节炎症小体活性,平衡促炎与抗炎因子水平,也成为潜在的辅助治疗手段。

    药物辅助治疗的创新为临床方案提供了更多选择。新一代抗菌肽(antimicrobial peptides)凭借其独特作用机制可绕过传统抗生素耐药性,如LL-37类似物经可降解纳米载体负载后在牙周袋内实现缓释,高效破坏牙龈卟啉单胞菌生物膜并降低局部炎症因子水平。靶向酶抑制剂的应用进一步拓展,PPAD抑制剂与DANA协同作用可减少细菌毒力因子释放,恢复Th1型免疫反应。补体靶向递送系统取得突破,将补体C5a受体拮抗剂PMX-53整合入活性氧敏感水凝胶进行局部给药,在动物实验中减少了牙槽骨吸收面积[36]。物理治疗技术也不断升级,光动力疗法(photodynamic therapy,PDT)通过光敏剂与特定波长激光产生活性氧杀灭细菌,纳米技术的应用提高了光敏剂在牙周袋的聚集效率;试验证实,与单独使用龈下刮治和根面平整术相比,PDT联合龈下刮治和根面平整术能更有效降低牙周袋深度和龈沟液炎症因子水平[40-41]。微生物调节策略中,乳酸杆菌属益生菌制剂可降低牙龈卟啉单胞菌的相对丰度并上调抗炎因子IL-10表达;核因子E2相关因子2信号通路激动剂通过增强牙龈成纤维细胞的抗氧化能力,减轻细菌诱导的氧化应激损伤[42-44]

    综上所述,牙龈卟啉单胞菌的免疫逃逸并非单一毒力效应,而是涉及上皮屏障破坏、细胞内存活调控、免疫信号串扰及毒力酶介导炎症偏移等多层级病理过程。上述过程分别对应宿主防御的关键环节,具有可调控性和可干预性,使牙周炎治疗由传统以抗菌为主的策略,逐步转向抗菌、免疫调节与微环境重塑协同作用的多靶点治疗模式,未来需进一步探索免疫通路间的交叉调控网络。通过联合局部靶向递送系统、新型抗菌剂与免疫调节剂,有望在控制细菌致病性与改善牙周炎预后方面取得突破性进展,为临床治疗提供更精准、有效的方案。

  • [1] MA L, CAO Z. Periodontopathogen-related cell autophagy: a double-edged sword[J]. Inflammation, 2025, 48(1): 1-14. DOI: 10.1007/s10753-024-02049-8.
    [2] PANDI K, ANGABO S, GNANASEKARAN J, et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis induction of TLR2 association with vinculin enables PI3K activation and immune evasion[J]. PLoS Pathog, 2023, 19(4): e1011284. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011284.
    [3] TAN J, LAMONT G J, SCOTT D A. Tobacco-enhanced biofilm formation by Porphyromonas gingivalis and other oral microbes[J]. Mol Oral Microbiol, 2024, 39(5): 270-290. DOI: 10.1111/omi.12450.
    [4] 任潞, 杨心仪, 李适廷, 等. 1, 8-桉叶油素对三种牙周致病菌的抑菌作用研究[J]. 临床口腔医学杂志, 2023, 39(3): 131-134. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1634.2023.03.002.
    [5] MAJ A, KUSIAK A, GARBACZ K, et al. Photodynamic therapy in non-surgical treatment of periodontitis[J]. Sci Rep, 2025, 15(1): 5903. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-89563-3.
    [6] WU J, GUO X, LI Q, et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis induces Zbp1-mediated macrophage PANoptosis via Tlr2 signaling[J]. Exp Mol Med, 2025, 57(1): 1-16. DOI: 10.1038/s12276-025-01443-y.
    [7] KANG S, DAI A, WANG H, et al. Interaction between autophagy and Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced inflammation[J]. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2022, 12: 892610. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.892610.
    [8] FERNANDES G L, VIEIRA A P M, DANELON M, et al. Pomegranate extract potentiates the anti-demineralizing, anti-biofilm, and anti-inflammatory actions of non-alcoholic mouthwash when associated with sodium-fluoride trimetaphosphate[J]. Antibiotics, 2022, 11(11): 1477. DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111477.
    [9] 陈艺菲, 张滨婧, 冯淑琦, 等. 黄酮类化合物对口腔微生物的影响及其机制[J]. 国际口腔医学杂志, 2023, 50(2): 210-216. DOI: 10.7518/gjkq.2023021.
    [10] TONON C C, PANARIELLO B, CHORILLI M, et al. Effect of curcumin-loaded photoactivatable polymeric nanoparticle on peri-implantitis-related biofilm[J]. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther, 2022, 40: 103150. DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103150.
    [11] NG E, TAY J R H, BOEY S K, et al. Antibiotic resistance in the microbiota of periodontitis patients: an update of current findings[J]. Crit Rev Microbiol, 2024, 50(3): 329-340. DOI: 10.1080/1040841X.2023.2197481.
    [12] BLANCAS-LUCIANO B E, ZAMORA-CHIMAL J, DA SILVA-DE ROSENZWEIG P G, et al. Macrophages immunomodulation induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis and oral antimicrobial peptides[J]. Odontology, 2023, 111(4): 778-792. DOI: 10.1007/s10266-023-00798-w.
    [13] KINGSLEY C, KOURTIDIS A. Critical roles of adherens junctions in diseases of the oral mucosa[J]. Front Oral Health, 2022, 3: 2084320. DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.2084320.
    [14] ANGABO S, PANDI K, DAVID K, et al. CD47 and thrombospondin-1 contribute to immune evasion by Porphyromonas gingivalis[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2024, 121(47): e2405534121. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2405534121.
    [15] SHIHEIDO-WATANABE Y, MAEJIMA Y, NAKAGAMA S, et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a periodontal pathogen, impairs post-infarcted myocardium by inhibiting autophagosome-lysosome fusion[J]. Int J Oral Sci, 2023, 15(1): 42. DOI: 10.1038/s41368-023-00251-2.
    [16] AGNIHOTRI R, GAUR S. C3 targeted complement therapy for chronic periodontitis: a scoping review[J]. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent, 2022, 12(5): 500-505. DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_161_22.
    [17] PIKSA M, LIAN C, SAMUEL I C, et al. The role of the light source in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy[J]. Chem Soc Rev, 2023, 52(5): 1697-1722. DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01051k.
    [18] WIELENTO A, BERETA G P, ŁAGOSZ-ĆWIK K B, et al. Corrigendum: TLR2 activation by Porphyromonas gingivalis requires both PPAD activity and fimbriae[J]. Front Immunol, 2024, 15: 1476001. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1476001.
    [19] 汤倩玲, 温福龙, 袁阳, 等. 5个恶唑烷酮类新化合物对铜绿假单胞菌群体感应系统的抑制研究[J]. 中国抗生素杂志, 2023, 48(10): 1135-1140. DOI: 10.13461/j.cnki.cja.007587.
    [20] CHOW Y C, YAM H C, GUNASEKARAN B, et al. Implications of Porphyromonas gingivalis peptidyl arginine deiminase and gingipain R in human health and diseases[J]. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2022, 12: 987683. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.987683.
    [21] CASTILLO Y, CASTELLANOS J E, LAFAURIE G I, et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane vesicles modulate cytokine and chemokine production by gingipain-dependent mechanisms in human macrophages[J]. Arch Oral Biol, 2022, 140: 105453. DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105453.
    [22] ZHENG S, YU S, FAN X, et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis survival skills: immune evasion[J]. J Periodontal Res, 2021, 56(6): 1007-1018. DOI: 10.1111/jre.12915.
    [23] TAN S A, YAM H C, CHEONG S L, et al. Inhibition of Porphyromonas gingivalis peptidyl arginine deiminase, a virulence factor, by antioxidant-rich Cratoxylum cochinchinense: in vitro and in silico evaluation[J]. Saudi J Biol Sci, 2022, 29(4): 2573-2581. DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.12.037.
    [24] STOBERNACK T, DU TEIL ESPINA M, MULDER L M, et al. A secreted bacterial peptidylarginine deiminase can neutralize human innate immune defenses[J]. mBio, 2018, 9(5): e01704-18. DOI: 10.1128/mBio.01704-18.
    [25] KIM J, KIM B S. Bacterial sialic acid catabolism at the host-microbe interface[J]. J Microbiol, 2023, 61(4): 369-377. DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00035-7.
    [26] YU S, FAN X, ZHENG S, et al. The sialidase inhibitor, DANA, reduces Porphyromonas gingivalis pathogenicity and exerts anti-inflammatory effects: an in vitro and in vivo experiment[J]. J Periodontol, 2021, 92(2): 286-297. DOI: 10.1002/JPER.19-0688.
    [27] 俞蓉欣, 郑芹芹, 陈红平, 等. 儿茶素生物医用纳米材料研究进展[J]. 茶叶科学, 2022, 42(4): 447-462. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-369X.2022.04.001.
    [28] 谢元栋, 李泽华, 刘晓莉, 等. 牙龈卟啉单胞菌脂多糖刺激人牙髓干细胞炎症相关蛋白质组学研究[J]. 口腔医学研究, 2022, 38(8): 736-741. DOI: 10.13701/j.cnki.kqyxyj.2022.08.008.
    [29] PANDI K, ANGABO S, MAKKAWI H, et al. P. gingivalis-induced TLR2 interactome analysis reveals association with PARP9[J]. J Dent Res, 2024, 103(3): 329-338. DOI: 10.1177/00220345231222181.
    [30] LASHARI D M, ALJUNAID M A, RIDWAN R D, et al. The ability of mucoadhesive gingival patch loaded with EGCG on IL-6 and IL-10 expression in periodontitis[J]. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res, 2022, 12(5): 679-682. DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2022.08.007.
    [31] CHEN Y, LI X, LIN X X, et al. Complement C5a induces the generation of neutrophil extracellular traps by inhibiting mitochondrial STAT3 to promote the development of arterial thrombosis[J]. Thromb J, 2022, 20: 24. DOI: 10.1186/s12959-022-00384-0.
    [32] HAJISHENGALLIS G. Immune evasion strategies of Porphyromonas gingivalis[J]. J Oral Biosci, 2011, 53(3): 233-240. DOI: 10.2330/joralbiosci.53.233.
    [33] MEI F, XIE M, HUANG X, et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis and its systemic impact: current status[J]. Pathogens, 2020, 9(11): 944. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110944.
    [34] JONES C G. Chlorhexidine: is it still the gold standard?[J]. Periodontol 2000, 1997, 15(1): 55-62. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00105.x.
    [35] BARBOSA A A T, DE MELO M R, DA SILVA C M R, et al. Nisin resistance in Gram-positive bacteria and approaches to circumvent resistance for successful therapeutic use[J]. Crit Rev Microbiol, 2021, 47(3): 376-385. DOI: 10.1080/1040841X.2021.1893264.
    [36] GAN Z, XIAO Z, ZHANG Z, et al. Stiffness-tuned and ROS-sensitive hydrogel incorporating complement C5a receptor antagonist modulates antibacterial activity of macrophages for periodontitis treatment[J]. Bioact Mater, 2023, 25: 347-359. DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.01.011.
    [37] ASHOKKUMAR K, MURUGAN M, DHANYA M K, et al. Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of cardamom[Elettaria cardamomum (L. ) Maton]: a critical review[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2020, 246: 112244. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112244.
    [38] KONG C, ZHANG H, LI L, et al. Effects of green tea extract epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on oral disease-associated microbes: a review[J]. J Oral Microbiol, 2022, 14(1): 2131117. DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2022.2131117.
    [39] FAN X, ZHENG S, CHEN C, et al. Sialidase facilitates Porphyromonas gingivalis immune evasion by reducing M1 polarization, antigen presentation, and phagocytosis of infected macrophages[J]. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2023, 13: 1173899. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1173899.
    [40] MAJ A, KUSIAK A, GARBACZ K, et al. Photodynamic therapy in non-surgical treatment of periodontitis[J]. Sci Rep, 2025, 15(1): 5903. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-89563-3.
    [41] NIE M, HUANG P, PENG P, et al. Efficacy of photodynamic therapy as an adjunct to scaling and root planing on clinical parameters and microbial composition in subgingival plaque of periodontitis patients: a split-mouth randomized clinical trial[J]. J Periodontol, 2024, 95(6): 535-549. DOI: 10.1002/JPER.23-0195.
    [42] VALE G C, MAYER M P A. Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus by-products on gingival epithelial cells challenged with Porphyromonas gingivalis[J]. Arch Oral Biol, 2021, 128: 105174. DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105174.
    [43] LIU Y, LI T, LIAO Y, et al. Novel therapeutic approach in periodontitis: sulforaphane attenuates disease progression via Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defense[J]. Int Immunopharmacol, 2025, 161: 115002. DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2025.115002.
    [44] LIU C M, CHEN S H, LIAO Y W, et al. Magnolol ameliorates the accumulation of reactive oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetic periodontitis[J]. J Formos Med Assoc, 2021, 120(7): 1452-1458. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2021.01.010.
WeChat 点击查看大图
出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2025-05-09
  • 接受日期:  2025-08-25

目录

    /

    返回文章
    返回